POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES ON THE 1ST OF JUNE, 1810.

TOTAL,... 1,035,058 468,083 547,597 571,997 364,836 981,421 448,322 561,956 544,256 338,478 186,446 1,191,364 7,239,814

The distribution between the white and the colored races was as follows:

The decennial increase, from all sources, compared with that of 1800,

The greater rate of increase of the whole population, exhibited in the preceding comparison, is to be ascribed principally to the acquisition of Louisiana, and in a small degree to an increased importation of slaves before 1808, when it was known that Congress would avail itself of the power it would then possess, of prohibiting their further importation. These two circumstances are sufficient to account for the excess of increase under the census of 1810, which did not exceed 75,000 persons; and, indeed, as the slaves imported and acquired with Louisiana, probably amounted to more than half this number,* the remainder is not equal to the white inhabitants which Louisiana contained, and consequently we are justified in inferring, notwithstanding the augmented ratio of actual increase, a small diminution in the rate of gain from immigration or natural multiplication, or both united.

The three classes of the population were distributed in the following proportions, in 1790, 1800, and 1810:

It thus appears that the free colored population had a greater proportional increase than either of the other two classes; and that while the

Supposing the natural increase of the colored population to be the same from 1800 to to 1810, as from 1790 to 1800, and there is no reason for supposing it to be different, then the difference of the decennial gain in this class, shown by the two enumerations, shows the accessions to this class from the purchase of Louisiana and from importation. That difference is 5.35 per cent on the whole colored population, which is equal to 53,576.

whole free population gained on the servile, the whole colored gained a little on the white.

The age of sixteen continued to divide the white population into two nearly equal parts, but the small excess of those under that age continued to diminish, thus:

But as

which shows the proportion under sixteen to be 50.03 per cent. the proportion of the females under that age was greater than that of males, the former being 50.26 and the latter 49.69, we may infer that if there were no migration to the United States, which consists more of adults and of males, than of children and females, an age somewhat below sixteen would constitute the point of equal division.

The distribution of the white population, according to age, differs little from that shown by the preceding census, viz:

The proportion of males to females in the white population was as 100 to 96.2, showing an increase of females of 1.1 per cent since the census of 1800.

At the different ages specified in the census, the proportions of the sexes were as follows, viz:

Under ten, the males to the females were as 100 to 94.8

which proportions exhibit the same features of irregularity as those of the preceding census.

The number of white females between the ages of sixteen and forty-five, was 1,106,212, which is 18.87 per cent of the whole white population, showing a very small variation from the proportion exhibited by the preceding census.

The following table shows the number of whites, free colored, and slaves, in the slaveholding states and territories, on the 1st of August, 1810, with the relative proportions of each:

It appears from the preceding table that both descriptions of the colored population in these states had gained on the whites in the preceding ten years, and that the slaves which in 1800 had constituted a little less than a third of their aggregate number, now amounted to a little more than a third.

ART. II.-THE COMMERCE OF SYRIA.-No. II.*

ARTICLES OF TRADE IN SYRIA.

Timber. The forests of Northern Syria have been of late years drawn upon for large supplies of timber, both for public and private purposes. The mountains back of Scanderoon supply the arsenals of Alexandria, and could supply much larger quantities if the mountains were less steep, and there were any roads. For this reason, too, the mountains of Byass are better timbered than those of Beilan, &c., (which are more accessible from the sea,) both as to variety, quantity, and size of timber. The trees on them are white and yellow pine, of lengths from 100 to 150 feet, and of dimensions, to take a square of from 24 to 25 inches, say yellow oak, 80 feet, and 18 to 20 inches in square; green oak, 18 to 20 feet, and 7 to 9 inches in square; beech, 30 to 35 feet, by 14 to 15 inches square; linden, 40 to 50 feet, by 25 to 27 inches in square. The pine is mostly knotty, but very full of turpentine. The oaks of both species are straight grained, like the American. The beech is of good, close-grained quality, but not nearly so plentiful as the other two. The linden-tree is scarce. In 1838, about 150 woodcutters and 300 trimmers and dressers were employed, and about 50,000 trees cut and brought down; but 10,000, cut in 1837 and 1838, were abandoned from the difficulties of transport and want of roads, which could not be made for less than 15 or 20,000 dollars. An axe-man earns 21 piastres per day, and the trimmers and dressers about 3 piastres; but if the tree is unsound it is their loss. 70,000 to 80,000 trees were shipped in 1838 to Alexandria, say 14,000 tons. Timber 15 to 18 inches square, prepared for the saw or for working, stands in, ready for

