BERNARDI, (JOHN,) the son of a Genoese consul, who settled in Worcestershire, was born at Evesham, and abandoned his home at an early age, to become a common soldier, in one of the English regiments in the Dutch service. Being possessed of considerable talents, he gradually rose to the rank of captain; but precluded himself from further promotion, by giving some offence to the Prince of Orange, afterwards William the Third; on whose elevation to the throne, Bernardi followed James the Second to Ireland. A mission, on which he had been despatched to Scotland, proving fruitless, he made his escape to Holland; whence he ventured to return to this country, in 1695, and, being discovered, was committed to Newgate, on a charge of having taken part in a plot against the life of King William. By six express enactments, of as many different parliaments, he remained a prisoner for a period of forty years; his captivity terminating with his life, in the month of September, 1736. The reason why a man of so little importance was thus detained in confinement by authority of the legislature, under four successive sovereigns, without being brought to trial, was, it is surmised, that some unpleasant exposures must necessarily have attended his conviction. He is described as having been small in person, brisk, vivacious, and endowed with extraordinary fortitude. During his imprisonment, he married and had a large family.

WOGAN, (NICHOLAS,) was born in Ireland, about the year 1667, and highly distinguished himself on the continent, in his younger days, as a soldier of fortune. "He joined Forster," says Patten, "at the first meeting, and was indefatigable in forwarding the success of the cause. His self-devotion was truly chivalrous; and in the action at Preston, his intrepidity was remarkably conspicuous. His generosity on the same occasion, was even more

noble than his courage; for he succeeded in bringing off prisoner Captain Preston, of Preston's regiment of foot, who was mortally wounded through the body, by a bullet from the rebels, and just at the point of being cut in pieces. He hazarded his life among his own men, if possible, to save that gentleman, though an enemy, and was wounded in doing it." Having been taken prisoner, he was brought to trial, and convicted of high treason; but received the royal pardon on the 16th of August, 1716, and died in 1734.

FITZJAMES, (JAMES, Duke of Berwick,) an illegitimate son of James, Duke of York, afterwards James the Second, by Arabella Churchill, sister to the great Duke of Marlborough, was born on the 21st of August, 1670, and educated with his brother, subsequently Duke of Albemarle, at Tully, the college of Plessis, and Paris. At the age of fifteen, he entered the imperial army, and served a campaign in Hungary, where he obtained the command of a regiment of cuirassiers. On his return to England, although still under eighteen, he was appointed governor of Portsmouth. In the next summer he was made colonel of a regiment of infantry, and, soon after, of Lord Oxford's horseguards. At the time of the revolution, he surrendered Portsmouth to the Prince of Orange, by command of his royal father, with whom he embarked, at Rochester, for France. In March, 1689, he landed, with James the Second, at Kinsale, and highly distinguished himself against the troops of William the Third, at Donegal, Enniskillin, and other parts of Ireland; which he quitted in 1691, and, shortly afterwards, accompanied Louis the Fourteenth, as a volunteer, to the seat of war in Flanders. During the campaign of 1693, he was made prisoner by his uncle, Brigadiergeneral Churchill, brother to the Duke of Marlborough. In 1695, he married a daughter of the Earl of Clanrickard;

and, having become a widower in 1698, on his return from a tour in Italy, about two years after, formed an union with a niece of Lord Bulkeley. In 1702, he appears to have commanded part of the French forces in Flanders, under the Duke of Burgundy and Marshal Boufflers; and, in 1704, he served a campaign in Spain, as captaingeneral of the forces of Philip the Fifth, who invested him, for his services, with the order of the Golden Fleece. During the next year, being recalled by the King of France, he held the supreme command in Languedoc; and, besieging Nice, then considered one of the strongest places in Europe, compelled it to capitulate. In February, 1706, he was created marshal of France; and, shortly after, resumed the command of the army in Spain, the previous disasters of which, he had the honour, in some measure, of retrieving; and obtained, as a mark of gratitude from the Spanish king, the title of Duke of Berwick, with the towns of Liria, Xerica, and their dependencies. In 1708, he was appointed to command the French forces in Dauphiny; but was shortly afterwards removed to the army under the Elector of Bavaria, of which, although second in command, he is said to have solely directed the operations. In 1709, he obtained from the French king the dukedom of Warty; and, after having, in the interim, added materially to his reputation as a commander, he reduced, in 1714, the garrison and city of Barcelona. About this time, he appears to have devoted much of his attention to the restoration of the Stuarts. By means of Lady Masham, he and his party succeeded, as he states, in procuring the dismissal of the lord treasurer, Harley; "but, unfortunately," he adds, "before the new ministry could have time to concert their measures together, every hope of success was precluded by the death of the queen, which happened on the 12th of August, 1714, four days after the Earl of Oxford's dismission. The Elector of Hanover was instantly proclaimed king, and, by his orders, every thing was changed. I was then in Catalonia, at too great a distance to act, or even to give advice; and had I been at Paris, I should have been much embarrassed, considering the position of

