his garden. When the War for Independence broke out, he took sides with the colonists and having gained in his youth a knowledge of surgery, he offered his services to the cause, and served all through the trying winter at Valley Forge, as surgeon to the First Pennsylvania Line, having received his commission from Anthony Wayne. He died at Philadelphia, in 1831, having been a notable figure in the life of the city.

Another divine who was a member, was the Rev. John Witherspoon, of the Church of Scotland; he was elected on April 21, 1769. President of the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, Witherspoon not only impressed his mark upon the youth of many of the leading men of our country in his work at the head of a great institution of learning, but also took an active part in the events, both in his own colony of New Jersey and in those of the Confederation, that secured our admission to the brotherhood of nations. Born at Yester, near Edinburgh, Scotland, February 5, 1722, the son of a pastor of the Scottish Church, and descended through his mother from John Knox, Witherspoon was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and became a minister of the Church of Scotland in 1745 at Perth. Of an active and literary turn of mind, he published in 1764 a work on "Regeneration," and three volumes of "Essays"; he received the same year the degree of D.D. from the University of Aberdeen. Calls came to him from Dundee, Dublin, Rotterdam and the College of New Jersey, all of which he declined. A few years afterwards, however, he accepted a renewed invitation from the College of New Jersey to become its president, and after publishing two volumes of sermons, he sailed for the New World in May, 1768. His inaugural address at Princeton on August 17 of the same year, of the union of piety with science, was delivered in Latin. At once he set himself to the task of developing the college. He raised money, procured books and instruments, among the latter the first orrery made by Rittenhouse. He said he had "become an American the moment he landed." Certainly, no one was more resolute in the cause of liberty. In 1774, just before the beginning of the active strife between the colonies and the mother land, he issued in Philadelphia a work on "Considerations on the

Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament." The sermon that he preached on "fast day," May 17, 1776, on the "Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men," he dedicated to John Hancock, the president of Congress; it was reprinted at Glasgow, with notes in the loyal interest, to show the iniquity of rebels. He was a member of the New Jersey Convention that framed a constitution for that colony and showed much legal knowledge. Among other things he urged an omission of religious tests. He served in the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, and afterwards he represented that colony in the Continental Congress.. He always wore his clerical garb, and considered himself to be "God's minister both in a sacred and a civil sense." In Congress he did his full share of work, opposing, with keen insight, the repeated issues of paper currency. The part that Witherspoon played in those years of trial has until now been much underestimated. Among his other services to America it should not forgotten that he was the only clergyman who signed the Declaration of Independence. The religious leaders of the nations have a profound influence on their development and destiny. For, as Paul Fredericq, of the University of Ghent, has so truly said:

"Perhaps all historians do not attach a sufficient importance to the action of religion on the development or restriction of public liberty. . . . As soon as you do not close your eyes you notice this historic truth: There are religions that put the peoples to sleep and there are religions that keep them awake." And Witherspoon's religious teaching was not of a kind to lull a nation to slumber.20

20 Montesquieu: "Esprit des Lois," Livre XXIV., chapitre V.; Thomas Balch, "Les Français en Amérique," Paris, 1872, pages 22-41; Émile de Laveleye, "Le Protestantisme et le Catholicisme dans leurs rapports avec la liberté et la prosperité des peuples" (Revue de Belgique, Brussells, January 15, 1875), reprinted in " Essais et Études," première série, 1861-1875, Ghent and Paris, 1894, pages 370-409; R. Treumann: "Die Monarchomachen: Eine Darstellung der revolutionaren Staatslehren des XVI. Jahrhunderts," Leipzig, 1895; Paul Fredericq, "Le Calvinism et le Self-Government" (Journal de Genève, July 10, 1909), reprinted in the Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, June, 1910, page 270.

There are statues of Witherspoon in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, on Connecticut Avenue in the City of Washington, and on the walls of the library of Princeton University.

Another notable foreign member was John Stuart Mill, philosopher, logician, economist, and a member of the British Parliament, author of a "System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive," "Principles of Political Economy," and other works that influenced humanity. With the name of Mill can be coupled that of an American philosopher, Thomas Paine, the author of "Common Sense.' Another of our early men of letters was Constantin François Chasseboeuf, Comte de Volney. Traveller, historian and senator of France, his fame rests chiefly upon his works: "Voyage en Egypte et en Sirie" (1787); "Les Ruines, ou Méditations sur les Révolutions des Empires" (1791); "La Loi naturelle, ou Catéchisme du Citoyen français" (1793), and "Recherches nouvelles sur l'Histoire ancienne" (1814-15).

