5. In quoting an inquiry of another, two cases may occur,

(a.) The interrogative may be a direct question (148, 7, 8) without an inter. rogative word; or,

(b.) It may be an indirect question, with an interrogative pronoun or adverti for a connective (78, 5).

6. When a direct or indirect question is quoted directly, the quoted part should begin with a capital, or receive the quotation marks, having the interrogation point at the close; as, "They inquired, Will he cer tainly come?" He asked, How long must we wait ?"

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7. When a direct question is quoted indirectly, the connective whether (sometimes if) is used, the quotation marks are omitted, and a period placed at the close, as, He asked whether the time had arrived." When an indirect question is quoted indirectly, the interrogative word becomes the connective, and the sentence closes with the period, the quoted part having no quotation marks; as, "They asked where we were to stop.”

8. It should be observed that in indirect quotation, the person of the subject, the mode and tense of the verb, and the arrangement of the parts are often changed; as, "He said, 'I will be present at an early hour;'” “Hi said that he would be present at an early hour."

9. The quoted passage, whether direct or indirect, may form eithe of the five elements of the sentence, except the adverbial.

EXAMPLES. Will he do it?' is the question;""The question is, Wil he do it?" "The question, Will he do it?' has not yet been answered." "He said that he would do it."

10. It should be observed that the interrogation point follows all interreg ative clauses when quoted directly, and is omitted after all such clauses whe quoted indirectly. This last remark must not be confounded with those case where the principal clause is interrogative; as, "Shall I tell where we me with encouragement?" "Do you ask me who I am?"

11. The clause, which is usually the leading one, may take

(a.) A prominent position; as, " They say that they have bought it.” (b.) An intermediate position; as, "For all that," said the pendulum, “iti very dark here."

(c.) A position wholly subordinate; as, "He left, as he told me, before th arrival of the steamer."

171. Exercise.

1. Separate the following sentences into their elements, and point out th -quotations:

Then Judah came near unto him, and said, O, my lord, let thy ser vant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's ears. Punctuality," re plied Washington, "is an angel virtue." Tell me, my son," said he "did you ever hear of any who are called ungrateful?" Try the spirits

Changes of person, &c., in indirect quotation. Different relations of the quoted passage. Interrogation point, when used. Position of leading clause

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er they be of God. He asked, whether they were friends or 170, 7). 'Why have you come so late?' was the prompt inquiry.” uestion, "Where shall the funds be obtained?" seemed not to have ed their minds. Let me ask you if your resolutions are as firm as you first set out in the spiritual life. The Scriptures inform us we may obtain eternal life. It is natural to man, as Patrick y eloquently said, to indulge in the illusions of hope. I am not to ss the question, whether the souls of men are naturally equal. I would ask, does the recollection of Bunker's Hill, Saratoga, and town, afford no pleasure?

Show which quotations are DIRECT, and which are INDIRECT.

Show which contain STATEMENTS or COMMANDS, and which INQUIRIES.

172. Simple, Complex, and Compound Elements. When an element of either class expresses a single idea, out addition or modification, it is a simple element; as, "An est man; a man of honesty; a man who is honest."

The simple subject is called the grammatical subject; the simple icate, the grammatical predicate. The same distinction might be e in the other elements. Thus, we have the simple or grammatical ctive, objective, or adverbial element.

. When a simple or grammatical element receives the addition nother simple element, joined to it subordinately (160, 1, 6), odify its meaning, the two unite and form one element, called mplex or logical element; as, “A very honest man; a man extreme honesty; a man who is perfectly honest.'

A complex or logical element is the simple or grammatical nent with all its modifications, and may first be considered whole, and then separated into its simple parts.

In this case, the grammatical or leading element is called the prinl element or basis, and gives its own name and properties to the whole up.

hus, in the sentence, "They improved the opportunities which they oyed," the objective element is "the opportunities which they enjoyed;" ortunities is the basis, limited by the adjective clause "which they oyed."

An element may be subordinate to one and principal to another; 'They discovered huge masses of ice."

Tere "masses" is subordinate to "discovered," and principal to the phrase ice."

Elements-simple, complex, and compound. The basis.

7. When a simple or a complex element receives the additio of another joined to it coördinately (160, 1, b.), the two un (159 and 160), and form one compound element; as, "Exerca and temperance strengthen the constitution."

173. Exercise.

1. Separate the following sentences into their elements, and point out the which are SIMPLE, COMPLEX, or COMPOUND:—

The character of Milton was peculiarly distinguished by loftiness e thought. The place was worthy of such a trial. Neither military civil pomp was wanting. Poetry is the handmaid of true philosopa and morality. The style and the eloquence and structure of their or tions were equally different. That their poetry is almost unifor mournful, and that their views of nature were dark and dreary, will allowed by all who admit the authenticity of Ossian. If the mig pyramid had any purpose beyond that of a mausoleum, such purpe has perished from history and from tradition. To deprive me of libery to torture me, or to imprison me, is not your right. One of the lessons of a judicious education is, Learn to think and to discriminate

174. Elements of the Simple Sentence.

1. The elements of the simple sentence may be,-
(a.) SUBSTANTIVE, ADJECTIVE, or ADVERBIAL.
(b.) PRINCIPAL or SUBORDINATE (156).

