India. He published: British Forest Trees (1893); Protection of Woodlands (1893); Essays on Sylvicultural Subjects (1893); Studies in Forestry (1894); Burma Under British Rule (1901); The Forester (1905); Our Forests and Woodlands (1908); and The Elements of British Forestry (1911). NITROGEN. See FERTILIZERS. NIXON, SIR CHRISTOPHER JOHN. An Irish physician and educator, died July 19, 1914. He was born in Dublin in 1849 and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was at various times president of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, professor of medicine at the Catholic University, member of the General Medical Council, honorary fellow of the British Institute of Public Health, vice-chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland, and also first president of the Royal Veterinary College of Ireland. His published writings on medical subjects include: Handbook of Hospital Practice and Physical Diagnosis; various papers on Diseases of the Heart and Nervous System, etc. He was created a knight in 1895 and bar onet in 1906. NOBEL PEACE PRIZE. See INTERNA TIONAL ARBITRATION AND PEACE. NOBEL PRIZES. See INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND PEACE, section The Nobel Prize for 1914. NORDICA, LILLIAN (LILLIAN NORTON YOUNG). An American prima donna, died May 10, 1914. She was born in Farmington, Me., in 1857, and while she was still a young girl her voice gave such promise that her parents felt justified in sending her to Boston where her first lessons in singing were taken at the New England Conservatory of Music; here she received instruction in oratorio singing, a field of music in which she always excelled. In 1875 she secured a position as soprano in Grace Church in Boston, and two years later she filled a corresponding place in a church in Roxbury. Her first public appearance was made in 1876 at a pupils' concert in Boston, and in the same year she had made progress enough to be included with such well-known singers as Myron W. Whitney and Matilde Phillips. In 1878 she was engaged by Patrick Gilmore as a soloist for his band, which she accompanied to Europe where she sang in Paris at the Trocadero. It was at this time that she first determined to become an opera singer and went to Milan, then the centre of operatic study for American girls, where she spent two years under San Giovanni. She then made her operatic début under the management of Chevalier Scovel, the American tenor, who was the impresario as well as leading tenor in a small theatre in Brescia. On this occasion she sang the part of Violetta in La Traviata, which became one of the best rôles of her earlier period. Later in the same period she appeared as Marguerite in Faust, in Genoa, and as Alice in Robert le Diable, in Novaro. Following this she went to Russia for a season and sang for two years in succession, appearing in secondary parts in performances given by an Italian opera company. known to make a deep impression upon American audiences, and after a few appearances she returned to Europe. In the same year she was married to Fred Gower, who was killed in a balloon accident several years later. After singing at Covent Garden in London, she was engaged by Maurice Grau to appear with Tamagno, and she also sang much in concert and oratorio. In 1891 she returned to the United States and sang several times at the Metropolitan Opera House, although not as a regular member of the company. Among other rôles she filled was that of Elsa, and in this she made so favorable an impression that in 1892 she went to Bayreuth and studied the rôle with Mme. Wagner. She sang this role at Bayreuth with great success. She had been gradually dropping the colorature rôles from her repertoire, but it was not yet evident that her greatest triumphs were to be not only as a dramatic soprano, but as a Wagnerian singer. This was made secure when on Nov. 27, 1895, she appeared for the first time as Isolde at Munich at the opening of the new opera house; her triumph on this occasion being one of the most remarkable in the history of the opera. She later added other Wagnerian rôles to her repertoire with equal success. During the season of 1896 she sang in the United States in concerts but was not a member of the Metropolitan Opera Company, on account of differences with Maurice Grau, at that time the director. They were afterwards reconciled and she remained in the Metropolitan Opera Company during his management, and later sang under Heinrich Conried. Among important rôles performed during her engagement with Mr. Conried was Kundry in Parsifal. On the establishment of the Manhattan Opera House in New York City she became a member of the company, but she and Oscar Hammerstein, the director, were not able to agree, and they parted. Following this she made one appearance at the Metropolitan Opera House in Tristan und Isolde, and in Berlin, Boston, and Chicago in the same opera. In 1913 she made a tour of Australia and New Zealand, and on Dec. 28, 1913, the steamer Tasman, on which she was a passenger, went ashore off Thursday Island. From exposure incurred at this time Madame Nordica contracted pneumonia, from which she died at Batavia, Java. In 1897 she was married to Zoltan Doehme, a young Hungarian, but divorced him in 1906 and in the same year married George W. Young, a banker in New York City. NORTH CAROLINA. POPULATION. The 452. estimated population on July 1, 1914, was 2,339,The population in 1910 was 2,206,287. AGRICULTURE. The area, production, and shown in the following table. The figures are value of the principal crops in 1913-14 are from the United States Department of Agricul ture, and those of 1914 are estimates only. In 1883 she was in the