PART II.

OF THE

RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NATIONS

IN TIME OF WAR.

35

19. Reprisals not always lawful

20. Reprisals against Persons-The Duc de Belleisle-

The Envoys of the Confederate States of America 37

21. Congress of Paris of 1856.......

40

Sect.

CHAPTER II.

WAR AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

22. War as defined by Grotius

23. Bynkershoek's definition

24. War, the Contention of Independent Political Com-

munities-View of Grotius as to Private Warfare

25. Albericus Gentilis

Page

43

44

45

47

56

30. Offensive and Defensive War

31. Formal Declaration of War-Law of Germanic Em-

pire in twelfth century-Law of Europe in four-

teenth century

32. Declaration and Proclamation of War by Heralds-at-

Arms-Last Declaration of War by a Herald-at-

Arms in 1657

33. Printed Declarations of War-Manifestoes of War to

Neutral Nations

34. Recall of Resident Envoys.....

35. Disuse of Formal Declarations of War..................

36. Object of Proclamations of War at home.

57

60

62

64

65

68

Sect.

CHAPTER III.

COMMENCEMENT OF WAR.

42. Effect of War upon individuals..

43. Natural-born and adopted Citizens

44. Inhibition of intercourse with the Enemy-Recall of

natural-born Subjects

45. Commissions to carry on hostilities

Page

79

82

83

84

46. Enemy-subjects within the Territory of a Belligerent 86

47. Treaties of Commerce-Enemy-property within the

Territory of a Belligerent...

48. Obligation of good Faith

49. Ancient Practice of Provisional Embargo

87

89

91

50. Enemy-subjects resident in the Territory of a Belligerent 93

51. Enemy-subjects in transitu-Detention of British

98

Subjects in France by the First Consul in 1803... 95

52. Modern practice not to detain Enemy-subjects

53. Debts due to Enemy-subjects

100

54. Opinion of Mr. Justice Story .

100

55. Chancellor Kent-Vattel-Bynkershoek..............

103

56. Judgment of Lord Ellenborough in Wolff v. Oxholm 105

57. Suspension of Commercial Contracts

108

58. Debts due by an Enemy-sovereign-The Silesian Loan

59. Embargo of Enemy-property afloat in the ports of a

Belligerent

114

60. Commencement of War with Russia in 1854.

61. Immovable property of Enemies in the Territory of a

116

Belligerent

118