188. Gradual Restraint of Private Expeditions on the Sea 375 189. Privateers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 378 190. A Commission of War must be on board a Privateer 382 191. What constitutes a lawful Commission of War...... 386 214. Distinction between Trade on the High Seas and Trade within the Territory of a Neutral Power ... 433 215. Exceptional Status of the Merchant on the High Seas 435 226. Trade within the Territory of a Neutral State 228. Sale of Ships of War by a Neutral Power 229. Modified Neutrality under Treaty-Engagements 230. Non-interference with Trade consistent with the 231. The Policy of the United States of America, as a 236. A Neutral Power may claim a vessel captured in THE LAW OF NATIONS. CHAPTER I. SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES. Nature of International Differences-Duty of Self-preservationRight of International Action-Amicable Conference-Compromise-Arbitration-Mediation-Congresses of Christian Powers— Duty of Moderation-Retorsion-Embargoes-Practice of Marque and Reprisals-Letters of Contremarque-Growth of the Admiralty Jurisdiction-Armemens en Course-Grant of Reprisals-Reprisals consistent with Peace-Negative and Positive Reprisals-Special and General Reprisals-The Grand Pensionary De Witt-Conditional Declaration of War-Chief Justice Hale-Reprisals against Spain in 1739-Reprisals against the Two Sicilies in 1839-General Reprisals not always lawful-Sir Leoline Jenkins-Grotius-Bynkershoek— Vattel-Reprisals against Persons-Political Envoys exempt from Reprisals-Case of the Duc de Belleisle-Case of the Envoys of the Confederate States of America in the British packet Trent-Regulation of the Practice of Marque and Reprisals by Treaties-Renunciation of the Practice of Marque by the Congress of Paris in 1856. between § 1. NATIONS being independent political bodies, Differences holding intercourse with one another upon a footing Nations. of equality and reciprocity, are liable, in satisfying the duties of Natural Society, to have differences D |