Kemp, 7 Blackf. 544; Britzell v. Fryberger, 2 Ind. 176; Conklin v. Smith, 2 Ind. 107, 109; Bird v. Lanius, 7 Ind. 615, 618.

IOWA. Johnson v. Knapp, 36 Ia. 616; Blair Co. v. Walker, 39 Ia. 406; Gilbert v. Sanderson, 56 Ia. 349; Poole v. Hintrager, 60 Ia. 180; Clinton Nat. Bank v. Studemann, 74 Ia. 104; Knott v. Dubuque, etc., Ry. Co., 84 Ia. 462; First Nat. Bank v. Pipestone, 92 Ia. 530; Hawley v. Exchange Bank, 97 Ia. 187.

KANSAS. Harrison v. Simpson, 17 Kan. 508; Kansas Pac. Ry. Co. v. Hopkins, 18 Kan. 494; Floyd v. Ort, 20 Kan. 162; Alliance Mut. L. Ass. Soc. v. Welch, 26 Kan. 632, 641; Brenner v. Luth, 28 Kan. 581; West v. W. U. Tel. Co., 39 Kan. 93; Manufacturing Co. v. Burrows, 40 Kan. 361; Mumper v. Kelley, 43 Kan. 256; Howell v. Hough, 46 Kan. 152; Hardesty v. Cox, 53 Kan. 618.

KENTUCKY. Garvin v. Mobley, 1 Bush. 548; Dodge's Adm. v. Moss, 82 Ky. 441. But see Hall v. Alford, 49 S. W. Rep. 444.

LOUISIANA. Mayor v. Bailey, 5 Mart. 321; Marigny v. Remy, 3 Mart. (N. S.) 607; Cucullu v. Walker, 16 La. Ann. 198. See also Civil Code, Arts. 1884, 1896.

MAINE. Burbank v. Gould, 15 Me. 118; Hinkley v. Fowler, 15 Me. 285; Bohanan v. Pope, 42 Me. 93; Coffin v. Bradbury, 89 Me. 476; Baldwin v. Emery, 89 Me. 496, 498.

MARYLAND. Small v. Schaefer, 24 Md. 143; Seigman v. Hoffacker, 57 Md. 321, 325. But see contra Hand v. Evans Marble Co., 88 Md. 226.

MASSACHUSETTS. Arnold v. Lyman, 17 Mass. 400: Carnegie v. Morrison, 2 Met. 381; Fitch v. Chandler, 4 Cush. 254; Brewer v. Dyer, 7 Cush. 337; Putnam v. Field, 103 Mass. 556, overruled by later decisions contra; Flint v. Pierce, 99 Mass. 68; Exchange Bank v. Rice, 107 Mass. 37; Rogers v. Union Stone Co., 130 Mass. 581; Aigen v. Boston & Me. R. R., 132 Mass. 423; Morrill v. Allen, 136 Mass. 93; Borden v. Boardman, 157 Mass. 410; White v. Mt. Pleasant Mills, 172 Mass. 462.

MINNESOTA. Sanders v. Clason, 13 Minn. 379; Hawley v. Wilkinson, 18 Minn. 527; Jordan v. White, 20 Minn. 91; Sullivan v. Murphy, 23 Minn. 6; Maxfield v. Schwartz, 43 Minn. 221; Lovejoy v. Howe, 55 Minn. 353; Sonstiby v. Keeley, 7 Fed. Rep. 447But see Bell v. Mendenhall, 71 Minn. 331.

MISSISSIPPI. Sweatman v. Parker, 49 Miss. 19, 30.

MISSOURI. Bank of Mo. v. Benoist, 10 Mo. 519; Robbins v. Ayres, 10 Mo. 538; Carl v. Riggs, 12 Mo. 430; Meyer v. Lowell, 44 Mo. 328; Flanagan v. Hutchinson, 47 Mo. 237; Rogers v. Gosnell, 51 Mo. 466; 58 Mo. 589; Schuster v. Kas. City, etc., Ry. Co., 60 Mo. 290; Mosman v. Bender, 80 Mo. 579; Green v. Estes, 82 Mo. 337: Ellis v. Harrison, 104 Mo. 270; Winn v. Lippincott Investment Co., 125 Mo. 528; State v. St. Louis & S. F. Ry. Co., 125 Mo. 596, 615; Porter v. Woods, 138 Mo. 540; Beardslee v. Morgner, 4 Mo. App. 139; Harvey Lumber Co. v. Herriman Lumber Co., 39 Mo. App. 214; Nelson Distilling Co. v. Loe, 47 Mo. App. 31; Tennent-Stribling Shoe Co. v. Rudy, 53 Mo. App. 196; Street v. Goodale, 77 Mo. App. 318; Rothwell v. Skinker, 84 Mo. App. 169. Two early cases contra are overruled. Manny v. Frasier, 27 Mo. 419; Page v. Becker, 31 Mo. 466.