* Concluded from page 511, Vol. VI.

shipment, about 1 piastre per foot. Inch-planks 25 to 30 feet long, and over a foot broad, cost 3 to 3 piastres each, or a little more than a farthing per foot.

Cotton. That of Northern Syria is fine, but of a short staple, and only adapted to the most ordinary purposes; the greater part is much inferior to the Souboujas, from near Smyrna, and generally equal to the middling and inferior qualities of Kennie and Bainder. It is seldom sent to the English market, but to the Italian, French, and German ports. That of Aleppo is best, of Edlip, inferior, of Beld, Azass, and Aintab worse, and of Killis, worst. The average export to Europe is 500 to 600 cantars per annum; and 80 to 100 cantars have gone during the last three years to Mesopotamia. Its cultivation is the chief agricultural employment in the district of Adana, and cotton is the principal export of that district; a middling crop is 10 to 12,000 cantars, an abundant one 18, and even 20,000, of which 1,000 to 2,000 are annually exported to Europe; 5,000 to Romelia and the Archipelago, also to Sinyrna, where it is mixed and sold for Smyrna cotton. 6 to 7,000 cantars are sent to Kaissarieh, where the country merchants resort, and whence the borders of the Black Sea are supplied, some of the Adana cotton being exported also from Sinope to Russia. 5,000 cantars are sent to different parts of Anatolia, (i. e. Asia Minor,) a large quantity to Mousnel, Diarbekir, Orfa, Merdin, &c. and 100 to 150 cantars to Syria. The total value of cotton produced in Adana and Northern Syria, is about 24,000,000 piastres, or $1,200,000. In the Nabulus district, in Palestine, 4,500 to 5,000 cantars are annually produced, about three fourths of which are exported. Acre and Jaffa also produce some. On the whole, Northern and Southern Syria may be estimated to produce 30 to 35,000 cantars, at an average value of 350,000 pounds sterling; but the production may be almost indefinitely increased by additional capital and labor.

Silk. The mulberry flourishes admirably on the coast and through the more fertile parts of the Lebanon range, and the cultivation of silk spreads rapidly about Beyroot. The peasantry get one fourth of the silk for taking care of the worms and reeling; the landholder providing leaves and sheds, which are a simple structure of reeds, without a roof. The culti vation might be indefinitely extended, and silk might supply, in a greater degree, the great desideratum of Syrian trade, viz, articles of export. The silk of Antioch, Suedich, and their environs, 180 to 220 cantars, is brought to Aleppo, which consumes 75 to 80 cantars. Aleppo also receives 35 to 40 cantars from Amassir, and from Beyroot, Tripoli, and Mt. Lebanon, 70 to 80 cantars. In 1836, 20 cantars went to England, 30 to France, 50 to Genoa and Leghorn. The silk is worth 300 to 380 piastres per 1000 drams.

The staple is good, the growth of the worm being nourished by a mulberry leaf well adapted to its nature; but it is wound off coarsely and in long reel, which unfits it for the best purposes in Europe. The introduction of the short reel would increase the export vastly; but Syria has entirely neglected to follow the example of the French and Italians in meliorating the quality of her raw silk.

Tripoli and its vicinity furnished, in 1836, 421 bales, weighing 157 cantars, for exportation, 233 to Marseilles, 141 to Leghorn, 12 to Trieste, 16 to Egypt, and 17 to Aleppo; and the prices ruled from 95 to 105 piastres per oke; it was in 1839, 120 to 140 piastres per oke. An abundant