indicate that some of the ore and of the coke was sent to furnaces outside the State. There were produced in 1913, 17,678,522 short tons of coal, valued at $23,083.724, compared with 16,100,600 tons, valued at $20,829,252 in 1912. The principal coal-producing counties are Jefferson, Walker, Bibb, and Tuscaloosa. The coal production for 1914, according to estimates of the United States Geological Survey, was between 12,500,000 and 15,000,000 short tons. The markets for Alabama coal were affected by the low price of petroleum in the Southwestern States; by increased water-power developments; by the competition of coal from Kentucky and Illinois in the markets of Louisiana and Mississippi, which are normally supplied by Alabama; and by other causes. The clay-working industries in 1913 yielded products valued at $2,091,581, compared with a value of $1,935,179 in 1912. The principal part of this was from the manufacture of common brick. The quarry products, the larger part of which is limestone, were valued in 1913 at $1,285,944, an increase of more than 50 per cent from the value of the product of 1912. Other mineral products are graphite, mineral waters, and silver. The total value of the mineral production in 1913, exclusive of pig iron, was $34,660,545, compared with $30,641,983 in 1912. Approximately two-thirds of this was represented by the output of the coal mines.

EDUCATION. The total number of school children in the State in 1914 was 774,976, of whom 432,551 were white, and 342,425 colored. Of the white children, 330,057 were literate and 51,184 illiterate, while among the colored children the ratio was 42,187 literate to 109,975 illiterate. The total enrollment in 1913-14 in the elementary and grammar school grades was 451,850, of whom 305,248 were white and 146,602 were colored. In the high school grades, exclusive of county high schools, there were enrolled 15,094, of whom 1210 were colored. The average daily attendance in the elementary and grammar schools was 276,647, of whom 185,472 were white, and 91,175 were colored. The total number of schools was 6753, there being 4727 for white children, and 2026 for colored, in which were employed 10,038 teachers, of whom 7522 were white, and 2516 colored. The total number of school houses was 6689, with a value of $7,675,386, the schools for colored children numbering 1941 with a value of $666,850. The average yearly salary of white male teachers was $445, and of colored male teachers $169, while the average for female teachers was $369 for white, and $153 for colored. The total disbursements for educational purposes in 1914 amounted to $4,446,076.

FINANCE. The receipts for the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1914, amounted to $6,607,001. The disbursements for the same period amounted to $6,575,969. At the beginning of the fiscal year there was in the treasury a balance of $99,267, and at the end $130,299. The bonded debt of the State at the end of the fiscal year 1914 was $9,057,000. It consisted of bonds and special debt obligations to public trust funds. The per capita debt was reduced from $9.80 in 1880 to $5.65 in 1912.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The institutions under the control of the State include the insane hospitals at Tuscaloosa and Mt. Vernon, the Confederate Soldiers' Home at Mountain

Creek, Alabama Industrial School for White Boys at East Lake, Industrial School for White Girls, State schools for the Deaf and Blind at Lineville, Alabama Home for Refuge, Reform School for Juvenile Negro Law Breakers, and School for the Negro Deaf and Blind. The charitable and correctional institutions are not under the direct supervision of any State board. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. There was no meeting of the State Legislature in 1914, as the sessions are quadrennial and the last was held in 1911. The campaign for the election of a United States Senator to succeed Joseph F. Johnston, who died in 1913, was begun. In October of that year, Oscar W. Underwood, the Democratic leader of the House of Representatives, announced himself a candidate for the nomination. Richmond P. Hobson had previous to this time offered himself as a candidate, begun a campaign, and in the closing months of 1913 spent the greater part of his time in active canvass throughout the State. He also made several speeches in Congress in which he attacked Mr. Underwood, charging him with being a tool of Wall Street, and in sympathy with saloon interests, and also declaring that Secretary Bryan was opposed to Mr. Underwood. The latter denied the truth of these charges and declared that he and Secretary Bryan were on the friendliest terms. In contrast with his opponent Mr. Underwood did not make an active campaign for the nomination. His only important address in the State was made on April 5, the day prior to the holding of the primary elections. The election resulted in the nomination of Mr. Underwood by over 20,000 votes. As his term did not begin until March 4, 1915, it was necessary also to elect a Senator to fill out the term until that date, in which contest Frank S. White, of Birmingham, defeated Ray Rushton, of Montgomery.