NEBRASKA. Shamp v. Meyer, 20 Neb. 223, Meyer v. Shamp, 26 Neb. 730, 51 Neb. 424; Fonner v. Smith, 31 Neb. 107; Kaufman v. U. S. Nat. Bank, 31 Neb. 661; Barnett v. Pratt, 37 Neb. 349; Union Pac. Ry. Co. v. Metcalf, 50 Neb. 452, 461; Te cumseh Nat. Bank v. Best, 50 Neb. 518.

NEVADA. Alcalda v. Morales, 3 Nev. 132; Bishop v. Stewart, 13 Nev. 25; Jones v. Pacific Wood Co., 13 Nev. 359, 375; Miliani v. Tognini, 19 Nev. 133.

NEW JERSEY. Berry v. Doremus, 30 N. J. L. 399; Joslin v. New Jersey Car Spring Co., 36 N. J. L. 141. See also Price v. Trusdell, 28 N. J. Eq. 200, 202; Katzenbach v. Holt, 43 N. J. Eq. 536, 550; Bennett v. Merchantville Building Assoc., 44 N. J. Eq. 116, 118; Cocks v. Varney, 45 N. J. Eq. 72, 77.

NEW YORK. Gold v. Phillips, 10 Johns. 142; Farley v. Cleveland, 4 Cow. 432; 9

Cow. 639; Ellwood v. Monk, 5 Wend. 235; Barker v. Bucklin, 2 Denio 45; Del. & Hudson Canal Co. v. estchester County Bank, 4 Denio 97; Lawrence v. Fox, 20 N. Y. 268; Judson v. Gray, 17 Horr. Pr. 289; Dingeldein v. Third Avenue R. R. Co., 37 N. Y. 575; Barker v. Bradley, 42 N. Y. 316; Coster v. Mayor of Albany, 43 N. Y. 399; Secor v. Lord, 3 Keyes 525; Hutchings v. Miner, 46 N. Y. 456, 460; Claflin v. Ostrom, 54 N. Y. 581; Barlow v. Myers, 64 N. Y. 41; Arnold v. Nichols, 64 N. Y. 117; Litchfield v. Flint, 104 N. Y. 543; Hallenbeck v. Kindred, 109 N. Y. 620; Warren v. Wilder, 114 N. Y. 209; Hannigan v. Allen, 127 N. Y. 639; Clark v. Howard, 150 N. Y. 232; Seaman v. Hasbrouck, 35 Barb. 151; Adams v. Wadhams, 40 Barb. 225; Brown v. Curran, 14 Hun 260; Cock v. Moore, 18 Hun 31; Kingsbury v. Earle, 27 Hun 141; Schmid v. N. Y., etc., Railway, 32 Hun 335, affid. 98 N. Y. 634; Edick v. Green, 38 Hun 202; Pulver v. Skinner, 42 Hun 322; Reynolds v. Lawton, 62 Hun 596; Bogardus v. Young, 64 Hun 398; Cook v. Berrott, 66 Hun 633; Beemer v. Packard, 92 Hun 546. But see Ætna Nat. Bank v. Fourth Nat. Bank, 46 N. Y. 82; Merrill v. Green, 55 N. Y. 270; Wheat v. Rice, 97 N. Y. 296; Serviss v. McDonnell, 107 N. Y. 260; Corner v. Mackey, 147 N. Y. 574, 582; Fairchild v. Feltman, 32 Hun 398; Metropolitan Trust Co. v. New York, etc., Ry. Co., 45 Hun 84; Clark v. Howard, 74 Hun 228; Feist v. Schiffer, 79 Hun 275.

OHIO. Crumbaugh v. Kugler, 3 Ohio St. 544, 549; Bagaley v. Waters, 7 Ohio St. 359; Dodge v. Nat. Exchange Bank, 30 Ohio St. 1; Emmitt v. Brophy, 42 Ohio St. 82.

OREGON. Baker v. Eglin, 11 Oreg. 333; Hughes v. Oregon Co., 11 Oreg. 437; Schneider v. White, 12 Oreg. 503; Strong v. Kamm, 13 Oreg. 172; Feldman v. McGuire, 34 Oreg. 310. But see contra Washburn v. Interstate Invest. Co., 26 Oreg. 436.