affairs. It was not our fault that we had not concerted any arrangements in case of the event which had just happened; and France, however well inclined she might be, was not in a condition to risk a new war to support the interests of the young Pretender." The French monarch being either unwilling or unable to afford the Jacobites any assistance, Berwick applied for help to the King of Sweden, who, as he states, had eight thousand men encamped at Gottenburg, and several transports in the harbour, which might have conveyed the troops to Scotland in eight-and-forty hours. The Pretender agreed to pay down fifty thousand crowns, for the costs of embarkation; the court of France encouraged the enterprize; but the Swedish king, according to Berwick, who wrote some very interesting memoirs of his life, missed a glorious opportunity of advancing his affairs, or rather, of relieving himself from oppression, by declining to afford the expected aid,-alleging, that he wanted the whole of his troops for the defence of his own dominions. In 1716, the Duke of Berwick was appointed to a military command in Guienne; and, subsequently, distinguished himself, on various occasions, as a general of consummate skill, and extraordinary courage, until 1734, when he was killed by a cannon-ball, at the siege of Philipsburg. He is described as having been fond of glory; but to have sought it, chiefly, in the line of his duty, which no one knew or performed better than himself. In the hurry of the most difficult operations, and the heat of the warmest actions, he is said to have preserved "that tranquillity and coolness, which is the effect of natural intrepidity, and a perfect knowledge of that art, which, in shewing us all we have to fear from an enemy, points out, at the same time, what we have to oppose to him." It is added, that no man of modern times approached so nearly, in character, to an heroic Greek.

MURRAY, (WILLIAM, Marquess of Tullibardine,) son of the Duke of Athol, incurred forfeiture by engaging in the rebellion of 1715; he, however, avoided capture, and resided for a number of years on the continent. In 1745, he

arrived in Scotland, with the young Pretender, whose fortunes he followed during the whole of the campaign. At Culloden, he fell into the hands of the king's troops, and was confined in the Tower until his death, which took place at the latter part of 1747.

STEWART, (ANDREW, of Inverhayle,) one of the foremost in the charge of the insurgents, on the Sir John Cope's troops, at Preston-Pans, after having saved a colonel in the royal army, named Whitefoord, from being cut down by a gigantic Highlander, with some difficulty prevailed on him to surrender, and, out of respect for the bravery he had displayed, soon afterwards procured him his liberty on parole. On the ruin of the young Pretender's hopes, by the decisive victory obtained over his adherents, at Culloden, Colonel Whitefoord gratefully exerted himself to procure his benefactor's pardon, by the most urgent appeals to all the great officers of state in Scotland. His efforts proving fruitless, he waited on the Duke of Cumberland, and entreated a protection for Inverhayle's family and estate; which, however, he could not obtain, until he had intimated his desire to abandon a service in which no clemency was extended to the vanquished and helpless. In compliance with the protection thus wrung from the duke, Inverhayle's property was spared, by a party of troops who were encamped on his estate, for the purpose, if possible, of securing his person. Like the Baron of Bradwardine, in the novel of Waverley, the leading incidents of which are avowedly founded on anecdotes of the life of Inverhayle, the proscribed chief lay concealed in a neighbouring cave, whither provisions were so adroitly conveyed, as to elude the vigilance of the English centinels, by one of his children, a girl about eight years of age. With much difficulty and some "hair-breadth 'scapes," he succeeded in avoiding detection, and was eventually included in the act of indemnity. The author of Waverley, who knew him well, in addition to the foregoing circumstances, states, that Inverhayle had been out in the rebellion of 1715, as well as in that of 1745; that he had fought a broadsword duel with Rob Roy; and that, when Paul Jones entered the

Firth of Forth, although then an old man, he was "the only person who seemed to propose a plan of resistance."

MURRAY, (Lord CHARLES,) son of the Duke of Athol, was born in 1687, and distinguished himself as a zealous partizan of the Stuarts, during the rebellion of 1715. "He had been," says Patten, "a cornet of horse beyond sea, and had gained a mighty good character for his bravery, even temper, and graceful deportment. Upon all the marches he could never be prevailed with to ride; but kept at the head of his regiment (the 5th) on foot, in his Highland dress, without breeches. He would scarce accept of a horse to cross the rivers, which his men, in that season of the year, forded above mid-thigh deep in water." Being taken at Preston, he was tried by a court-martial for desertion, and sentenced to be shot; but received a free pardon in September, 1717, and died in 1729.