For the nomination for Governor, B. B. Comer, former Governor of the State, and Charles Henderson, State railroad commissioner, were the leading contestants, and after a close contest Mr. Henderson received the requisite number of votes for nomination.

In the election held on November 3, Mr. Underwood received 63,389 votes, and his Republican opponent, 12,320 votes. A full Democratic State ticket was elected as well as a solid Democratic delegation to Congress. Special efforts were made in the Seventh District to defeat Congressman Burnett, but he was successful over both Republican and Progressive candidates. The Republican membership in the State Legislature was reduced. George Huddleston, an attorney of Birmingham, was elected member of the national House of Representatives to suc ceed Mr. Underwood.

In May Henry D. Clayton, chairman of the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives, was appointed by President Wilson United States Judge for the middle and northern districts of Alabama. He assumed his duties on May 25, succeeding Judge Thomas G. Jones, deceased.

STATE OFFICERS, 1915. Governor, Charles Henderson; Lieutenant-Governor, Thomas E. Kilby; Secretary of State, John Purifoy; Auditor, M. C. Allgood; Attorney-General, W. L. Martin; Adjutant-General, to be appointed; Treasurer, W. L. Lancaster; Superintendent of Education, W. F. Feagin; Commissioner of Ag

The representatives in Congress will be found in the section Congress, article UNITED STATES. ALABAMA, UNIVERSITY OF. A State university for higher education, founded at University, Ala., in 1831. The students enrolled in all departments of the university in the autumn of 1914 numbered 750, the faculty numbering 75. There were no notable changes in the faculty during the year, and no noteworthy benefactions were received, the university being supported chiefly by State appropriations. The annual income amounts to $165,000. The library contains 35,000 volumes. The president is George H. Denny, LL.D.

ALASKA. The year 1914 has been fruitful in events beneficial to this great Territory. There have been materially increased outputs of gold and silver, while copper has held its own. The fishery products exceed by 25 per cent the values of 1913. Congress has treated the Territory of Alaska with unusual liberality and consideration, authorizing an expenditure of $35,000,000 for a system of railroads, and appropriating more than $200,000 for aids to navigation. It also enacted laws which open to the public coal lands, so long withdrawn from general entry or use, and which now can be utilized under regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior. The seal controversy, after years of bitter discussion, has been thoroughly examined and studied by a body of competent and impartial investigators, whose report promises definite conclusions.

POPULATION. The Governor of Alaska estimates that there has been an increase of 3000 in the white population since 1913, raising it to 39,000 in all. The native population of about 27,000 remains nearly stationary. MINERAL PRODUCTION. The advance report of Jan. 1, 1915, by A. H. Brooks, the Alaskan expert of the Geological Survey, gives the following as to the mineral yield of 1914: The mineral output of Alaska to date aggregates $268, 000,000, of which $248,300,000 was in gold, and $19,800,000 in copper. The estimated value of 1914 is $19,248,000, as compared with $19,416,000 in 1913, divided as follows: gold (1914) $15,900,000, (1913) $15,626,813; silver (1914) $191,000, (1913) $218,988; copper (1914) 20,850,000 pounds, value $2,872,000, (1913) 21,659,953 pounds, value $3,357,293; other minerals immaterial changes from 1913. Placer gold remains unchanged in values, (1914) $10,700,000, (1913) $10,680,000, but there were increases in Ruby, Hot Springs, Iditarod, and Seward Peninsula districts, and marked decline from Fairbanks, and smaller declines elsewhere. The Chisana is the only new placer camp developed in 1914, though prospects are good in Healy River and the upper Tolovana. About 26 gold

