bringing the case before the Fence Viewers of the town, who are the proper persons to examine and adjudicate upon the matter.

When one of two or more parties, having lands adjoining, desires to remove his fence, and to let the land lie open, he is at liberty to do so, at any time between the first of November and the first of April, by giving the other party or parties ten days' notice of his intention to apply to the Fence-Viewers of the town for permission to do the same; but if the Fence-Viewers refuse to give him such permission, he must be governed by their order: should he, notwithstanding their refusal, remove the fence, he is liable to the other party or parties for all damages that may result to them thereby.

When by flood, accident, or any cause, any party's half of a fence is broken down, removed, or destroyed, the party interested may give him ten days' notice in writing to replace it; should he fail to do so, the party interested may erect it without further no tice, and recover the full bill of the same, together with the costa of suit, in an action.

All disputes by owners of adjoining lands relative to broker fences must be submitted to the Fence-Viewers of the town, whose decision must be given in writing, and must be received by the disputants as conclusive.

Certificate of Value of Fence

BUILT BY AN ADJOINING OWNER.

COUNTY, TOWN OF

, SS.

WHEREAS, A. B. and C. D) were, and are, the owners of certain lands adjoining, in said town of

and on the

day of 18-, or thereabouts, the said A. B. erected a division fence between the land belonging to him and that of the said C. D., who had chosen to let the same lie open; and whereas the said C. D. has, since that time, enclosed the said land belonging to him, and a dispute has arisen between the said parties, concerning the proper proportion of the value of the said division fence, to be paid for by the said C. D.: Now, therefore, we, the un dersigned, two of the Fence-Viewers of the said town of

do hereby certify, that we have made due inquiry into the facts and examined the premises; that the following is a correct de ecription of the fence so built by the said A. B. as aforesaid, to wit: [give description] that the value thereof, at the time of

building the same, was

dollars; and that the proper proportion

of said value, to be paid by the said C. D. to the said A. B., is dollars: And we also certify, that the fees for our service amount

to

dollars.

COUNTY, TOWN OF, SS. WHEREAS, A. B. and C. D. are

the owners of certain lands adjoining, in the said town of. and a dispute has arisen between them, concerning the respective proportions of a division fence to be maintained [or, made,] by them: Now, therefore, we, the undersigned, Fence-Viewers of the said town, do hereby certify, that upon the application of the said parties, we proceeded to examine the premises and hear the allegations of the said parties; and that we do determine that said division fence be built as follows, to wit: [give description;] that one third part of said fence is the proper proportion thereof to be built by the said A. B.; and that the remaining two thirds is the proper proportion thereof to bo built by the said C. D.: And we also certify, that our fees for our service amount to dollars.

Given, &c., as in Certificate of Value of Fence built by an adjonning owner.]

Certificate of Damages

WHERE DIVISION FENCE IS OUT OF REPAIR.

WE, the undersigned, two of the Fence-Viewers of said town, do hereby certify, that upon the application of A. B., the owner of fand adjoining the land of C. D. in said town, to ascertain and ap praise certain damages alleged to have been incurred by the said A. B., in consequence of the neglect [or refusal] of the said C. D. to make [or maintain his proportion of a division fence between the aforesaid lands, we proceeded to examine the premises; and, after due inquiry and examination by us made, we do deter mine that the said A. B. has sustained damages to his land, crops fruit trees, and shrubbery, [add "fixtures," if necessary,] in conse quence of the neglect [or refusal] of the said C. D. to make [or maintain his proportion of such division fence as aforesaid

which said damages we have ascertained and do appraise at doilars.

Given, &c., [as in Certificate of Value of Fence built by an ad joining owner.]

To Mr. A. B.:

Notice and Certificate of Consent.

TO REMOVE DIVISION FENCE.

TAKE notice, that I shall make application to E. F. and G. H, two of the Fence-Viewers of the town of

on the

day of next, for permission to remove the division fence between the land occupied by you in said town, and that owned and occupied by me, lying adjacent thereto.

Dated the

day of

COUNTY, TOWN OF

18-. SS.