company at the Opera Oats in Paris, and there was heard by Colonel Mapleson, who engaged her to come to the United States in 1885. She sang in New York at the Academy of Music, but she was not well enough Value vention. For the first time in the history of the 1,579,000 State a suffrage resolution was offered in the 1,968,000 State convention, but it was supported only by 4,114,000 4,563,000 the delegate who introduced it. A plank favor31,248,000 ing State-wide primaries was voted down by 572 47,608,000 to 268. The Progressive element of the party appealed for the adoption of the plank, urging that it was supported by Mr. Bryan, Josephus Daniels, and President Wilson, quoting a letter written by the latter in which he lamented the lack of a primary law in the State. The Republicans nominated for United States Senator A. A. Whitener, but the Progressives had no candidate. In the election of November 3, Senator Overman was reëlected, receiving 121,241 votes to 87,095 for Whitener, Republican. The Democrats elected representatives to Congress in all districts but one. The total vote cast in the election was 208,336, compared with 243,918 in 1912. The Democratic vote showed a falling off of about 20,000, and the Republican an increase of about 20,000. Some comment was caused in the United States Senate in June by the introduction of letters, in favor of a gold-mining scheme in North Carolina, written on the stationery of the United States Senators from that State, and practically identifying them with the exploitation of the mine, but on investigation MINERAL PRODUCTION. The mineral production of the State in 1913 was valued at $3,739,696, an increase of $370,773 over 1912. North Carolina is the leading producer of mica, which is chiefly used in the manufacture of gas lamp shades and for glazing heating stoves. The mica produced in 1913 was valued at $267,913, compared with $256,549 in 1912. Other mineral products of the State are monazite, clay products, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, gold, copper, lead, silver, zinc, iron, talc, barytes, mineral waters, sand and gravel, and silica. TRANSPORTATION. There were on Jan. 1, 1913, 4799 miles of steam railroad in the State. The Raleigh, Charlotte, and Southern Railway was absorbed during the year by the Norfolk South ern. EDUCATION. The total school population in the school year 1913-14 was 778,283, of which 525,107 were white and 253,276 colored. The enrollment in the schools for white children was 409,728 and for colored children 189,919, the average daily attendance for white children being 288,834 and for colored children 119,630. There were 10,082 white teachers and 3173 col ored teachers. The average annual amount paid to each white teacher was $271.36 and to each colored teacher $153.57. The total value of all school property was $9,078,703, and of this, the school property for white children was valued at $8,056,966 and for colored children at $1,021,736. There were 5427 rural white schools and 2318 colored rural schools. The total number of rural high schools was 212, in which there were 406 teachers and an enrollment of 8316 pupils. The total expenditures for schools in 1914 was $5,566,992, an increase of $1,488,872 over 1912. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. There were under the control of the State in 1914 the following institutions: Hospitals at Morganton, Raleigh, and Goldsboro; at Raleigh, Epileptic Colony, School for the Blind, School for the Colored Blind and Deaf, Soldiers' Home, and the State Prison; School for the White Deaf at Morganton; Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School at Concord; and Orphanage for White Children, and Orphanage for Colored Children at Oxford. FINANCE. The report of the State Treasurer shows a balance on Dec. 31, 1913, of $337,678. The total receipts for the fiscal year were $5,150,107 and the disbursements $4,980,305, leaving a balance at the end of the year of $169,802. The total bonded debt of the State on Dec. 31, 1914, was $8,673,600. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. There was no meeting of the State Legislature in 1914, as the sessions are biennial and the last was held in 1913. Senator Overman, whose term expired on March 4, 1915, was a candidate for reëlection and was nominated at the State convention held on June 4. At this convention an effort was made to incorporate an initiative and referendum plank in the platform, but the committee refused to do this and was upheld by the con Senators Chilton and Overman were exonerated STATE GOVERNMENT. Governor, Locke Craig; Supreme Court: Chief Justice, A The representatives in Congress will be found in the section Congress, article UNITED STATES. NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF. State institution for higher education, founded at Chapel Hill, N. C., in 1793. The total enrollment in all departments of the university in the autumn of 1914 was 981, divided as follows: Graduates, 58; undergraduates, 692; law, 111; medicine, 81; pharmacy, 55. There were 85 members in the faculty. The most notable change in the faculty during the year was the election of E. K. Graham as president of the university, to succeed F. P. Venable, resigned. A new athletic field was given by Isaac Emerson, of Baltimore, Md. The productive funds amount to $181,300, and the annual income to about $140,000. The library contains 70,000 volumes. NORTH DAKOTA. POPULATION. The esti mated population on July 1, 1914, was 686,966. The population in 1910 was 577,056. AGRICULTURE. The area, production, and value of the principal crops in 1913-14 are shown in the following table. The figures are from the United States Department of Agriculture, and