rightly added by Burke to the total of direct exports to the Colonies.

PAGE 12, 10 ff. To secure a more vivid sense of the unexampled vigor and growth of the Colonies than mere statistics could give, Burke pauses here to turn upon the subject the gorgeous illumination of this paragraph. The attempt is a daring one, and is carried out with characteristic opulence and splendor. The good taste of portions of it has been questioned; particularly the academic and conventional fulsomeness of lines 24-35; but that would hardly have counted as a fault in a century which admired such displays.

22, 23. 6 Already old enough to read the deeds of his fathers, and able to know what virtue is;'-adapted from Virgil, Ecl. iv. 26.

27-35. the fourth generation, since George III., was, not the son, but the grandson of George II. made Great Britain by the union with Scotland in 1707. The higher rank of peerage was that of Earl, to which Lord Bathurst had been advanced from that of Baron, the lowest hereditary degree. The new title added to the honors of the family was that of Baron Apsley, conferred upon Lord Bathurst's son when the latter became Lord Chancellor. PAGE 14, 10. deceive, i.e., beguile, lighten,

usage in the case of the parallel word, fallere.

an echo of Latin

27-29. Alluding to the famous story of a Roman father condemned to die of starvation, but secretly nourished by his daughter from her own breasts, until the discovery of her devotion and the admiration it aroused brought about his release.

PAGE 15, 11.

Antartic circle.

The Serpent, a constellation within the

17. run the longitude. This expression seems not to be current with nautical men; although they naturally interpret it as spoken of a course sailed due east or west, so that the ship's progress is reckoned in longitude alone. On the other hand, the context seems to call for a course due south, or nearly so - following a great circle of longitude, or meridian. It may be that Burke has used the phrase here strictly, as the sailors understand it; meaning that some of the American whalers, after their

African cruise, sailed westward to Brazil, as perhaps they might do on their homeward cruise. Or it may be that without strict question of nautical interpretation he used the sonorous phrase in the other sense, which seemed obvious enough to him.

PAGE 16, 10. complexion, in its original signification of temperament, the way in which a person is 'put together;' and so generally in Burke. Passages like that which follows here (pp. 16, 17) justify Matthew Arnold's high praise of Burke, “because almost alone in England he brings thought to bear upon politics; he saturates politics with thought.”

PAGE 18, 9, 10. During the great struggle against the tyranny of the Stuarts.

21-24. Notably in Rome, an example always present to Burke's mind. PAYNE.

PAGE 19, 27–29. popular,— democratic, ‘of the people and by the people.' merely popular, — wholly so. the popular representative - the portion which represents the people. Cf. Burke's more explicit statement, p. 52, 1. 34 ff.

31. aversion is now followed by to, after the manner of its synonyms, dislike, repugnance, etc. But in Burke's time the force of a Latin etymology or of Latin usage was still strongly felt, and often determined both idiom and meaning of English words. Hence the from in this case. The young student, whose sense for idiom and usage needs to grow more sure and more intelligent, should not fail to notice these cases as they arise. Even though unacquainted with Latin, he should lose no time in acquiring the habit of consulting directly the Latin Lexicon. With a little resolution and a little help at first, the difficulties will speedily vanish; while the gain in conscious power and in grasp of language is invaluable. For examples at hand try piety, p. 14, 1. 27,

communion, p. 20, 1. 27, and constitution, p. 22, 1. 21.

PAGE 21, 29-31. This high and jealous spirit of the free-born in Rome in the midst of a servile class may be illustrated from almost any page of Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar. Our Teutonic and Scandinavian ancestry was habitually, though incorrectly, called Gothic by writers of the last century. such were the Poles. for at this time they had ceased to be an independent nation.

PAGE 22, 6, 7. The lead seems still to be held by the lawyers. The law is still considered to be the most natural avenue to a political career.

12. Plantations-colonies, the plantings of a new society or race. The term is regularly so used in acts and charters, and has no reference whatever to cultivation of the soil.

18-21. In the hope of paralyzing all concerted action on the part of the colonists, an order was issued forbidding the calling of town-meetings after Aug. 1, 1774. But a way was soon found, and within the limit of the law, to hold such meetings without calling them. The last called meeting before that date was simply adjourned to whatever time was thought desirable, and its legal existence was thus prolonged indefinitely.

