sinated. In 1738, Nadir Shah, of Persia, invaded the empire, entered Delhi, the capital, and demanded vast sums of money as a contribution. In 1748, Nizem-el-Mulk, viceroy of the Deccan, died at the age of 104 years; by his invitation, principally, had Nadir entered the territory of the Moguls, and destroyed the power of the emperor, as only one imperial army ever entered the field after his departure, and that was defeated by the Rohillas. Delhi, therefore, and a few miles around it, constituted almost the sole territory of the descendants of Tamerlane while the governors of districts and provinces, under the names of rajahs, nabobs, and a variety of others, became independent sovereigns. Nizam's second son having succeeded, instead of the eldest, to his father's throne, this event first began those contests between the French and English East India Companies, that, after several year's bloody wars, terminated in the expulsion of the former from India. In 1600, queen Elizabeth first sent an ambassador at Akbar, to solicit commercial intercourse with his dominions. A company was formed to carry the scheme into effect; their voyages were pretty successful, and, after having to contend with the Portuguese in several naval engagements, they at length succeeded in forming a factory at Surat, on the Malabar Coast, by permission of the emperor Jehaun-gier. Here they did not at first prosper, partly from the inadequacy of their funds, and partly from the enmity of the Dutch and Portuguese. Accident, however, laid the foundation of their prosperity in the present important city of Cal

cutta.

In 1747, the war commenced, and was carried on with spirit by both sides, Mr. Clive contributing to the successes of the English, until, in 1755, a cessation of hostilities took place. In 1755, Calcutta was threatened by the nabob of Bengal, Surajah Dowlah, who marched 40,000 foot, 30,000 horse, and 4,000 elephants against it. Cassambuzar surrendered to him at once; and Calcutta being invested, was taken in three days. This caused the tragedy of the Black Hole.-(See Black Hole.) Colonel Clive, who had now a commission in the king's service, immediately on the receipt of this news, em. barked from Fort St. David's with 400 Europeans and 1000 Seapoys, on board admiral Watson's fleet. All the old possessions were soon regained, and the nabob was reduced to make peace, after a bold attack upon his camp. War, however, was now proclaimed against France, and Chandernagore reduced, permis

IND

sion being obtained from the nabob for that purpose. Very soon afterwards, he quarreled with the company; war with him also was inevitable; and, at the battle of Plassy, Clive, with a handful of troops, defeated his whole army. In this he was assisted by the neutrality of Meer Jaffier Ali Khan, who stood aloof during the engagement. On the Coromandel coast, in the mean time, affairs were going on very indiffer ently for the English. But things again took a turn; all the enterprises of the French commander seeming to fail. His attempt upon Wandewash, in 1760, proved extremely unfortunate. Again the French forces attempted a stand under the walls of Cheltaput, 18 miles from the field of battle; but finally retired into Pondicherry, their only remaining stronghold. Cheltaput, Timmery, and Arcot, quickly fell into the hands of the English, with Carical, Chellambrum, Verdachellum, Permucoil, Alampera, and Waldour. Pondicherry itself was invested; the batteries opened in December, and the place capitulated January 15th, 1761, the whole of the French power in India being thus annihilated. Meer Jaffer, the nabob of Bengal, not answering the expectations of the company was deposed, and Meer Cassim Ali Khan placed on the Musnud, or throne. War was soon declared against him-but peace was finally concluded, as the English council had been guilty of great injustice.

In 1767, a new enemy appeared in the Deccan. This was no other than Hyder Ally or Hyder Naig, who had raised himself from the rank of seapoy to that of a powerful prince. For several years this prince baffled the attempts of the English to crush him, and by concentrating immense forces, gained great advantages over them. In 1781, Sir Cyre Coote was appointed commander-in-chief. Hyder, with two hundred thousand men, risked a battle with him, July 1st; but, notwithstanding his vast superiority, was routed with great slaughter. He tried another on the 27th of August, with similar ill-success and loss. Other actions terminated in a similar manner. In 1783, the government of Bombay determined to carry the war as close home as possible to Hyder's doors. For this purpose General Matthews invaded Canara, took nearly all the towns, and obtained immense plunder. Hyder Ally, in the mean while, had died, and Tippoo, his son, assembling an army of 150,000 men to recover the loss, appeared before Bidnore on the 7th of April, and compelled the English to capitulate.

