In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this day of , in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty. Sealed and delivered [ A. B. [SEAL]

in presence of

Common Chattel Mortgage.

THIS Indenture, made the day of, &c., between A. B., of, &c., of the first part, and C. D., of, &c., of the second part, wit nesseth That the said party of the first part, in consideration of the sum of dollars, to him duly paid, hath sold, and by these presents doth grant and convey, to the said party of the second part, and his assigns, the following described goods, chattels, and property, [here describe them, or refer to them thus, "as in the schedule annexed,"] now in my possession, at the of aforesaid; together with the appurtenances, and all the estate, title, and interest of the said party of the first part therein. This grant is intended as a security for the payment of one hundred and fifty dollars, with interest, on or before the expiration of one year from the date hereof; and the additional sum of one hundred and sixty dollars, with interest, on the day of, 18-: which payments, if duly made, will render this conveyance void.

In witness, &c., [as in Bill of Sale and Chattel Mortgage.]

CONDITIONAL CLAUSE AS TO POSSESSION.

PROVIDED, nevertheless, [or, And provided also,] that, until dofault by the party of the first part in the performance of the conditions aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful for him to keep possession of the property above mentioned and described, and to uso and enjoy the same; but if the said party of the first part shall attempt to sell the same, or any part thereof, or to remove the same out of the county of, without notice to the said party of the second part, or his assigns, and without his, or their, assent to such sale or removal, to be expressed in writing, then it shall be lawful for the said party of the second part, or his assigns, to take immediate possession of the whole of said property, to his, or their

own use.

and State of

Chattel Mortgage to Secure a Debt. WHEREAS I, A. B., of the town of in the county of —— , am justly indebted unto C. D., of, &c., in the sum of dollars, on account, to be paid on or before the day of next, with interest from this date: Now, therefore, in consideration of such indebtedness, and in order to secure the pay

ment of the same, as aforesaid, I do hereby sell, assign, transfor and set over, unto the said C. D., the property mentioned and de scribed in the schedule hereinunder written; Provided, however that if the said debt and interest be paid, as above specified, this sale and transfer shall be void; and this grant is also subject to the following conditions:

The property hereby sold and transferred is to remain in my possession until default be made in the payment of the debt and interest aforesaid, or some part thereof, unless I shall sell, or attempt to sell, assign, or dispose of, the said property, or any part thereof, or suffer the same unreasonably to depreciate in value in which case the said C. D. may take the said property, or any part thereof, into his own possession.

Upon taking said property, or any part thereof, into his possession, either in case of default, or as above provided, the said C. D. shall sell the same at public or private sale; and after satisfying the aforesaid debt and the interest thereon, and all necessary and reasonable costs, charges and expenses, incurred by him, out of the proceeds of such sale, he shall return the surplus to me or my representatives.

In witness, &c., [as in Bill of Sale and Chattel Mortgage.]

STATEMENT TO BE FILED WITH THE COPY, WITHIN THIRTY DA79 PRECEDING THE EXPIRATION OF THE YEAR.

I, C. D., the mortgagee, [or, E. F., the assignee of C. D., the mort gagee,] named in the within [or, annexed] instrument, do hereby certify, that the sum of ninety-seven dollars and ten cents is claimed by me to be due thereupon, at the date hereof; which sum constitutes the amount of my interest in the property therein mentioned and described. Dated the day of —, 18-. C. D., Mortgagee, [or, M. L. Assignee.]

In presence of
F. E.

}

Notice of Sale on Chattel Mortgage.

MORTGAGE SALE.

By virtue of a chattel mortgage executed by A. B. to C. D., dated the day of 18, and filed in the office of the Register of the city of [or the County Clerk of the county of

: or, in

the Town Clerk of the town of ,] on the day of the year aforesaid, and upon which default has been made, I shall sell the property therein mentioned and described, viz.: [mention

the articles,] at public auction, at the house of
[or, town] of aforesaid, on the
[or, next,] at ten o'clock in the forenoon of that day.

the

day of

day of

in the city instant, Dated at

C. D., Mortgagee, [or, M. L., Assignee.]

PATENTS.

THE American Patent Laws are of the most liberal character, being especially designed to encourage the invention and public introduction of new and useful improvements of every kind. Under the fostering influence of these laws, the industrial resources of the nation have become most wonderfully developed; and there is scarcely a trade, art or profession, which is not, to a greater or less extent, directly dependent for its increased success upon the practical assistance of some patented process or article. The money value of patents has also greatly risen, so that, at the present time, the ownership of a patent for a first-rate improvement, is considered almost equivalent to the possession of an actual fortune. It is not, however, every improvement, nor every patent, which is valuable or legal; and much care ought therefore to be exercised, both by those who take out patents and those who purchase "rights" under them. They should see that all the formalities of the law are properly complied with, and be careful that no imposition is practiced upon them.