Of political writers and international jurists we can claim a number: Noah Webster, who wrote "Sketches of American Policy" (1784); "Examination of the Leading Principles of the American. Constitution" (1787); "The Rights of Neutrals" (1802); and on many other topics, and gave to America his "American Dictionary of the English Language"; Alexis de Tocqueville, the author of "Democracy in America "; Esquiron de Parieu, who wrote on political science; Henry Wheaton, our minister first at Copenhagen and then Berlin-worthy follower of his great prototypes, Albericus Gentilis, Hugo Grotius and Cornelius van Bynkershoek-whose treatise upon the laws of nations has held high authority among jurists; Theodore Dwight Woolsey, a voluminous writer on religion, political science, international law, President of Yale, a member of l'Institut de Droit International; and Sir Henry Sumner Maine, holder for an all too brief period of the Whewell chair at Cambridge University and expounder of the growth of law and legal customs among many nations in Europe and Asia.21

The Society has among its endowments, The Henry M. Phillips' Prize Essay Fund founded in October, 1888. The interest of this fund is awarded for "the payment of such prize or prizes as may from time to time be awarded by the society for the best essay of real merit on the Science and Philosophy of Jurisprudence." The Phillips Prize was awarded in 1895 to George H. Smith, of Los Angeles, California, for his essay on "The Theory of the State." In 1900 the Phillips Prize was given to W. G. Hastings, of

With the names of historical scholars our rolls in the past at least are rich. Upon them we find Washington Irving, minister to Spain, biographer of Washington and author of "Rip Van Winkle,” the "Legend of Sleepy Hollow," "The Alhambra" and the "Conquest of Granada"; Jared Sparks, American historian, who wrote of Washington and other parts of our history; William H. Prescott, who related the conquest of Mexico; François P. G. Guizot, prime minister of Louis Philippe, membre of l'Académie Française and author of "L'Histoire de la Civilization en France" and "L'Histoire de France"; Lord Mahon, Fifth Earl of Stanhope, statesman and historian, lord rector of the University of Aberdeen and a foreign member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of Paris; Victor Duruy, French minister of public education and author of "L'Histoire du Moyen Age" and "L'Histoire de France"; John Lothrop Motley, who has told the world of the struggles of the Netherlands for freedom and independence; George Bancroft, who related for us our own history from the beginning of the nation until a little after its reception into the family of nations; Charles J. Stille, president of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and provost of the University of Pennsylvania, who wrote of Anthony Wayne; Theodore Mommsen, author of the "History of Rome"; and his fellow countryman, Leopold von Ranke, who treated of the Middle Ages; James Anthony Froude, regius professor of history at Oxford, who wrote "The History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada" and many lesser works; the Rt. Rev. William Stubbs, Bishop of Oxford, author of many works relating to the history of England; Henry Martyn Walker, Nebraska, for a monograph on The Development of Law as illustrated by the Decisions relating to the Police Power of the State." In 1912, this prize was awarded to Charles H. Burr, of Philadelphia, for an essay on "The Treaty-Making Power of the United States and the Method of its enforcement as affecting the Police Powers of the States."

The Society also possesses the Thomas Balch International Law Fund. This endowment was established in 1911 as a memorial to Thomas Balch "for his share in bringing about the arbitration by the Geneval Tribunal of the Alabama claims." It is intended, subject to certain restrictions, to be used for the purchase of books relating to the law of nations and such other uses, when thought advisable, as may promote the study of that science.

Baird, who told us of the Huguenots; Frederick D. Stone, librarian of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, who did so much to make the rich collections of that society accessible to scholars; Justin Winsor, of Harvard, editor of the "Narrative and Critical History of America." And last, but not least, our fellow townsman, the late Henry Charles Lea, whose portrait hangs in the north hall, one of the greatest historians that America has given to the world, and at the time of his death probably the most distinguished citizen of Philadelphia, was a member of this society.

Among economists we have had a number of well-known men: Dupont de Nemours, one of the famous French school of physiocrats, who finally settled in the neighboring state of Delaware, and presented to the society a bust of Turgot; Henry Carey, whose name is known wherever the science of political economy is taught; Michel Chevalier, who enlightened the world on many points of economy; Leon Say, the notable French minister of finance and president of the French senate, who by his able management of the French finances added new luster to a name already made famous among economists by his honored sire and grandsire and earned by his works on economics, "l'Histoire de la Théorie de changes étrangers," "l'Histoire de la Caisse d'escompte," "La Vie de Turgot," etc., election in 1886 to l'Académie Française; and Pierre Emile Levasseur, a member of l'Académie des sciences morales et Politiques of France.

The portals of the temple of letters had just opened before Albert H. Smyth when he was carried off to the silent majority. Those who were so fortunate as to hear his impromptu address in this hall, prepared only upon thirty minutes' notice, to the "Americanists," when they visited the society, a few years since, were impressed with the admirable manner in which, on that occasion, he received our guests. Every one who attended the annual dinner of the society in 1907, will remember how well he acted as toastmaster, drawing upon his abundant knowledge of Anglo-Saxon literature for many an apt quotation.

We have had noted poets, essayists and novelists, too: James Russell Lowell, John Greenleaf Whittier, Ralph Waldo Emerson,