long prosperity; and the ease with which the gold and sword of Philip of Macedon corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved that when a nation becomes indolent and luxurious at home, it ceases to be respectable in the eyes of neighboring states. The annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism and resolution. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the liberal patronage bestowed on them.

From the fifteenth century until a recent period, Greece was subject to the Turkish government. Although degraded-changed from what she was, there was yet something in Modern Greece to remind the world of former days of glory. Ere the storm of the revolution broke forth, the bard could sing

"On Suli's rock, and Parga's shore,
Exists the remnant of a line

Such as the Doric mothers bore,
And there, perhaps, some seed is sown,

That Heracleidan blood might own.' The revolution in the Morea broke out at a village of Achaia, March 23, 1821. From that time forward their warlike weapons were never relinquished by the Hellenists. The Greeks struggled against ferocity, bravery, wealth, and power, while, they themselves, although the sympathy of the liberal portion of the world was theirs, not only received no assistance, but even experienced checks from the cabinets of Europe. At length England took the part of the Greeks, and a Russian, French and British squadron, under Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, destroyed the Turkish-Egyptian armada of 110 ships, in the bay of Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827. In March, 1828, the war between Russia and Turkey broke out, and the interference of foreign powers produced the pacification of Greece in 1823. The Turks were compelled to evacuate Greece; a limited monarchy was established; Otho I, a young man of eighteen, being at the head of the government. Schools have now been established in various places, and, freed from the oppression which prostrated its energies, the Greek character now begins to appear in a happy light.

GREENE, Nathaniel, a distinguished majorgeneral in the American army during the revolution, was born in Rhode Island, May 22, 1742, and early evinced an attachment to literature and science, and a propensity for a military life. In 1770 he was elected to the state legislature, took part in the earliest battles of

GRE

the revolution, and June, 6, 1775, assumed the command of the army before Boston for a short time. Want of space renders it impossible for us to follow him through all the steps of his career of glory, or even to enumerate his brilliant actions. He died in 1786, in Georgia, whither he had removed upon some grants of land.

GREENLAND, an extensive country of N. America, belonging to Denmark, and settled 800 years ago. The natives belong to the Esquimaux family, and are rude in their manners, and confined in their ideas. They are of diminutive size, clothed in skins, and subsisting by hunting and fishing. Their religious notions are rude and primitive. There are numerous settlements upon the coast of Greenland, many of them being made by the Mora

vian missionaries.

GREGORY I, pope of Rome, surnamed the Great, succeeded Pelagius II, in 590, and introduced many of the present ceremonies of the Romish church. He was of a noble family and induced to take monastic vows by a disgust of worldly affairs. He died in 604.

GREGORY VII, called Hildebrand before his election, succeeded Alexander II, in the year 1073, being advanced by the suffrages of the cardinals, without the emperor's authority; the better to confirm himself in the pontificate, he abolished the imperial power of conferring investiture upon bishops and clergymen, and became an inveterate enemy of the emperor Henry IV. He prevailed upon Rodolph, Duke of Suabia, to assume the title of emperor, and take up arms against Henry, but Rodolph being overthrown and slain, Henry marched directly into Italy, besieged Rome, took the city, and established Clement III upon the papal throne. Gregory fled to Salerno, and there died, after having enjoyed the papal dignity 12 years. There were several other popes of the same name.

GRENADA, New, formerly a viceroyalty of South America, and more recently a portion of Colombia, but now a separate republic. Together with Venezuela, it was formerly called Terra Firma. It has an area of 375,000 square miles, and a population of 1,500,000 souls. The mountains of the republic are rich in the precious metals, yielding annually about 3,000,000 dollars' worth of gold.

GRENOBLE, an old French city, capital of the department of Isere, 113 leagues S. E. of Paris. It was the first city to open its gates to Napoleon, when he returned from Elba. The

garrison had taken up arms to resist the little band of the imperialists, when Napoleon, advancing, and uncovering his breast, said to them: If there be one among you, who would slay his general and emperor, he can do it-behold I am defenceless." He was answered by animating shouts of "Vive l'empereur." Population 25,000.