Patents are granted for all new machines, for improvements upon old machines, for improvements upon devices already patented, for all new processes or improvements upon old processes, for new and better methods or ways of doing or accomplishing given ends, for improved articles of manufacture, for new forms of useful articles, for all kinds of compositions or useful mixtures-in short, for every novel and useful invention, which results in economy or the saving of labor, or the benefit of the public in any manner. On applying for a patent, the applicant pays to the government $15. An examination is then made under the direction of the Commissioner of Patents, and if the invention is found to be new and useful, the applicant is informed that a patent will be allowed, and he is required to pay an additional fee of $20, upon receipt of which, Letters Patent are formally issued. But if the examination shows that the invention is not new, or that it is wanting in utility, or that it has been patented in some other country, or has been described in some printed publication, then a patent is refused and the appli cation is rejected.

THE COMPLETE APPLICATION.

A complete application for a patent is made up of the following parts:-1. Petition; 2. Specification; 3. Oath of the inventor; 4. One drawing of the invention; 5. Model or specimens; 6. Payment of the first fee of fifteen dollars. The absence of any of these parts renders the application incomplete; and the Patent Office will neither issue a patent nor even examine the case until the defect is remedied. If the invention is of such a nature that it cannot be illustrated by a model, specimen, or drawing, then those parts may be omitted.

THE SPECIFICATION.

This document consists of a carefully-written description of the invention, fully and minutely describing the object, construction, operation and method of carrying the invention into practical use. The proportions or principles which the applicant claims as his own invention must be particularly specified. The value and extent of a patent often depends upon the skill and excellence with which the specification is prepared.

THE DRAWINGS.

One drawing is required, which must correspond with the model, and be executed in a clear and artistic manner, on thick paper. The drawings are considered as forming a part of the specification; they should represent various parts and views of the invention, such as plan views, perspectives, side elevations, sections, etc.

THE MODEL.

The law requires that the inventor shall, in all cases, furnish a model, which must not exceed twelve inches in any of its dimensions. It should be neatly made, of hard wood or metal, or both, varnished or painted. The name of the inventor and his place of residence should be attached to it, or painted upon it conspicuously. Where the invention consists of an improvement on some known machine, full working model of the whole will not be necessary. It should be sufficiently perfect, however, to show, with clearness, the nature and operation of the invention. When the invention consists of a new article of manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the separate ingredients sufficient for the purpose of experiment, and also of the manufactured article itself, must be furnished.

REJECTIONS AND APPEALS.

When the Examiner decides that the invention is not patent.

able, the applicant is so informed, by letter, and this constitutes the first rejection. The applicant then has the right to ask for a reconsideration, and appear before the Patent-Office, either in person or by attorney, and, by the presentation of arguments and evidence, endeavor to satisfy the Examiner that he (the applicant) is still entitled to a patent. If a second rejection results, an appeal may be taken to the Board of Examiners-in-Chief, on payment of $10, who review the case, listen to new arguments, and then either decide to grant or reject the application.

If the inventor is not satisfied with the decision of the Examiners-in-Chief, an appeal may be taken from their decision to the Commissioner of la ́ents in person; but a fee of $20 must be paid. The Commiss oner hears any arguments, reviews the case, and decides upon its merits.

On payment of $25, an appeal may be taken from the decision of the Commissioner to the United States Court in the District of Columbia.

It will thus be seen that the opportunities for an inventor to obtain justice, in his efforts to obtain a patent, are abundant. The majority of patents are, however, promptly granted on the primary application, without resort to the expenses and delays of an appeal.

DESIGNS, TRADE-MARKS, LABELS, ETC.

Under the new law, Design-patents may be taken out for any new form of any article, also for tools, patterns, castings, machineframes, stove-plates, borders, fringes; also new designs for printing, weaving, or stamping upon silks, calicos, carpets, oil-cloth prints, paper-hangings, and other articles, likewise works of art, including busts, statues, bas-reliefs or compositions in alto or basso relievo, new dies, impressions, ornaments to be placed or used upon any article of manufacture, architectural work, &c. The term for which Design-patents are granted varies according to the fee paid by the applicant, as follows:

No Design-models are required. But eleven drawings or photographs must be furnished, together with the usual specification, petition and affidavit, which, to render the patent of value, should be prepared with the utmost care.

Trade-marks may be registered for the term of thirty years, by filing petition cath, description of the class of goods or merchandise and of the trade-mark itself, with eleven fac-similes of the same, one mounted on stiff paper. Government fee $25.

Labels not being trade-marks, may also be registered at the