those of 1914 are estimates only. Prod. bu. 14,000,000 500,000 Value Acreage 7,285,000 1913 2,250,000 57,825,000 2,240,000 1,800,000 1,882,000 810,000 12,724,000 10,200,000 3,205,000 2,856,000 3,016,000 2,250,000 able bonds. One issue of $106,000 represents territorial bonds, assumed as North Dakota's portion of the territorial debt of Dakota under the provision of the joint commission's report, which was adopted by the people of North and South Dakota. no CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable 24,014,000 and correctional institutions of the State in17,348,000 clude the State Penitentiary, State Hospital for the Insane, State Industrial School, State Institutions for Feeble-Minded, School for the Deaf, State Reform School, and the State School for the Blind. These institutions are under the management of the State Board of Control with headquarters at Bismarck. The Soldiers' Home at Lisbon is not under the control of this board. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. There was session of the State Legislature in 1914 as the sessions are biennial and the last was held in 1913. Elections were held for Governor and for United States Senator. Governor Hanna and Senator Gronna were both renominated in the primaries held on June 24. The Democrats nominated for Governor F. O. Hellstrom, and for United States Senator W. E. Purcell. The Progressives nominated for Governor H. H. Asker, and for Senator S. Serumgard. In the elections held on November 3 the Republicans were successful, reëlecting Governor Hanna by a vote of 44,278 to 34,746 for Hellstrom, Democrat, and 4263 for Asker, Progressive. Senator Gronna was reëlected with a vote of 48,732, compared with 29,640 for Purcell, Democrat, and 2707 for Serumgard, Progressive. total vote cast was 89,306, compared with 86,580 in the presidential election of 1912. The Republican vote showed an increase of about an increase of 4500, the Democratic vote about 3500, and the Progressive vote a loss of about 5000. The Republicans elected all representatives to Congress. MINERAL PRODUCTION. North Dakota has little importance as a mineral producer. The total value of the mineral output in 1913 was a little more than $1,000,000, nearly three-fourths of which was the value of lignite coal, and the other one-fourth was largely made up by the value of the clay products. The lignite has been found to make excellent fuel for industrial purposes, and it can be used as a domestic fuel in the form of briquets. The only mine operated by the United States government is on one of the lignite beds of North Dakota. The area underlain by lignite is larger than the total coal area of any other State, with the exception of Illinois and Montana. The production decreased from 499,480 short tons, valued at $765,105, in 1912, to 495,320 short tons, valued at $750,652, in 1913. The total value of the mineral products in 1913 was $1,055,676, compared with $1,025,741 in 1912. TRANSPORTATION. In 1914 the total railway mileage of the State, including main lines, secondary main lines, and branch lines was 6141. The roads having the longest mileage of main track are the Northern Pacific, 377; Great Northern, 426; Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Sault Ste. Marie, 361; and the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, 102. During 1913-14 the Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Sault Ste. Marie extended its track to the Montana State line, a distance of 28 miles. The Great Northern constructed a branch from Snowden, Mont., to Fairview, N. Dak., and thence to Watford, a distance in North Dakota of 45 miles. The Northern Pacific branch, north from Mandan, reached Killdeer, a distance of 98 miles from Mandan, in the fall of 1914. EDUCATION. There were in the State on June 30, 1913, 171,872 children of school age, the total enrollment being 142,434, and of these 72,552 were boys and 69,882 were girls. There were 1974 organized school districts, containing 464 graded schools, the total number of schools in the districts being 5298. There were 222 high schools. The total number of men teachers was 1267 and of women teachers 6624, the average monthly salary of men teachers being $71.30 and of women teachers $54.20. FINANCE. The report of the State Treasurer for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, shows a balance on hand at the beginning of the year of $1,983,675. The total receipts for the fiscal year were $5,387,226, and the total expenditures were $5,737,485, leaving a balance on hand on June 30, 1914, of $1,633,417; on the same date the total funded debt of the State was $662,300. In 1912 the indebtedness was $937,300. The funded debt consists of several series of negoti The STATE GOVERNMENT, 1915. Governor, L. B. Hanna; Lieutenant-Governor, J. H. Fraine; Secretary of State, Thomas Hall; Treasurer, John Steen; Auditor, Carl O. Jorgenson; Attorney-General, H. J. Linde; Superintendent of Education, E. J. Taylor; Commissioner of Agriculture, Robert F. Flint; Commissioner of Insurance, W. C. Taylor-all Republicans. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, The representatives in Congress will be found in the section Congress, article UNITED STATES. NORTH DAKOTA, UNIVERSITY OF. A State institution for higher learning, founded at Grand Forks, in 1883. The total enrollment in November, 1914, was 740, of whom 258 were in the college of liberal arts, 157 in the school of education, 81 in the engineering colleges, 59 in the school of medicine, 87 in the school of law, 6 in the graduate school, and 92 in the model high school. The faculty numbered 80. During the year Melvin Brannon, formerly dean of the college of liberal arts, resigned to become |