PENNSYLVANIA. Strohecker v. Grant, 16 S. & R. 237, 241; Hind v. Holdship, 2 Watts, 104; Commercial Bank v. Wood, 7 W. & S. 89; Beers v. Robinson, 9 Barr 229; Bellas v. Fagely, 19 Pa. 273; Townsend v. Long, 77 Pa. 143; White v. Thielens, 106 Pa. 173; Delp v. Brewing Co., 123 Pa. 42. But see contra Blymire v. Boistle, 6 Watts 182; Ramsdale v. Horton, 3 Barr 330; Campbell v. Lacock, 40 Pa. 450; Robertson v. Reed, 47 Pa. 115; Torrens v. Campbell, 74 Pa. 470; Kountz v. Holthouse, 85 Pa. 235, 237; Adams v. Kuehn, 119 Pa. 76; Freeman v. Pa. R. R. Co., 173 Pa. 274. See also Brown v. German-American Title & Trust Co., 174 Pa. 443, 455.

RHODE ISLAND. Merriman v. Social Mfg. Co., 12 R. I. 175; Wood v. Moriarty, 15 R. I. 518; Kehoe v. Patton, 50 Atl. Rep. 655.

SOUTH CAROLINA. See McBride v. Floyd, 2 Bailey 209; Brown v. O'Brien, I Rich. 268; Redfearn v. Craig, 57 S. C. 534.

TENNESSEE. Moore v. Stovall, 2 Lea 543; Lookout Mountain R. R. Co. v. Houston, 1 Pickle 224; O'Conner v. O'Conner, 88 Tenn. 76, 82. But see Campbell v. Findley, 3 Humph. 330.

TEXAS. Spann v. Cochran, 63 Tex. 240; Bennett v. Rosenthal, 3 Willson Civ. Cas. 196 Bartley v. Conn, 4 Tex. Civ. App. 299; 33 S. W. Rep. 604.

UTAH. Brown v. Markland, 16 Utah 360.

VERMONT. See Arlington v. Hinds, 1 D. Chip. 430; Pangborn v. Saxton, 11 Vt. 79, semble; Corey v. Powers, 18 Vt. 587; Rutland R. R. Co. v. Cole, 24 Vt. 33; Chapman v. Mears, 56 Vt. 389; Congregational Soc. v. Flagg, 72 Vt. 248.

VIRGINIA. Vanmeter's Ex. v. Vanmeters, 3 Gratt. 148 (in equity); Jones v. Thomas, 21 Gratt. 96 semble. See also Code, § 2415. Contra is Stewart v. James River & Kanawha Co., 24 Gratt. 294.

WASHINGTON. Don Yook v. Washington Mill Co., 16 Wash. 459.

WEST VIRGINIA. Hooper v. Hooper, 32 W. Va. 526; Bensimer v. Fell, 35 W. Va. 15, 29; Code 1887, c. 71, § 2. But see contra Johnson v. McClung, 26 W. Va. 659.

WISCONSIN. Kimball v. Noyes, 17 Wis. 695; Putney v. Farnham, 27 Wis. 187; McDowell v. Laev, 35 Wis. 171; Bassett v. Hughes, 43 Wis. 319; Hoile v. Bailey, 58 Wis. 434; Winninghoff v. Witting, 64 Wis. 180; Johannes v. Phenix Ins. Co., 66 Wis. 50; Jones v. Foster, 67 Wis. 296, 309; Ingram v. Osborn, 70 Wis. 184, 193; Nix v. Wiswell, 84 Wis. 334; Fulmer v. Wightman, 87 Wis. 573; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Hamlin, 98 Wis. 17, 23.

NOTE III.

A mortgagee may sue at law a grantee of the mortgagor who assumes the mortgage. ALABAMA. Orman v. North Alabama Co., 53 Fed. Rep. 469; 55 Fed. Rep. 18. ARIZONA. Johns v. Wilson, 180 U. S. 446.

ARKANSAS. Patton v. Adkins, 42 Ark. 197; Benjamin v. Birmingham, 50 Ark. 433CALIFORNIA. Wormouth v. Hatch, 33 Cal. 121; Biddel v. Brizzolara, 64 Cal. 354; Williams v. Naftzger, 103 Cal. 438; Alvord v. Spring Valley Gold Co., 106 Cal. 547; Tulare County Bank v. Madden, 109 Cal. 312; Hopkins v. Warner, 109 Cal. 133; Roberts v. Fitzallen, 120 Cal. 482; Daniels v. Johnson, 129 Cal. 415.