GREY, Lady Jane, an unfortunate and most amiable lady, the daughter of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, by lady Frances Brandon, daughter of the duke of Suffolk, was of royal descent on both sides. She was born in 1537, at Bradgate Hall, her father's seat in Leicestershire; and early in life gave proofs of uncommon genius. She worked admirably with her needle; wrote an elegant hand; played well on several instruments; and was well versed in Greek and Latin, besides being conversant with French and Italian. Roger Ascham," the schoolmaster of princes," has given a beautiful and affecting narrative of his interview with her at Bradgate Hall, where he found her reading Plato's Phædon in Greek, while the family were amusing themselves in the park.

In 1551, her father was created duke of Suffolk; and at this time lady Jane Grey was much at court; where the ambitious duke of Northumberland projected a marriage between her and his son, lord Guilford Dudley, which took place at the end of May, 1553. Soon after this Edward VI died, having been prevailed upon in his last illness, to settle the crown upon the lady Jane, who, against her will, was proclaimed with great pomp.

The splendor of royalty, however, endured but a short time. The nation was dissatisfied, and the nobility indignant at the presumption of Northumberland, so that Mary was not long in obtaining the victory, and, with an indignant spirit, determined on revenge. Lady Jane and her husband, after having been confined in the Tower some months, were arraigned and condemned to death, Nov. 3, 1553. The sentence was not carried into execution, until the 12th of February in the following year, when lord Guilford first suffered, and his lady immediately afterwards, on the same scaffold. She died with the firmness and meekness of a martyr; and such no doubt she was, since her Protestant principles were more offensive to the queen, than the part she had been compelled to act. On the evening previous to her death she sent a letter written in Greek to her sister; and even after seeing the headless body of her husband carried to the chapel, she wrote three sentences,

GUA

in Greek, Latin and English, in a table book, which she presented to the lieutenant of the

tower.

GRIDLEY, Jeremiah, a distinguished lawyer, who was born in 1705, and flourished in Massachusetts before the revolution. Although a warm opponent of the British ministry, he accepted the office of attorney-general of the province of Massachusetts Bay, and defended the writs of assistance, but was completely refuted by James Otis, who had studied law in his office. He died in Boston, Sept. 7, 1767, aged about 62 years.

GRISONS, The, since 1778, the largest canton of the Swiss confederacy, containing 88.000 inhabitants. Its exports are cattle, cheese, coals, and valuable minerals. It was the Upper Rhotia of the Romans.

GRISWOLD, Roger, a governor of Connec ticut, was born at Lyme, in that state, in 1762. He was educated at Yale College, and chosen member of Congress in 1794. In 1807 he accepted the office of judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, and after serving as lieutenantgovernor, in 1811 was chosen governor of his native state. He died in 1812.

GRONINGEN, the name of a province and city of the Netherlands. The city contains 27,800 inhabitants, and is the seat of a famous university.

GROTIUS, or De Groot, Hugo, a famous scholar and statesman, born at Delft, April 10, 1583. So precocious were his powers, that he was appointed advocate-general in his 24th year. Grotius, having espoused the cause of a religious sect called the Remonstrants, was condemned to imprisonment for life in the fortress of Louvenstein, but having concealed himself in a chest in which his wife had sent him some books, he was carried out of the castle unsuspected. After wandering about in several countries, having been banished for ever from his own, he went to Stockholm in 1634, and was appointed counsellor of state, and ambassador to the French court. Although per sonally obnoxious to Cardinal Richelieu, he held this office for 10 years, and then returned to Sweden, passing through his native country, where his reception was most flattering. He solicited his disinission from the queen of Sweden, but, after leaving her court, was taken sick at Rostock, in Pomerania, and died there, August 28, 1645. He was a profound and elegant scholar, and a powerful writer.

GUADALAXARA, formerly an intendancy of Mexico, now forms the state of Yalisco, in

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the Mexican confederacy. It is fertile and well timbered. Population, 800,000. Number of square miles 72,000. The capital is a city of the same name, built on a fertile plain, and containing 60,000 inhabitants, Spaniards, mulattoes, and inestiznes.

