times only for temporary.use), and largely performed by 200,000 German prisoners, and (2) the permanent work, which will, of course, proceed far more slowly. Corresponding with the Architectural Demobilization Committee of the Architectural Association of England, the French established a clearing house for architects and draftsmen, in order to assure them positions as soon as possible. There is, of course, a vast amount of architectural work involved in even a partial restoration of the portions of France which were laid waste by the invading armies. At Montevideo, Uruguay, there will be held (March 1, 1920), the first Pan-American congress of architects ever called together. ARCTIC. See POLAR RESEARCH. ARGENTINA. A republic in southern part of South America on the eastern coast. Capital, Buenos Aires. POPULATION. There are 14 provinces, 10 territories and one federal district with a total area estimated variously, the commonly accepted one being 1,153,119 square miles. The population according to the census of 1914 was 7,885,237 as compared with 4,405,000 in 1895, and the density per square mile was 6.83. The total population on Jan. 1, 1918, was given at 8,284,266. It was distributed among the provinces and other divisions as follows: 1917 the immigrants numbered 51,665 and the emigrants 83,996. From 1914 down to the end of 1918 there was each year a considerable excess of emigration over immigration, the total immigration during that period was 272,568 and the total emigration, 482,431, or a loss of 209,753. EDUCATION. Public elementary education is free, and subsidized by provincial and general governments. It is secular and nominally compulsory between the ages of six and 14. In 1917 the primary schools numbered 8453 public, with 1,041,131 pupils and 31,238 teachers; primary private, 1002 with 77,080 pupils and 3483 teachers. Secondary education is controlled by the general government which maintains 37 national colleges with between 11,000 and 12,000 pupils and 1246 teachers; there are also 33 private institutions of the same grade with about 3000 students and 398 teachers. Besides these there are 78 normal schools (13,431 pupils); 41 schools for special instruction (11,559 pupils); and five universities of which three are national, namely, those at Buenos Aires (10,230 students); La Plata (2910 students); and Cordoba (840 students); and two provincial, namely, Santa Fé and Tucuman. The above figures are for 1917. There are national observatories at Cordoba and La Plata, and museums at Buenos Aires and La Plata. The budget for education in 1918 was 29,199,608 paper dollars for primary education, 5,468,744 for secondary; 5,039,756 for technical and commercial education; 9,689,660 for normal schools; 6,2,190,876 811,780 for university education; total, includ947,804 ing miscellaneous items, 57,626,228. Educational statistics for the year 1918 were as fol357,026 lows: Secondary, normal and special schools included 36 national colleges, 1 lyceum for girls, 77 normal schools, 7 commercial schools, 4 industrial schools, 3 schools of arts and crafts, 1 grammar school, 1 teachers' institute, 1 school of modern languages, etc., giving a total of 152 with an enrollment of 67,631 and with 5169 77,990 teachers. There are also 51 private schools with a registration of 5110. 1,615,223 766,875 124,387 298,225 127,775 83,146 106,500 147,537 57,544 48,599 PRODUCTION. The chief sources of wealth are 20,399 agriculture and stock-raising. The area for agricultural and pastoral use has been placed at 253,195,000 acres and it has been estimated that about 10,000,000 acres of the cultivable portion require irrigation. The following table shows the acreage of the leading crops and the production in tons for 1917-18, and 1918-19: 111,887 2,572 8,284,266 On Jan. 1, 1919 the population was estimated at 8,411,000. The capital and largest city is Buenos Aires whose population on June 1, 1914, was 1,575,814; and on Sept. 1, 1918, was estimated at 1,637,155. The second city is Rosario with a population estimated in 1918 of 235,000. Other large cities with recent estimates of population are: Cordoba, 135,000; La Plata, 119,000; Avellaneda, 105,000; Tucuman, 100,000; Santa Fé, 60,000; Mendoza, 62,000; Bahia Blanca, 75,000; Parana, 36,000; Salta, 33,600. From 1857 to 1917 the number of immigrants by sea was over 4,762,067 of whom 2,296,834 were Italians, 1,527,115 Spaniards, 226,481 French, 136,646 Russians, 121,513 Turks and Syrians, 81,290 Austrians, 62,496 Germans, 57,243 Britains, and 33,499 Swiss. In the year merce, 1,307,392,000 pesos gold, distributed as follows: Imports, 480,896,000, and exports, 826,496,000; balance in favor of Argentina, 345,600,000 pesos gold. The figures vary widely from those of previous years. The exports of 1918 exceeded those of any former year, both in bulk and value, surpassing the highest value previously