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DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:

The Division of Economics and History has been engaged during the past year entirely in carrying out the plan of research prepared at the Conference held at Berne in 1911. As a result of studies directed by the European and American members of the Conference, now called the Committee of Research, we have received thirty-nine works in manuscript form, of which ten are now going through the press. In addition to this, contracts have been made for sixty. In Japan a committee of five scholars, under the direction of Baron Sakatani and Professor Ogawa, has undertaken to prepare a series of works on subjects chosen with especial reference to conditions in their own country and in the northern part of the Chinese Empire; and in China itself, under the supervision of Professor Reinsch two more works on oriental problems are in preparation. Of works in foreign languages a few have been translated into English and others are in process of translation. In all, this Division has, in completed form or in process of preparation, ninety-nine works, the subjects of which are stated in the Appendix of this report. A large majority of the contracts which have been made for the preparation of works call for the completion of the manuscripts before January 1, 1915.

One very great outlay, which has from the first been foreseen, is about to become necessary, namely, the outlay involved in publishing works which will be delivered to us during the present year. It is probable that more manuscripts will be delivered to us for publication during the coming year than during any subsequent one.

A Second Conference

Three years have now passed since the Conference called by this Division met at Berne, and it is the unanimous opinion of the members that another meeting is now needed. Large as is the program prepared at the first meeting, we have the promise of at least one work on every topic except two. Because a large number of these studies are confined to local areas there is need of similar studies elsewhere. The facts revealed in a single country do not teach their full lesson until corresponding facts are presented from other countries. It would be possible to work with great profit for three more years entirely within the field of the report mapped out by the first Conference. If we followed that plan,

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however, we should not be working at the best advantage and with the promise. of the largest results, and it is therefore desirable to undertake studies which are beyond the range of our present program, and also carefully to select the subjects within that program which may be studied with most advantage for the purpose we have in view.

Work to be Undertaken

One leading purpose of the work about to be undertaken is, in the Director's view, to render the studies in the field already occupied, as well as in new fields, practically effective. Economic conditions afford a basis for the dealings of nations with each other. It is entirely possible, in the case of any two countries, to adopt policies that are mutually beneficial and to lay a firm foundation for international friendship. Commercial and financial policies may be so shaped as to confer common benefits where at times mutual injuries are suffered. Problems of colonization; of emigration and immigration; of the treatment of aliens within the territory of a state; all of which present somewhat critical international issues, arise in consequence of the economic conditions of the different lands and are capable of being solved in an intelligent way only after a study of those conditions. Statistics and applied economics may furnish a sound basis for the foreign policy of a government.

The Work in South America

It is a fact that the people of the United States as a whole desire nothing but independence and prosperity for the whole of Latin America. They are inspired by a marked good will toward their southern neighbors. An earnest study of the best way to promote their prosperity, while deriving reflex benefits from it, would be an effective way of demonstrating the friendly feeling toward the peoples of Central and South America, and it is the expectation of the Director of this Division that, through the efforts of Professor David Kinley, such studies will be initiated. It is his intention to undertake studies tending to show what policies would be mutually beneficial to the United States and to each of a large number of Latin American republics. If possible he will visit South America with this plan in view, and a competent scholar expects to make a prolonged stay in Central America for a similar purpose. The studies thus carried on in this hemisphere will complement those of the same kind undertaken in Europe and the Far East.

JOHN BATES CLARK,

Director of the Division of Economics and History.

NEW YORK, March 17, 1914.

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The economic effects of the right of capture.
Protectionist and industrial history of the three Scandinavian
Countries.

Foreign loans in Austria.

Military selection and race deterioration.
American labor and war.

The influence of the German-French War in the year 1870-
71 upon the economic conditions of Switzerland.
The economic productive trade policy, its origin and motiva-
tion, its management and effect on the relations between
nations.

The attitude of the trade unionists and the socialists toward
war and armaments, in general.

The attitude in Belgium.

The attitude in Poland.

The attitude in Denmark.

The attitude in Norway.

The attitude in The Netherlands.

The attitude in Germany.

The attitude in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland.

The attitude in Russia.

The attitude in Austria.
The attitude in Spain.

The attitude in Italy.

The attitude in Portugal.

The attitude in the Balkan States.

The attitude in America.

The attitude in the South American Republics.

The attitude in France.

The attitude in Switzerland.

An historical sketch of the organized peace movement in
America.

The losses of life, caused by the wars of Austria-Hungary
and France.

Epidemics as a sequel of wars.

Modern armaments and armament industries in France.
The growth of armaments in modern Italy and of arma-
ment industries.

Armaments and armament industries in Great Britain.
The growth of armaments in modern Austria and of ar-
mament industries.

The growth of armaments in modern countries-in Turkey
and the Balkan States.

The growth of armaments and armament industries in Ger

many.

The growth of armaments and armament industries in Japan. The growth of modern armaments and armament industries in Russia.

The growth of armaments and the position of armament industries in the United States.

French colonial customs policy.

Military budgets from 1872, etc., plus the burden of armaments in recent times. For the German Empire.

Works Now Under Contract
COMMISSION I

TOPIC

SUBJECT AND COUNTRY TREATED

MEMBER

COLLABORATOR

1

General considerations of the causes of wars in re- Philippovich
cent times.

Ferrero

1

History of the causes of wars in newer times for Philippovich
Austria and France.

Bodart

2, b

Influence of the national idea and of the economic Philippovich
protective policy of Austria Hungary on the re-
lation between the Monarchy and the Balkan
States.

Slokar

2, b

Protectionist system in its relations with the great Luzzatti
armaments and to the actual war spirit of the
world.

Luzzatti

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Protectionist policy in Austria, its origin and de- von Wieser
velopment.

Rivalry among the great European_powers with re- Philippovich
gard to capital investments in Turkey.

The Society of Friends: war and peace.

Schüller &

Cokorac

Kaufmann

Paish

Attitude of anarchists and syndicalists toward war Gide

Miss Hirst
Delaisi

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Attitude of the business classes of the United States
toward war and peace.

Johnson

7, ab II, 5, 6

Military conditions in The Netherlands.

9, 10, 11, 13, 14

The Balkan wars in the years 1912 and 1913.

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9, 10, 11, 13, 14

The effects of the Balkan wars on Austria Hungary Philippovich

Bajkics
Neurath

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History of Austrian war loans in the Nineteenth Philippovich
Century.

Marek

9

War loans provided by neutral countries; their Brentano
extent and influence on recent warfare.

Raffalovich

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The effects of the Balkan war in sociological and Westergaard
juridical respect with reference to Albania.

Effects of war on the economy of the Scandinavian Westergaard
countries.

Cohn

10 a-c

Losses and gains in war from view of private eco- Brentano
nomic interests. In Germany.

Möller

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War and order of life. The liquidity, productivity Philippovich
and rentability of the wealth of nations in case

Neurath

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Special research work on the development of the Reinsch
Open Door Policy.

Nieboer

Reinsch

Hornbeck

Wallace

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