(c.) WORDS or PHRASES.

(d.) SIMPLE, COMPLEX, or COMPOUND.

2. The simple sentence is distinguished from all others, b the fact that it has but one proposition

being a clause.

no one of its element

175. Varieties of the Elements.

1. The simple subject may be,—

(a.) A noun; as, Kings reign."

(b.) A pronoun; as, "He lives;" "They come ;" "Who knows?"

(c.) An adjective used as a noun; as, "The wicked flee."

(d.) A word, letter, or symbol (35, 5); as, "Is is a verb;" "P is a mute." (e.) A substantive phrase; as, "To steal is base."

2. The simple predicate may be,

(a.) A verb,-copula and attribute combined; as, "The sun shines.” (b.) The copula and participial attribute; as, "We are reading.” (c.) The copula and adjective attribute; as, "The sea was boisterous."

The simple sentence. Its elements.

7.) The copula and substantive attribute; as, "I am he;" "She is the prin

e.) The copula and a phrase; as, "He is to write."

f.) The copulative verb (82, 9), and either of these attributes; as, “He is ed John."

3. The complex subject, except when the simple subject is verbal, tains an adjective element, which may be

1.) SIMPLE, embracing

a.) A limiting adjective; as, "This man came."

b.) A qualifying adjective; as, "Old timber decays."

c.) A noun used as an adjective; as, "Gold watches were sold."

d.) A noun in apposition; as, King Latinus ruled."

e.) A noun or pronoun in the possessive; as, "Joseph's brethren wept;" His father came.'

f.) Two or more separate elements of either kind; as, "The first star peared." "Three young men were employed." "The first three old houses re destroyed." "The apostle Paul preached at Rome." "Isaac's son

cob deceived him."

(2.) COMPLEX, formed

(a.) By joining an adverb to an adjective; as, "A truly great man has ed."

(b.) By joining an adjective or participle to a noun; as "Bunyan, the disguished author, was imprisoned ;" "The old man's daughter wept."

(c.) By joining an adjective phrase to a noun; as, "Galileo, the inventor the telescope, was persecuted."

3. The complex predicate may contain,

(a.) A simple direct object; as, "Raleigh commanded an expedition;" They disappointed us."

(b.) A simple indirect object; as, "Were not his talents given him ?” (c.) A double object, consisting of an object and attribute (word or phrase); , "They made him an officer." "They made him sick." They made him They taught him to read."

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(d.) A direct and an indirect object; as, "We gave him a book." sked us to go."

"They

(e.) A complex object; as, "We obtained delicious fruit." NOTE.-The object may be complex in the same way as the subject. (See . above.)

(f.) The double object may be complex in either or both of its parts; as, Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of Spain." Here "brother" is nodified by "his" and by "Joseph," and "king" by the phrase "of Spain." 4. The complex predicate may contain,

(a.) A simple adverb of place, time, &c.; as, "They came late."

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(b.) A simple adverbial phrase of place, time, &c.; as, "We left at night." (c.) A complex adverbial element, consisting of single words; as, They ode very fast."

Simple sentences. Their elements.

(d.) A complex adverbial element, consisting of a word and a phrase; as "He appeared agreeably to promise."

(e.) A complex adverbial element, consisting of two phrases; as, "He walked in the garden of the king."

(f) Either form of the objective element (4, a. b. c. d. &c.), and either form of the adverbial (5, a. b. c. &c.).

176. Exercise.

1. Separate the following simple sentences into their elements:— A duty has been performed. The Bunker Hill monument is finished The peasantry sinks before the invader. A jailor of the dauphin of France was named Simon. Paul, the apostle to the Gentiles, was sect a prisoner to Rome. I have spoken of the loftiness of its purpose. The powerful speaker stands motionless before us. How beautiful is al this visible world! Poetry has a natural alliance with our best afte tions. The teacher gave a reward to the best scholar. I bring thee here my fortress-keys.

177. Elements of Complex Sentences.

1. The elements of a complex sentence are clauses, of which one, at least, must be principal, and one subordinate; as, I am not now to discuss the question-whether the souls of men are naturally equal."

2. The principal clause should be regarded, however, as a simple sentence, and the subordinate, as one of its elements.

3. Thus considered, the complex sentence may have principal and subordinate elements, either of which may be words, phrases, or claus.s and either may be simple, complex, or compound.

178. Varieties of Complex Sentences.

1. The complex sentence has the same varieties of word and phrase elements as the simple sentence. (See 175.)

2. The subordinate clause, as substantive, adjective, or adverb (156, 2), may form either of the five elements of the sentence (157, 1).

3. The subject may be a substantive clause in any of its varieties (170, 3).

(a.) A statement quoted directly; as, "I must leave to-morrow,' was his reply."

Elements of complex sentences. Varieties of clauses.

Clauses-simple, complex, compound.