C. D.

WE, the undersigned, two of the Fence-Viewers of said town, do nereby certify, that upon the application of C. D., made in accordince with a notice, of which the above is a copy, duly served upon A. B., therein mentioned, more than ten days before this day, we nave examined the premises where the division fence named in said notice is situate, and do determine, that the same may, with propriety, be removed.

Given, &c., [as in Certificate of Value of Fence by an adjoining owner.]

MINORS.

In law, both males and females are infants, or minors, till they arrive at the age of twenty-one years. In the States of Vermont

and Ohio, females are legally of age at eighteen.

No minor can bind him or herself by contract for anything except necessaries such as food, clothing, or education. If he or she contracts for other than necessaries, on attaining his or her majority, he contract is void or voidable at his or her option.

Minors can do no act to the injury of their property. In caso one should do so, he or she may repudiate or rescind it on arriving of age.

A minor whose parents may have released his claim for his or her labor, or the wages arising therefrom, is not thereby enabled to enter into contracts which he or she may not at any time annul; nor has a parent or guardian power to compel him or her to make any contract which he or she is not disposed to enter into.

Every contract made by a minor which is to his or her injury is void; but a contract which is clearly to his or her benefit is good; and any contract that is uncertain, whether injurious or beneficial, is voidable or not, as he or she may choose.

A contract for necessaries is binding on a minor when he or she becomes of age, and may be recovered in a suit of law; but in order to recover the sum due for them, it must be shown that the articles were really necessary for him or her under the circumstances and condition in which he or she was placed when they were furnished. The real circumstances of the minor must be considered, and not his apparent condition.

Necessaries for a minor's wife and children, or for either, are necessaries for him.

If a minor obtain goods on the pretence that he or she is of age and then refuse payment on the ground that he or she is, or was not then of age, the creditor cannot recover the value of the goods, but he can have the minor so guilty punished for fraud.

A parent is not bound by the contract of his son, even for ne cessaries, unless an actual authority can be shown, or the circumstances be sufficient to imply such authority. What circumstances are sufficient to imply an authority must always be a question to determine in each particular case. The safest rule in all such instances, however, is to always demand a written order or authority.

A father is liable for necessaries furnished to his minor children, but they must be strictly necessaries—such as the father is in duty bound to supply, but has failed to provide. In all such cases the eums due therefor may be recovered.

If a minor be coaxed, cajoled, or forced into an unwilling mar

riage or other contract, he or she may ropudiate the same on becoming of age.

When a minor executes a contract, and pays money, or delivers property on the same, he cannot afterward disaffirm such contract and recover the money or property, unless he restores to the other party the consideration received from him for such money or vroperty.

DOWER.

EVERY married woman is entitled by law to a one third interest in all real property that may be left by her husband. This property is only for her use and benefit during life. She can neither sell nor give it away; at her death it descends to the children, if any; if not, then to her husband's nearest relations. This third interest is termed her dower.

An interest on the part of a testator that his bequest to his wife shall be in lieu of her dower, must be so expressed, or must appear as satisfactorily as if it were expressed, or she will be still entitled to her dower.

A widow who, as administratrix of the estate of her late husband, conveys such property, in whole or in part, to another, and gives a deed of warranty for the same, cannot afterward claim her dower, or any part thereof, from such property; the deed being good to the holder she is effectually barred from all interest in it hereafter.

A widow's third-interest is in the lands, and not on the crops nor any part thereof that may be growing on the lands at the time of her husband's decease. The crops so growing at that time descend to the heir, and if the widow makes use of what she mistakingly considers her one third share, she is liable to the heir for their full value.

A widow's claim for dower of real estate is not subject to a setoff for damages, nor for moneys due by her, nor for the receipt by her of rents and profits of the whole of the lands in which she claims dower. Her claim to the land is as good as would be the right of the heir in such a case.

A married woman, in signing away property, with and at the request of her husband, may, if she so pleases, refuse to sign away her right to dower in such property.

If a married woman be constrained from fear of, or by threats of violence on the part of, her husband, to sign off her right to dower in any property, she may, on a complaint before a judge of any court in the county where such property is situate, cause the deed so signed by her to be rendered void and of no effect.

No court will interpose to carry into effect an important gift by