recorded by 244,000,000 pesos gold, since, in 1915 the value of the total export was 582,179,000 pesos gold. However, the quantity of articles imported in 1918 was less than any year of the past 15, representing a sum equal or slightly greater, in proportion to the population, than that recorded 15 or 20 years before and something over one-third that of the year of greatest importations. Indeed, the commercial balance in favor of the Republic was the highest yet attained, exceeding any previous record by 68,900,000, as in 1915, hitherto the highest, the balance totaled only 276,600,000 pesos gold. The value, in gold pesos, of the import and export trade of Argentina with each country during 1918 (the Argentine gold peso is valued at $0.9648) was as follows: 1904 Wheat, 935,828; flour, 112,465; linseed, 141,308; corn, 893,932; oats, 271,713. In 1918 they were as follows: Wheat, 2,943,313 tons; flour, 97,241 tons; linseed, 391,708 tons; corn, 622,427 tons; oats, 517,038 tons. During the last 20 years the agricultural and stock production of the republic has greatly increased. In the five years from 1899 to 1903 the exports of agricultural and stock products amounted to 878,000,000 Argentine gold pesos, as compared with 1,493,000,000 gold pesos in 1908, 2,074,000,000 gold pesos in 1909-1913, and 2,766,000,000 gold pesos in 1914-1918. The exports during the first five years referred to aggregated 387,000,000 gold pesos of agricultural products and 491,000,000 gold pesos of stock products. These exports during the second fiveyear period were 884,000,000 gold pesos of agricultural products and 609,000,000 gold pesos of stock products; during the third period they were 1,147,000,000 gold pesos of agricultural products and 927,000,000 gold pesos of stock products; and during the fourth five-year period they rose to 1,160,000,000 gold pesos of agricultural products and 1,606,000,000 gold pesos of stock products. Argentina is one of the largest exporting countries of meat products in the world. In 1917 the exports in tons were follows: Frozen meats, 410,455; chilled meats, 38.995; preserved meats, 142,153; other meats, 33,300,000 7613; total, 559,216. The total for the first six 23,800,000 months of 1918 was 339,463. In recent years 40,200,000 there has been a great increase in the exporta15,000,000 2,800,000 tion of cheese products. From being an im8,600,000 porting country in cheese Argentina in 1917 5,200,000 exported 2,728,393 kilos and imported only 312,690 kilos; and during the first three months of 1918 the change was even more marked, namely, exports of cheese, 1,633,362 and imports, 8007. The butter exports rose from 3,784,396 in 1913, to 9,830,154 in 1917, and in 1918 from the ports of Buenos Aires and La Plata alone, 12,159,823. Imports Exports 26,000,000 113,000,000 49,400,000 41,800,000 20,000,000 4,500,000 15,200,000 8,300,000 3,300,000 4,400,000 1,900,000 4,900,000 5,350,000 900,000 4,000,000 3,200,000 3,200,000 50,000 4,200,000 300,000 300,000 20,000 11,750,000 74,430,000 500,600,000 801,400,000 There was a large increase in the exports to the United Kingdom during last year, compared with 1917, due largely to shipments of wheat under the wheat convention, etc. The export of grain products in tons for 1917 was as follows: as FINANCE. The unit of currency is the peso or dollar (gold) with a value of five francs or 96.475 cts., but the money in circulation is chiefly paper pesos which have a value fixed by the conversion law of 1899 at 44 per cent of the gold peso or 42.449 cts. in American money. The totals of the budget for 1918 are as follows: Import duties Alcohol Dollars Paper 150,050,000 Congress 4,598,156 8,000,000 Ministry of Interior 46,764,814 4,258,759 362,416,455 Special revenue for subsidies, charities, etc., derived from the national lottery 10,799,986 Perfumes tax fund.. Grand total The revised figures for the expense budget of 1918 were as follows: Total, 391,035,571 pesos, currency, made up as follows: Congress, 4,598,156; department of interior, 46,764,812; foreign relations, 4,304,850; treasury, 19,549,262; public debt, 126,445,894; justice, 12,904,946; publie instruction, 57,626,228; war, 29,119,338; navy, 22,779,676; agriculture, 9,206,520; public works, 10,426,015; pensions, 16,821,473; public instruction, 19,395,000; subsidies, 11,093,401. The gold store of Argentina during the war was increased about 50 per cent. According to the estimates of the conversion office the amount in 1913 was 294,934,755 pesos, whereas in 1918 it was 436,000,000 pesos. COMMUNICATIONS. In 1917 the vessels entered at all Argentine ports numbered 44,345 with a tonnage of 16,428,586 and those cleared 44,088 with a tonnage of 16,446,837. The railways open to traffic on Jan. 1, 1918 had a mileage of 21,858 of which 3798 (18 per cent) belonged to the state. The post offices at the beginning of 1918 numbered 3461 and the