Some time before this a war had broken out

with the Mahrattas. At length, however, peace was concluded. Tippoo Sultan, for a succession of years, opposed the English, and various campaigns were undertaken against him. The commanders in these bloody adventures were General Meadows, Lord Cornwallis, and Sir Arthur Wellesly, afterwards duke of Wellington. The marquis of Hasting's administration was advantageous to the British, but ruinous to the natives. We draw a veil over the bloody contests, and oppressive measures, by which the natives of the East were crushed, their princes ruined and betrayed, their wealth stolen from them, and their dearest rights trampled under foot, without remorse or hesitation. The course of the British in India has been denounced by the most eloquent and upright men in England - the voice of indignation has been lifted up against the company-in vain. Confiding in their immense wealth, steeled by their unrelenting avarice, proud in their constant success, they smile at every attempt to shake their power, or impeach their offices; and if the course of their conduct is no longer marked with that extended desolation and calamity which formerly distinguished it, it is because the spark of resistance is quenched in the ashes of universal ruin. (For further information, with regard to India, see the articles East Indies and Asia.)

INDIANS; a name commonly applied to the aborigines of the new continent. Those of Mexico, and parts of South America, were, when they first became known to the Spaniards, far advanced in civilization. Their architecture had little of the rudeness of a primitive and untaught race, and their character contrasted favorably with that of their conquerors. The tribes of North America, as they approached the north, lost much of the refinement which was apparent in their southern brethren, appeared to have little notion of the comforts of life, and took the highest delight in the daring exploits of hunting and war. Each tribe had a distinctive character-a peculiar physiognomy, and peculiar habits; but, of course, there are certain general features, belonging to them in common. We cannot devote much space to this subject, and a general sketch, only, will be expected. The Chippeway race is the most numerous at present. The New England tribes were Algonquins, and the Narragansets, the Mohegans, the Delaware or Lenni Lenape, the Iroquois or Six Nations, were of the same stock. West of the Mississippi we find another family, the Sioux or Dahcotah Indians, branches

IND

of which are Winnebagoes, the Otoes, the Ioways, the Missouries, the Assinniboins, the Omahaws, the Kansas, and the Osages. The Sacks and Foxes, the Pawnees, the Murtarees, or Bigbellies, the Mandans, the Crows and Blackfeet, the Shosonces, the Chohunnish, the Skilloots, Echeloots, Multnomahs, Clatrops, &c., are among the other tribes of the western country. The Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creeks, of which latter the Seminoles are a division, inhabit the southern parts of the United States. North of the Great Slave Lake, is another Indian family comprising several divisions.

All the Indian tribes are noted for their hospitality and bravery. The women perform the labors of the field, while war and hunting are considered the only occupations worthy of the men. Every man has as many wives as he can support, and these women share his affections without quarrelling or murmuring. Instances of devoted attachment between two persons, however, are by no means uncommon. The Indians believe in the existence of a Supreme Being, but they never demand blessings of him, saying, He knows best what is good for them, and content themselves with returning thanks for benefits received. But they also have superstitious notions, and sacrifice to invisible beings. They attach great importance to their medicines-bags full of rubbish. In war they seldom give quarter, and prisoners are generally tortured, and burnt at the stake. It is the pride of a vanquished chieftain to endure these tortures without a murmur, and to perish, singing, with an unfaltering voice, his tri umphant death-song, in which he recounts his previous exploits, the number of the foes that have fallen beneath his hatchet, and whose scalps adorn his wigwam, and rejoices at the prospects of reaching those Elysian fields of after-life, where, through eternity, the immortal huntsman pursues and slays the flying game.

The traditions of the Iroquois abound with touching relations of the injustice they have sustained from the whites, from their first settling in the country. "We and our tribes," say they, "lived in peace and harmony with each other before the white people came into this country; our council-house extended far to the north, and the south. In the middle of it we could meet from all parts to smoke the pipe of peace together; when the white men arrived in the south, we received them as friends, we did the same when they arrived in the east. We knew not but the Great Spirit

IND

had sent them to us for some good purpose, and therefore we thought they must be a good people. We were mistaken. The whites will not rest contented until they shall have destroyed the last of us, and made us disappear entirely from the face of the earth."