25, 26. This was Thurlow, a famous lawyer, and afterwards Lord Chancellor. At this time he was Attorney-General, and a conspicuous figure among the Ministers on the Treasury Bench. Directly in front of him was the narrow space of open floor; hence, the designation of his position as "on the floor." To guard its freedom of speech, the House of Commons in earlier times used its utmost powers to prevent any attempt at reporting its debates. It thus became, and still is, a grave breach of decorum for a member to use pencil and paper in the House at all, unless it were to make a brief note of a point to which he would reply. Burke thus understands Thurlow's note-book and pencil, and avails himself of the unusual action to identify, without naming him, the person he means.

32. "Studies pass over into character," or "What we pursue takes shape again in our life;" a famous aphorism from Ovid, Heroid. Ep. xv. 83, quoted also by Bacon in his essay Of Studies.

PAGE 23, 15-17. A splendid figure developed out of Horace's fine phrase in the opening of one of his Odes (Bk. iv. 4), comparing Drusus in his victorious career to Jove's eagle, “the thunder's winged minister," ministrum fulminis alitem.

PAGE 24, 26, 27. with all its imperfections on its head, Adapted from the words of the ghost in Hamlet, Act I., Scene v. 79.

PAGE 30, 8. "To the despoiled are still left arms.' NAL, Sat. viii. 124.

26. Cf. Acts xix. 19.

33.

pensive.

more chargeable, involving heavier charge, more ex

PAGE 31, 35, 36.

Quoted from that treasury of bathos, The Art of Sinking in Poetry, ch. xi. The remote source of the lines in "one of Dryden's plays," though affirmed by various editors, seems to lack verification.

PAGE 32, 26, 27. Sir Edward Coke, a famous lawyer under Elizabeth and James; Attorney-General in 1603, when Raleigh was tried for treason. "While the prisoner defended himself with the calmest dignity and self-possession, Coke burst into the bitterest invective, brutally addressing the great courtier, as if he were a servant, in the phrase long remembered for its insolence and injustice, Thou hast an English face, but a Spanish heart!'" Encyc. Brit.

PAGE 33, 14, 15. ex vi termini —by the very nature of the expression.

PAGE 34, 29. addressed petitioned the Crown in an Address. Cf. Note on Forms of Procedure, p. 322. PAGE 36, 7. startle, intransitive, meaning start. tionary.

27-29. From Paradise Lost, II., 592-594. PAGE 38, 12, 13. American financiers hope to raise a revenue by taxing America. 24. Mr. Rice.

Cf. Dic

financiers who would

34. shall tell you is bound to,' 'is sure to;' with fuller recognition than is now common of the original meaning of this auxiliary.

PAGE 39, 3. Acts of Navigation, passed first in 1651, re-enacted later, and repealed only within our own century. They were designed to secure to England a practical monopoly of the carrying trade by sea. According to them, no vessel of another realm might bring either to England or to her colonies anything except the actual products of that realm. Cf. Encyclopedia, s. v. Navigation Laws.

22, 23. the pamphlet, by Dean Tucker, somewhat famous in the discussions of this time, and noticed by Johnson, as well as by Burke in his previous speech on American Taxation.

PAGE 41, 30. For a clear understanding of the various matters referred to in this paragraph, the student should consult some succinct sketch of the history of Ireland, such, for example, as may be found in Chambers's Encyclopedia; or, better still, with the help of the Index, the subject may be followed up in Green's Short History of the English People, a work which ought always to be within reach of the student of English Literature.

PAGE 42, 17. Sir John Davis, or rather, Davies, "Speaker of the First Irish House of Commons in 1612."— PAyne.

33-35. The two great crises which have occurred in the course of English constitutional history are the revolt of the Parliament against Charles I., and the revolution which brought in William and Mary and established the principle of ministerial responsibility to Parliament. The first is habitually called by Englishmen the Great Rebellion, and the other the Revolution. Their application of these terms must not be confounded with other applications more familiar to us.

PAGE 43, 3, 4. Burke here goes much further than the facts with regard to Ireland warrant. Ireland has never been "a principal part of England's strength and name."

21. Cf. Green's Short History. The parallel between Ireland and Wales is close and cogent so far as concerns the era of repression and savage coercion in each. On the other hand, the difference in the remedial measures applied to the two, and the difference in the results, have furnished a powerful argument in the discussion of the Irish question since Burke's time. Many parts of this speech gather fresh significance when read in the recent English history.

light of

33.

PAGE

Is secondary

as deputy.

The word is a noun here.

45, 25-30. From Horace, Odes, Book I. xii. 27, comthe advent of Augustus upon the distracted world to the f Castor and Pollux (the constellation of Gemini), upon

paring

rising

the

sea.

"As soon as the bright star has flashed on the

the sailors, the raging sea retires from the rocks, winds

rmy