COLORADO. Green v. Morrison, 5 Col. 18; Stuyvesant v. Western Mtge. Co., 22 Col. 28; Skinner v. Harker, 23 Col. 333; Starbird v. Cranston, 24 Col. 20; Cobb v. Fishel, 62 Pac. Rep. 625.

CONNECTICUT. See Bassett v. Bradley, 48 Conn. 224; Lynch v. Moser, 72 Conn. 714. Conf. Meech v. Ensign, 49 Conn. 191. General Stat., § 983.

GEORGIA. See Ford v. Finney, 35 Ga. 258.

ILLINOIS. Rogers v. Herron, 92 Ill. 583; Thompson v. Dearborn, 107 Ill. 87; Bay v. Williams, 112 Ill. 91; Hazle v. Bondy, 173 Ill. 302; Webster v. Fleming, 178 Ill. 140; Cotes v. Bennett, 183 Ill. 82; Harts v. Emery, 84 Ill. App. 317; 184 Ill. 560; Baer v. Knewitz, 39 Ill. App. 470; Ingram v. Ingram, 71 Ill. App. 497; 172 Ill. 287; Robinson v. Holmes, 75 Ill. App. 203; Boisot v. Chandler, 82 Ill. App. 261; Eggleston v. Morrison, 84 Ill. App. 625; Murray v. Emery, 85 Ill. App. 348; 58 N. E. Rep. 327.

INDIANA. Day v. Patterson, 18 Ind. 114; McDill v. Gunn, 43 Ind. 315; Smith v. Ostermeyer, 68 Ind. 432; Rick v. Hoffman, 69 Ind. 137; Carnahan v. Tousey, 93 Ind. 561; Stanton v. Kenrick, 135 Ind. 382; Berkshire L. I. Co. v. Hutchings, 100 Ind. 496; Lowe v. Hamilton, 132 Ind. 406.

IOWA. Corbett v. Waterman, 11 Ia. 86; Moses v. Clerk, 12 Ia. 139; Thompson v. Bertram, 14 Ia. 476; Scott's Adm. v. Gill, 19 Ia. 187; Bowen v. Kurtz, 37 Ia. 239; Ross v. Kennison, 38 Ia. 396; Lamb v. Tucker, 42 Ia. 118; Luney v. Mead, 60 Ia 469; Beeson v. Green, 103 Ia. 406.

KANSAS. Anthony v. Herman, 14 Kan. 494; Schmucker v. Sibert, 18 Kan. 104; Rickman v. Miller, 39 Kan. 362; Searing v. Benton, 41 Kan. 758; Anthony v. Mott, 61 Pac. Rep. 509. LOUISIANA.

1254.

Ferguson's Succession, 17 La. Ann. 255; Vinet v. Bres, 48 La. Ann.

MINNESOTA. Jordan v. White, 20 Minn. 91; Follansbee v. Johnson, 28 Minn. 311; Lahmers v. Schmidt, 35 Minn. 434; Scanlan v. Grimmer, 71 Minn. 351.

MISSISSIPPI. Vigniau v. Ruffins, 1 Miss. 312; Lee v. Newman, 55 Miss. 365. MISSOURI. Belt v. McLaughlin, 12 Mo. 433; Cress v. Blodgett, 64 Mo. 449; Heim v. Vogel, 69 Mo. 529; Fitzgerald v. Barker, 4 Mo. App. 105; 70 Mo. 685; 13 Mo. App. 192; 85 Mo. 13; 96 Mo. 661; Nelson v. Brown, 140 Mo. 580; Pratt v. Conway, 148 Mo. 291; Saunders v. McClintock, 46 Mo. App. 216; Commercial Bank v. Wood, 56 Mo. App. 214; Wayman v. Jones, 58 Mo. App. 313; Am. Nat. Bank v. Klock, 58 Mo. App. 335. Page v. Becker, 31 Mo. 466, contra, is overruled.

NEBRASKA. Cooper v. Foss, 15 Neb. 515; Bond v. Dolby, 17 Neb. 49; Rockwell v. Blair Bank, 31 Neb. 128; Hare v. Murphy, 45 Neb. 809.

NEVADA. Ruhling v. Hackett, 1 Nev. 360.