GUADALOUPE, one of the largest and most valuable of the Caribbee Islands-about 70 miles long, and 25 broad. It is divided into two parts by a channel, which runs from north to south. It was discovered by Columbus. After passing alternately from the French to the English, its possession was confirmed to the former in 1814. Population 110,000.

GUANAXUATO, a rich and populous state of Mexico, containing 450,000 inhabitants on 6,300 square miles.

GUANAXUATO, or Santa Fé Guanaxuato, the capital of the preceding state, is 140 miles northwest of Mexico, and contains 40,000 inhabitants. Of these many are miners, the mines in the vicinity being uncommonly productive. The city stands at an elevation of 6,836 above the sea, and is situated in a mountainous defile GUATIMALA, the largest of the five states of the republic of Central America. It borders on Mexico, the gulf of Honduras, and the Pacific Ocean

GUATIMALDA, La Nueva, the seat of gov. ernment of Central America, was founded in 1775, and contains 40.000 inhabitants. It is situated on the river Vacas, near the Pacific

Ocean.

GUAXACA, or Oaxaca, an uncommonly rich and fertile state of Mexico, containing 600,000 inhabitants, many of whom are tributary Indians. The capital town of the same, called also, Antequera, contains 40,000 inhabi

tants.

GUAYAQUIL, a province of the Equator, containing about 90,000 inhabitants. Guaya. quil, the capital, on the west side of Guayaquil river, has an excellent harbor.

GUELPHS, the name of a family, one of two opposite factions that divided Italy about the year 1255, the partisans of papal and imperial power. The family of the Uberti were at the head of the Florentine Ghibellines, the other faction; and the people, or rather, the republican party, resented their contumacy so much, that they ran to arms, broke into the palace of the Uberti, and, having killed some, forced all the Ghibellines to take refuge in Sienna, where they were hospitably received, in direct violation of a treaty between the Florentines and Siennese.

GUESCLIN, Bertrand du, constable of France, and one of her most renowned generals, born in 1314, at the castle of Motte Broon, near Rennes. At the age of seventeen years, he won a prize in a tournament. After the battle of Poictiers, and the losses of Charles, du Guesclin came forward, and redeemed the honor of his country, wresting from the hands of the English almost all their possessions. He died, in the midst of triumph, before Chateau-neuf-de-Raudon, July 13, 1380. He had nothing pleasing or noble in his person, and owed his honors wholly to his own exertions.

GUIANA, a country of South America, formerly of vast extent. At present what was formerly Spanish Guiana, belongs to Venezuela, and Portuguese Guiana, to Brazil. The remai... ing portions are divided between the English, Dutch, and French. The animals and birds of Guiana are numerous, as are its vegetable productions. Parts of Guiana are yet wild and imperfectly known, and in its interior the El Dorado of the Spaniards was formerly believed to exist.

GUILFORD, a town and sea-port of New Haven county, Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, containing 2,344 inhabitants. It has two harbors, and enjoys considerable trade. The Indian name of the place was Menunkatuck.

GUILLOTIN, Joseph Ignatius, a French physician, born in 1733, was the inventor of the instrument for inflicting capital punishment, which bears his name.

GUINEA. A large portion of the western coast of Africa bears this name. But its limits cannot be exactly defined. It is commonly divied into the Grain Coast, the Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, and Slave Coast.

GUISE; a town and dukedom of France, in Picardy, besieged by the Spaniards in 1528. The dukes of Guise were very important personages in all the affairs of France, from the reign of Francis I, to that of Henry IV. This family was a branch of the house of Lorraine, promoted, by Francis I, in 1528, from counts of Guise, to dukes. The first thus raised was Claude, the son of René II. He had eight sons, among whom were Francis, duke of Guise, Claudius, duke of Aumale, and René, marquis of Elbouf. Francis gallantly defended Metz against Charles V, and took Calais from the English. He was assassinated in 1516. He was the father of Henry, duke of Guise, and Charles, duke of Maine, &c. Henry placing himself at the head of the Holy League, was slain in the States of Blois, by the order of his prince, in 1588

Charles, the other brother, took up arms against Henry IV, till at last, in 1594, he was forced to submit to that victorious prince. Charles, the son of Henry, succeeded his father in the dukedom, and was the father of Henry II, who was chosen king of Naples.