KEITH, (JAMES,) the youngest son of William Keith, Earl Marshal of Scotland, was born in 1696. On the breaking out of the rebellion, in 1715, he abandoned the law, for which he had been destined, and joined the Pretender's standard. At the battle of Sheriff-muir, he was severely wounded, and, with much difficulty, escaped to France, where he devoted himself to the study of military tactics. In 1717, he visited Italy, and thence proceeded to Spain, where he obtained a commission in Ormond's Irish brigade, through the interest of the Duke of Liria, whom he shortly afterwards accompanied to Russia. Entering into the service of the Czarina, he obtained the rank of lieutenant-general, as well as the order of the black eagle, and highly distinguished himself against the Turks and Swedes. He also took a conspicuous part in the revolution by which Elizabeth was raised to the throne; but, at length, he retired in disgust to Prussia, where, he was received with great honour, and, immediately made a field-marshal, by Frederick the Great. After having acquired the highest military renown in the service of that monarch, his career was terminated by a cannon-shot, at the battle of Hochkirchen, on the 14th of October, 1758. His skill as a poli

tician, is said to have equalled his talent as a commander.

WHARTON, (PHILIP, Duke of Wharton,) son of the Marquess of Wharton, was born about the year 1699. At the age of fourteen, he clandestinely married a daughter of MajorGeneral Holmes, and soon afterwards proceeded to the continent, avowedly for the purpose of completing his education; but abruptly quitted his tutor at Geneva, leaving a bear's cub "as a more suitable companion" for the latter than himself, and went to Avignon, at that time the residence of the Pretender, who conferred upon him the order of the Garter, and the title of Duke of Northumberland. "Thus attached," says Seward, "to the party of that unfortunate prince, he came to Paris, where he is thus described, in a despatch of that excellent minister, Sir Benjamin Keene :- The Duke of Wharton has not been sober, or scarce had a pipe out of his mouth, since he left St. Ildefonso.'" The Dowager Queen of James the Second, pawned her jewels, to raise him £2,000, which he promised to expend in furthering the Jacobite cause, but speedily squandered in the most extravagant manner. While yet a minor, he took his seat in the Irish house of lords, where he displayed so much zeal and talent in favour of government, that he was raised to the English peerage. Shortly afterwards, he abandoned the Whigs; published a virulent opposition paper; and became an avowed Jacobite. When Atterbury was impeached, "acting contrition," according to Horace Walpole, "he professed being determined to work out his pardon at court, by speaking against the bishop; in order to which, he begged some hints. The minister was deceived, and went through the whole case with him, pointing out where the strength of the argument lay, and where was its weakness. The duke was very thankful, returned to town, passed the night in drinking, and, without going to bed, went to the house of lords, where he spoke for the bishop,-recapitulating, in the most masterly manner, and answering, all that had been urged against him." On account of pecuniary embarrassments, which are wholly to be

ascribed to his reckless extravagance, he once more visited the continent; where, being now a widower, he married a Spanish maid of honour. For his intrigues in behalf of the Pretender, he was soon afterwards attainted of high treason, and deprived of his estates. It is said, that his conduct had by this time excited universal disgust; yet, the exiled prince thought proper to send him £2,000, which he speedily dissipated. Rejecting an offer of Sir Robert Walpole, to reverse his attainder, he travelled, for some time, on the continent, attended by a regiment of ragged servants; and, it is stated, would have perished in a state of destitution, had he not been charitably entertained by some monks, of the order of St. Bernard; in whose convent, near Tarragona, he fell a victim to habitual intemperance, on the 31st of May, 1731; during which year, two volumes of his poems, speeches, and plays, appear to have been published. He appears to have been a man of great abilities, singular eloquence, brilliant wit, and fascinating manners; but without judgment, morality, religion, or common decorum.

MACDONALD, (ANGUS, of Keppoch,) was born in 1711, and joined the standard of Charles Edward in 1745, with the whole of his clan. To the bravery of Keppoch and his followers, the success of the Jacobites at Preston-Pans and Falkirk has been chiefly attributed. The clan, however, acted in the most disgraceful manner at Culloden; having, in consequence, it is said, of being placed in the left wing of the rebel forces, retreated, when about twenty paces from the royal troops, without striking a blow. Indignant at the conduct of his countrymen, "Macdonald of Keppoch," says Home, "advanced with his drawn sword in one hand, and his pistol in the other: he had got but a little way from his regiment, when he was wounded by a musket-shot, and fell. A friend, who had followed, conjuring him not to throw his life away, said that the wound was not mortal; that he might easily join his regiment, and retreat with them. Keppoch desired him to take care of himself, and, going on, received another shot, and fell to rise no more."