lode mines produced gold to the value of $5,100,000, as against 30 mines and $4,814,813 in 1913; Juneau remains the most important camp. Low prices closed four of the seven copper mines in operation on August 1, when extensive developments were in progress. Alaska has produced 550 tons of tin, valued at $432,000, of which 50 tons were obtained from placer mines in 1914. Some tin was also produced by the lode-tin mine at Lost River, Seward Peninsula. Coal mining made no progress awaiting legislation, which came too late to affect this industry. Only one productive mine was worked, in one of the lig nite fields. One patent only was issued in 1913, that to the mine at Port Graham. (For additional information as to coal, see CONGRESSIONAL LEGISLATION, below.) The output of tin, marble, gypsum, quicksilver, coal, and petroleum in 1914 was $285,000, against $272,242 in 1913. Important advances in mining are as follows: Dredges increased from 39 in 1913 to 44 in 1914. In Southeastern Alaska the Alaska Juneau has been added to the Treadwell group in reaching a productive stage. In the Fairbanks district 75 placer mines were operated, employing 1000 men, the decreased output being due to increased cost,-fuel, etc.,-which forbid the mining of low-grade gravels. The productive creeks range as follows in importance: Cleary, Goldstream, Dome, Esther, Fairbanks, and Vault. Cheaper power, fuel, and supplies are hoped for with the coming of a railway from tide-water. Abundant water raised the output of Iditarod and Innoko districts to $2,200,000. While open-cut work with steam scrapers__is general, two dredges have been installed. Important mining developments were made on Candle and Moore Creeks, tributaries of the Upper Tokotna. The production of Seward Peninsula has risen from $2,500,000 in 1913, to $2,700,000 in 1914; 1200 men were engaged in summer, of whom 450 were on dredges.

AGRICULTURE. So far farming and stock raising have been successful only to a limited extent, near the larger cities and for local markets. The United States is steadily endeavoring through experimental stations to determine the kinds of crops, and the special species, that can be profitably raised in the Territory. The experimental stations thus engaged are distributed as follows: Sitka, the central office, applies its efforts to horticulture, vegetables, nursery and orchard work. The pasturage of Kodiak Island has caused this station to be occupied for stock raising-sheep, dairy cattle, and breeding cattle. The Rampart station, in the Yukon valley, not far south of the Arctic Circle, has been more or less successful in the experimental growth of grains. Barley, oats, alfalfa, and wheat, of selected kinds, are found to ripen despite the shortness of the summer. The Fairbanks station, in the Tanana Valley, is devoted to farm demonstration for the encouragement and benefit of the many farmers in the valley. Vegetables, especially potatoes, hardy grains, and pig raising are the main lines of work.

COMMERCE. The value of merchandise shipments, including precious metals and copper, between Alaska and the United States, and between the Territory and foreign countries in the fiscal year 1912-13, amounted to $61,076,692. Shipments of domestic merchandise from the United States to Alaska showed an increase of

$1,749,912 over the previous fiscal year. There was an increase of copper production of $296,937 over that of 1913, and an increase of $44,268 in marble exports. A decrease in the volume of exports is shown over that of the previous year due to the falling off in gold production. The total value of merchandise sent from the United States to Alaska in the fiscal year 1913-14 was $29,929,460. Of this, a value of $11,880,140 was for manufactures ready for consumption, $4,759,294 was for foodstuffs, partly or wholly manufactured, and $1,520,565 was for foodstuffs in crude condition and food animals. The ship ments from Alaska to the United States that year amounted to $20,394,582, compared with $23,006,246 in 1913. Of the total value, $14,484,424 was of foodstuffs, partly or wholly manufactured, chiefly products of the fisheries. The shipments of gold and silver in 1913-14 amounted to $12,440,118, compared with $14,707,027 in 1912-13; copper shipped amounted to 25,583,458 pounds, valued at $3,876,411, compared with 21,466,348 pounds, valued at $3,579,474. The imports into the Territory from foreign countries in 1913-14 amounted to $567,399, compared with $982,271 the previous year. The larger part of this came from the United Kingdom. The exports to foreign countries, the greater part to Canada, amounted to $1,090,763, compared with $1,452,546 in 1912-13. The volume of shipments to and from Alaska materially increased in value during 1914. The exports and imports for the eleven months ending Nov. 30, 1914, exceeded those for the same months in 1913 by $2,664,821, of which amount $2,148,425 was in gold and silver bullion. It is of interest to note that in 1914 the liquors shipped to Alaska decreased in value by $93,533, as compared with the previous year.