GUNPOWDER PLOT, a conspiracy formed in the beginning of James I, of England, for the re-establishment of popery, which, were it not a fact well known to all the world, could scarcely be credited by posterity. The Roman Catho. lics had expected great favor and indulgence from James, both because he was a descendant of Mary, a rigid Catholic, and because he had shown some favor to that religion in his youth; but they soon discovered their mistake, and were at once surprised and enraged to find James, on all occasions, express his resolution of strictly executing the laws enacted against them, and of persevering in the policy of his predecessor. This declaration determined them to destroy the king and parliament at a blow. They therefore stored in the vaults under the parliament-house, thirty-six barrels of gunpowder, purchased in Holland, and covered them with coals and fagots. The meaning of a warning but ambiguous letter, received by lord Monteagle was first penetrated by the king. The care of searching the vaults devolved upon the earl of Suffolk, lord Chamberlain, who purposely delayed the search until the day before the meeting of parliament, Nov. 5, 1605.

He remarked the great piles of fagots, which lay in the vault under the house of peers, and seized a man preparing for the terrible enterprise, dressed in a cloak and boots, with a dark lantern in his hand. This was one Guy Fawkes, who had just disposed every part of the train for taking fire the next morning; the matches and other combustibles being found in his pockets. The whole of the design was now discov. ered; but the atrocity of his guilt, and the despair of pardon, inspiring him with resolution, he told the officers of justice with an undaunted air, that had he blown them and himself up together, he had been happy. Before the council he displayed the same intrepid firmness, mixed even with scorn and disdain, refusing to discover his associates, and showing no concern but for the failure of his enterprise. But his bold spirit was at length subdued; after having been confined to the tower for two or three days, on the rack being shown him, his courage failed him, and he made a full discovery of his accomplices, to the number of eighty, who all suffered punishment.

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GUSTAVUS I, king of Sweden, commonly called Gustavus Vasa, was imprisoned when Christian II, of Denmark, sought to enslave his country. Having escaped from prison in 1519, he arrived at Lubeck, after meeting with various difficulties. Here he was countenanced by the Senate, but failing of accomplishing his object, he was proscribed by the tyrant, and fled to Dalecarlia, where he roused the miners to revenge the wrongs of their suffering country. The young hero found the peasants prepared to receive him with open arms, and to swear to revenge the massacre at Stockholm with the last drop of their blood. The brave Dalecarlians flocked to the standard of Gustavus, who was, from this moment, irresistible. After the burning of the Danish fleet, the diet assembled, Gustavus was proclaimed king of Sweden and of the two Gothlands, in 1523, and he soon succeeded in establishing the doctrines of Luther in his dominions.

In 1531, Christian made preparations for recovering his throne, but his vast armament was defeated with great slaughter. In 1542, Gustavus prevailed on the states to render the crown hereditary in his own family. This valiant, wise, and virtuous hero, the true deliverer of his country, died in 1560, at the age of 70.

GUSTAVUS II, Adolphus, king of Sweden, succeeded Charles IX, in 1611, at the age of eighteen. Gustavus having placed the Chancellor Oxenstiern at the head of the administration of civil affairs, took charge himself of the martial operations, and, in 1613, prosecuted the war against Denmark with such vigor and success, that, through the mediation of Great Britain and Holland, an advantageous peace was procured, by which the Danish monarch renounced all pretensions to the throne. He was equally successful with the Russians, who ceded to him the fine province of Livonia, and part of the province of Novogorod. His hostilities, however, with his cousin Sigismund, were of longer duration, and were productive of those glorious events which procured him a conspicuous rank among the most distinguished warriors of his time. The king of Poland could not forget the Swedish crown of which he bad heen deprived by the impolitic conduct of his father and himself, and formed a plot for seiz ing on Gustavus, who, however, avoided the

snare.

The Swedish monarch, having prepared a numerous fleet, set sail, and laid siege to Riga, in 1621. Gustavus proved victorious, but allow ed the besieged to capitulate on honorable terms.