telegraph lines in 1915 had a mileage of 43,153 of which the national telegraph lines had 23,978. ARMY AND NAVY. Service is compulsory in the national militia for all citizens from their twentieth to their forty-fifth year, who must pass the first 10 years in the active army or first line, then 10 years in the National Guard and finally five years in the Territorial Guard. The country is divided into five military districts, each of which supplies a division of the first line and also a reserved division. The active strength of each division was placed at 20.000 men. The reserve numbered about 250,000. The navy included the 2 large dreadnoughts Moreno and Rivadavia of 27,940 tons each; 4 armored cruisers, of 6840 tons each; 2 pre-dreadnoughts of 2336 each; and 2 protected cruisers, of 3500 and 4500 respectively; besides that, several small gunboats and torpedo gunboats, 7 destroyers, 8 torpedo boats and various training miscellaneous craft. The personnel varied from 5000 to 6000 men. The army budget for 1918 was £2,562,502 and the navy budget £2,004,611. GOVERNMENT. The form of government is that of a federal republic. Executive power is vested in a president for six years by electors from the 14 provinces and he is ineligible for reëlection. He is responsible with his ministry for the executive acts. It is required that both president and vice-president shall be Argentines by birth and Roman Catholics in religion. The cabinet or ministry consists of eight members, namely: Secretaries of interior, foreign affairs, war, marine, finance, justice and public instruction, agriculture, and public works. Legislative authority is vested in a Congress of two houses, the Senate and the House of Deputies, the former having 30 members, that is, two from each province and the federal districts, elected for nine years, and the latter having 120 members, elected by the people. According to the constitution, there should be one deputy for every 33,000 inhabitants. The term of the deputies is four years, but one-half of the House must retire every two years and one-third of the Senate is renewed every three years. The president at the beginning of 1919 was Señor Hipolito Irogoyen, who was inaugurated Oct. 12, 1916, and the vice-president was Dr. Pelagio Luna. HISTORY. At the beginning of the year a strike at the port of Buenos Aires of a serious nature was declared (January 7th), and it was reported that during the week before the ironwork strikers had established a reign of terror, entrenching themselves and attacking the workmen and the police. The employers were organized solidly against it and determined to crush it out. On the other hand the strikers were firm and the struggle threatened to be desperate. On January 11th it was announced that General Dellepiane had assumed a military dictatorship in the city. Throughout the day there were collisions between the strikers and the police, and it was reported that 72 persons were killed, 87 seriously wounded, and 800 slightly wounded. The strike now spread throughout the country. On January 12th it was reported that the general strike had ended, though there were still riotous movements in the streets. There was repeated talk of Bolshevist influence in these disorders, and on January 13th Pedro Wald, the so-called President of the Federal Republic of Argentine Soviets, was arrested along with other ring leaders. The strike had spread to Montevideo, but precautionary measures were taken against it and serious trouble was averted. The Department of Labor reported that during the first half of the year 1919 there were 259 strikes involving 262,319 workmen. Early in the year it was reported that German propaganda was active in the country, and that it was directed toward establishing friendly relations between Argentina and Germany. The Germans appeared to fear the possibility that their property would be taxed in connection with the indemnity. demands. There was no proof that the local concerns in Argentina had any connection with the head office in Germany, but it was suspected that measures had been taken to disguise this connection. ARIZONA. POPULATION. The population in 1910 was 204,354, and on July 1, 1919, it was estimated to be 280,280. AGRICULTURE. The following table is compiled from a report of the Federal Department of Agriculture. TRANSPORTATION. In the year 1919 four companies constructed a total of 32.4 miles of new first track. EDUCATION. The school population in the State between 6 and 21 years, is 77,777; the enrollment in the public schools in 1919 was as follows: in the grammar schools, 63,470; in the high schools, 4503. The daily attendance for the grammar schools was 38,139, while that of the high schools was 3220. There were 309 teachers in the high schools, 195 in the university and normal schools, and 1702 teachers in the public schools. The average salary per |