NEW YORK. Burr v. Beers, 24 N. Y. 178; Ricard v. Sanderson, 41 N. Y. 179; Thorp v. Keokuk Coal Co., 48 N. Y. 253; Campbell v. Smith, 71 N. Y. 26; Parkinson v. Sherman, 74 N. Y. 88; Thayer v. Marsh, 75 N. Y. 340; Ayers v. Dixon, 78 N. Y. 318, 323; Judson v. Dada, 79 N. Y. 373; Hand v. Kennedy, 83 N. Y. 149; Root v. Wright, 84 N. Y. 72; Gifford v. Corrigan, 117 N. Y. 257; New York L. I. Co. v. Aitkin, 125 N. Y. 660; Wager v. Link, 134 N. Y. 122, 150 N. Y. 549; Blass v. Terry, 156 N. Y. 122; Rush v. Dilks, 43 Hun 282. But see cases cited ante, p. 788, n. 5. NORTH DAKOTA. See Moore v. Booker, 4 N. D. 543.

OHIO. Thompson v. Thompson, 4 Ohio St. 333, 353; Brewer v. Maurer, 38 Ohio St. 543; Society of Friends v. Haines, 47 Ohio St. 423; Pendery v. Allen, 50 Ohio St. 121.

PENNSYLVANIA. Hoff's App. 24 Pa. 200; Lenning's Est., 52 Pa. 135, 139; Merriman v. Moore, 90 Pa. 78; Blood v. Crew Levick Co., 177 Pa. 606; Wunderlich v. Sadler, 189 Pa. 469, 470.

RHODE ISLAND. Goff, 13 R. I. 569.

Urquhart v. Brayton, 12 R. I. 169; Mechanics Savings Bank v.

SOUTH DAKOTA. Granger v. Roll, 6 S. D. 611; Miller v. Kennedy, 12 S. D. 478, 481; Hull v. Hayward, 13 S. D. 291, 295; Connor v. Jones, 72 N. W. Rep. 463. TENNESSEE. Moore v. Stovall, 2 Lea, 543.

TEXAS. McCown v. Schrimpf, 21 Tex. 22; Huffman v. Western Mortgage Co., 13 Tex. Civ. App. 169.

UTAH. Clark v. Fisk, 9 Utah 94; Thompson v. Cheesman, 15 Utah 43; McKay v. Wood, 20 Utah 149.

WASHINGTON. Ordway v. Downey, 18 Wash. 412; Ver Planck v. Lee, 19 Wash.

492.

WISCONSIN. Bishop v. Douglas, 25 Wis. 696; Kollock v. Parcher, 52 Wis. 393; Palmeter v. Carey, 63 Wis. 426; Enos v. Sanger, 96 Wis. 150; Morgan v. South Milwaukee Co., 97 Wis. 275; Stites v. Thompson, 98 Wis. 329.

THE CHANGES IN THE ALLEGIANCE AND LAWS OF COLONIAL NEW YORK.

TH

I. CHANGES IN ALLEGIANCE.

HE old Dutch Records of the City of New York present in curiously quaint and vivid form the legal formalities of three successive conquests of the territory which is to-day New York. These records, preserved for over two hundred years in manuscript, have only within the last five been put into a form accessible to the general public. They begin with the year 1653 and record the transactions taking place before the Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam down to the year 1674. These officers were not only the executive and administrative head of the city but they were a court of general jurisdiction for the trial of both criminal and civil causes. In a more extensive way this court exercised over the territory within its jurisdiction much the same legislative and judicial functions as did the early Great and General Court in Massachusetts. Moreover through its Schout, or Sheriff, it proceeded directly not only to enforce its judgments and inflict the punishments it had decreed, but preserved order throughout the city and executed the treaties which the higher political powers had made.

Amongst the entries of licenses granted, records of pleadings and judgments, orders of the sheriff, decrees of divorce and the hundred and one other record entries of a busy court, we find the legal formalities of three changes of allegiance. In 1664 Dutch New Amsterdam became English "New Yorck." In 1673 the "Court of Mayor & Aldermen for the Citty of New Yorck gave way in its turn to the Court of Burgomasters & Schepens of New Orange. Finally, in the following year (1674), the city again became the English New York.

In August of 1664 rumors of an English invasion had become so persistent in New Amsterdam that at the meeting of August 25th they were formally considered by the assembled Burgomasters and Schepens. The Court passed four resolutions:

"At this conjuncture of time and current rumors, the Board in actual session, decrees and resolves: First, that one third of the

1 "The Records of New Amsterdam from 1653 to 1674 Anno Domini" published by the City of New York. 7 vols. 1897.