The Indian swiftness of foot and sagacity in tracing the march of an enemy are well known, and need not be dwelt on here: their attachment to the memory of their deceased friends is a striking and amiable point in their characters. Menandon, an Oneida chief, who was a Christian, and survived the minister that converted him, lived to be a hundred and twenty years old. Just before he died, he said, "I am an aged hemlock. The winds of one hundred years have whistled through my branches. I am dead at top (referring to his blindness). Why I yet live, the Good Spirit only knows. Pray to Jesus that I may wait my appointed time to die; and when I die, lay me by the side of my minister and father, that I may go up with him to the great resurrection."

The Indians have afforded instances of strong sentiment. Schoolcraft relates that "a noble minded girl, named Oolaita, being attached to a young chief of her own tribe, was commanded by her parents to marry an old warrior, renowned for his wisdom and influence in the nation. It being impossible to avoid the match, she left her father's house while the marriage-feast was preparing, and throwing herself from an awful precipice, was dashed to pieces."

Some of the Indians believe that the evil spirit is the maker of spirituous liquors, from which, notwithstanding, too many of them cannot refrain. Yet there have been numerous instances to the contrary, when drunkenness has urged them to commit some crime which, in their sober moments, they held in detestation.

"An Indian, who had been brought up in Minisink, near the Delaware water-gap, and to whom the German inhabitants of that nighborhood had given the name of Cornelius Rosenbaum, told Mr. Heckewelder, near fifty years ago, that he had once, when under the influence of strong liquor, killed the best Indian friend he had, fancying him to be his worst avowed enemy. He said that the deception was complete, and that while intoxicated, the face of his friend presented to his eyes all the features of the man with whom he was in a state of hostility. It is impossible to express the horror with which he was struck when he awoke from that delusion; he was so shocked,

that he from that moment resolved never more to taste of the maddening poison, of which he was convinced the devil was the inventor; for it could only be the evil spirit that made him see his enemy when his friend was before him, and produced so strong a delusion on his bewildered senses that he actually killed him. From that time, until his death, which happened thirty years afterwards, he never drank a drop of ardent spirits, which he always called 'the Devil's Blood,' and was firmly persuaded that the devil, or some of his inferior spirits, had a hand in preparing it."

INDIANA, one of the United States, bounded north by Lake Michigan and Michigan Territory, east by Ohio, south by the Ohio river, separating it from Kentucky, and west by Illinois. It contains 36,000 square miles, and 685,866 inhabitants, of whom 3,629 are free blacks. Near the Ohio, the country is hilly, but farther north, it is less broken, and is generally fertile. The soil and productions are not dissimilar to those of Illinois. Indianoplis, the seat of government, was laid out in 1821. Vincennes was settled by the French in 1730. Indiana was erected into a state in 1816.

INNSPRUCK, or Innsbruck, the capital of the Tyrol, situated on the Inn. Population, 10,800. The valley in which it stands was the scene of several of the events that took place during the heroic resistance made by the Tyrolese to the French and Bavarians in 1809.

INQUISITION, The, or Holy Office, as it is called, was an institution of the Catholic church, established in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and other Catholic countries, to try persons accused of holding opinions, contrary to those received by the church.

The members of this jurisdiction were called inquisitors, because, without any proof of a person's being guilty, they seized him upon common report, and investigated his conduct; they themselves, deciding upon his guilt or innocence.

There is some controversy about the origin of the inquisition, but it is allowed that Pope Innocent III first gave rise to the Holy Office While this man was at the head of the Catholic church, the Albigenses of France, who refused to embrace the monstrous doctrines of the Roman Catholic church, were persecuted and hunted like wild beasts.

It was in the beginning of the thirteenth century, that Pope Innocent sent Pierre de Castelman, archdeacon of Maguelonne, and Rainier, another priest, to stir up a spirit of zeal and pur