FISHERIES. The value of the fishery products from Alaska, including aquatic furs, whales, etc., approximates that of minerals. While statistics are lacking for the complete year of 1914, there are sufficient data to show an advance of 25 per cent over that of 1913. For the eleven months, January to November, inclusive, the value of fishery products exported from Alaska are as follows: 1912, $16,322,135; 1913, $15,189,533; 1914, $19,027,970. Most important of all is the salmon fishery, which from 1868 to 1913, inclusive, produced values of $155,041,769, being 96 per cent of the value of the products of small fish for that period. It is clearly apparent that the salmon catch of 1914 is the largest in the history of the country, the shipments from January to November, inclusive, being $18,187,509, as against $14,190,776 for 1913, and $15,857,595 for 1912. The increase in 1914 is mainly due to the very large pack of red salmon in the Bristol Bay region. In central Alaska the run of pink salmon was particularly noteworthy, while in southeastern Alaska the run of pink salmon and of chum were light. Unusually large shipments of fresh salmon were made from southeastern Alaska, the standard king salmon being supplemented by other species. Cod, herring, and halibut fishing have been somewhat less productive owing to war conditions. An additional whaling station is now operated in Alaska, one in southeast Alaska, and the other near Uminak Pass.

In the calendar year 1913 there were 21,721 persons engaged in all branches of the industry; these included 11,892 whites, 4164 natives, 2061 Chinese, 1693 Japanese, and 1911 miscellaneous,

including Filipinos, Koreans, Mexicans, and others. There was a decline of 2542 persons in the total number employed in 1913, as compared with 1912, which was due chiefly to the fact that a number of fishing establishments were not operated. The total investment in the fisheries of the Territory in 1913 was $37,047,205, a decline of $1,216,152 from 1912. During 1913 there were 42 salmon canneries operated in southeast Alaska, 9 less than in 1912; 14 in central Alaska; and 23 in western Alaska.

NATIONAL FORESTS AND HOMESTEADS. There are two national forests in Alaska, Tongass National Forest in the southeastern part, and Chugach National Forest in the southwestern section. Of these Tongass is by far the most important. The total receipts from these forests for the fiscal year 1913-14 were $58,781, and the total cost of administration was $38,763. There were cut from the forests 43,756,712 board feet of timber. All persons living on or near the national forests are permitted to take free of charge all the wood they need for their own domestic purposes. Timber needed by prospectors in the actual developments of their claims, prior to reaching the shipping stage, is also free of charge. The number of homesteads surveyed during the year was 36, and the total number of timber sales was 348.

FURS AND FUR-BEARING ANIMALS. The value of aquatic furs and skins to include 1912 aggregated $63,665,782, of which the fur-seal values amounted to $50,993,911. The fur shipments for 1913 were valued at $752,193, which will be somewhat exceeded in 1914 as the shipments to include November 30 are $7000 larger than in 1913. The number of fur-seal skins from animals killed for food approximate 2500 in 1914. The regulations of the Secretary of Commerce, in force on Jan. 1, 1915, for the protection of fur-bearing animals were as follows: Killing prohibited for fur-seal until 1917, beaver until 1918, sea-otter until 1920, land-otter (Afognak reservation) until Nov. 16, 1915, foxes (Afognak) until Nov. 16, 1918. Mink, land-otter, marten, weasel, muskrat, lynx, and fox are protected during the breeding season, generally from April to November. Black bear, wolf, wolverine, squirrel, and hare may be killed in any season. The use of poison is prohibited, as well as the barter or possession of an unprime skin of any fur-bearing animal. Fox farming is being gradually extended to suitable islands, which are now leased under advertisement by the United States for exclusive use for this purpose.

Fur Seals. The North Pacific Sealing Convention of July 7, 1911, prohibiting pelagic sealing continues in force and has been efficiently enforced, as well as the act of Aug. 24, 1912, for a close season until 1917. The natives of the Pribilof Islands kill enough for food. Measures have been taken definitely to settle the prolonged and bitter controversy as to the best methods of preserving and utilizing the Alaskan seal herds. In January, 1914, the Commissioner of Fisheries recommended an investigation of the whole subject by three recognized experts, not previously identified with fur-seal matters. The Secretary of Commerce caused to be appointed as such investigators the three following: Mr. Edward A. Preble, Bureau of Biological Survey, nominated by the Secretary of Agriculture; Mr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Field Museum of Nat