life and manners, his work is largely made up from the commentators. It is melancholy that a man of so much talent should surrender himself body and soul to this old stupidity of forever rewriting the Revolution from the accumulating opinions of commentators, which move farther and farther away from the evidence; and now Mr. Trevelyan's six or a dozen volumes must be thrown into the mass to be re-hashed for another progress away from the original evidence.

Within the last year or so, however, there has appeared an English history of the Revolution by the Rev. Mr. Belcher, which shows a most decided familiarity with the original evidence and an equally decided determination to jump out of the old whig and Annual Register rut. He is the first Englishman that has discovered, or has been willing to admit, that there is a great mass of loyalist evidence. He gives his book an entirely correct title and calls it "The First American Civil War." He is rather an interesting and clever phrasemaker, after the manner that has been popular in England for some time. But he runs on too much into mere political gossip, unrelated details, and his book, in consequence, lacks logical sequence; an inevitable defect, some will say, in a man of religion. But no matter about that, and no matter about his taking a very John Bull point of view, and safeguarding John's face and colonial possessions. He has jumped out of the old rut. He is in the original evidence; and for that heaven be praised even if he only flounders in it.

Since the above paragraph was written my attention has been called to an article in Blackwood's Magazine (March 1912, p. 409), attacking with very considerable severity and ridicule the absurdity of continuing to write the history of the American Revolution. from the narrowness of the old whig point of view. It is mere "senseless panegyric," the writer says. As a piece of history “it belongs to the dark ages;" it represents the views of the desperate whigs which will never again be expressed by a serious historian.

Why be so scared and timorous about the original evidence, and why conceal it. After the first plunge and shock of the cold water is over, you will enjoy it. The real Revolution is more useful and interesting than the make-believe one. The actual factions, divisions,

mistakes, atrocities, if you please, are far more useful to know about than the pretense that there were none. The real patriots who hated colonialism and alien rule in any form and who were determined to break from the empire no matter how well it governed them, are more worthy of admiration than those supposed "affectionate colonists," who, we are assured, if they had been a little more coddled by England, would have kept America in the empire to this day.

There has recently been some discussion in the newspapers on the hopelessness of all efforts to make good plays or even good novels out of the scenes of our struggle for independence. Why should our Revolution, it is asked, be so totally barren in dramatic incident and dramatic use and some other revolutions so rich in that use. May it not be because our Revolution has been so steadily and persistently written away from the actual occurrences, that novelists and play writers when they search for material find a scholastic, academic revolution that never happened and that is barren of all the traits of human nature.

PHYLOGENETIC ASSOCIATION IN RELATION TO THE

EMOTIONS.

BY GEORGE W. CRILE, M.D.

(Plates I-VIII.)

(Read April 22, 1911.)

To the surgeon every variety of the human emotions in the various stations of life, from infancy to senility, in health and in disease is presented. Not only does the surgeon come in intimate contact with emotions displayed by the victims of disease and accidents but he also observes those manifested by the remainder of the family circle and friends. Then, too, he is unhappily forced to notice the effects upon himself when he is waging an unequal battle against death-the strain and worry at a crisis when a life is in the balance and a single false move may be fatal is an experience unknown to others as it is to the operating surgeon.

My personal experience as a surgeon and an experimental research of my associates, Dr. H. G. Sloan, Dr. J. S. Austin, and Dr. M. L. Menten, and myself furnish data for this paper.

On this occasion I shall limit my discussion mainly to the strongest emotion, viz., fear. I believe that it can be shown that the emotion of fear can be elicited only in animals that utilize a motor mechanism in defense against danger or in escape from it. For example: the defense of the skunk is a diabolic odor which repels its enemies. The skunk has no adequate equipment for defence or escape by muscular exertion. The skunk has little or no fear. Again certain species of snakes are protected by venom. They possess no other means of defense nor adequate motor mechanism for escape. They show no fear. Other animals because of their prowess have but few fears. The lion, the grizzly bear, and the elephant are examples. Animals having armored protection, as the turtle, have little fear. It is therefore obvious that fear is not universal. The emotion of fear is felt only in those animals whose

self-preservation is dependent upon an uncertain adequacy of their power of muscular exertion either in defense or in flight.

What are the principal phenomena of fear? They are palpitation of the heart, acceleration of the rate and alteration of the rhythm of the respiration, cold sweat, rise in body temperature, tremor, pallor, erection of the hair, suspension of the principal functions of digestion, muscular relaxation and staring of the eyes. The function of the brain is wholly suspended except that which

FIG. 1. The expression in this picture, copied from "Outing," shows the participation of the facial muscles in physical action-perhaps it may indicate the origin of the activity of the facial muscles in ancient fighting with teeth.

relates to the self-protective response to the object feared. Neither the brain nor any other organ of the body can respond to any other lesser stimulus during the dominance of fear.

From the foregoing it would appear that under the influence of fear, most, perhaps all of the organs of the body, are divided sharply into two classes: first, those that are stimulated, and second, those that are inhibited. Those that are stimulated are the entire muscular system, vasomotor and locomotor systems, the senses of per

ception, the respiration, the mechanism for erecting the hair, the sweat glands, the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland (Cannon), and the special senses. On the other hand the entire digestive and procreative functions are inhibited. What is the significance of this grouping? So far as we know the organs stimulated increase the efficiency of the animal for fight or for flight. It is through skeletal muscles that the physical attack or escape is affected; these muscles alone energize the claws, the teeth, the hoofs, and the means for flight. The increased action of muscles of the heart and the blood vessels increases the efficiency of the circulation; the secretion of the adrenal gland causes a rise in the blood pressure; the increased action of the thyroid gland causes an increased metabolic activity; there is evidence that glycogen is actively called out, it being the most immediately available substance for the production of energy; the increased activity of the respiration is needed to supply the greater requirements of oxygen and the elimination of the increased. amount of waste products; the dilation of the nostrils affords a freer intake of air; the increased activity of the sweat glands is needed to regulate the rising temperature of the body from the increased metabolism. The activity of all of the organs of perception -sight, hearing, smell-are heightened for the purpose of more accurately perceiving the danger. It can not be a mere coincidence that the organs and the tissues that are stimulated in the emotion of fear are precisely those that are actually utilized in the perception of danger in a physical struggle for self-preservation.

Are there any other organs stimulated by fear except those that can or that do assist in making a defensive struggle? I know of none. On the other hand, if an animal could dispense with his bulky digestive organs, whose functions are suspended by fear, if he could, so to speak, clear his decks for battle, it would be advantageous. Although the marvelous versatility of natural selection apparently could devise no means of affording this advantage, it shut off the nervous current and saved the vital force these noncombatants ordinarily consume in the performance of their functions. Whatever the origin of fear is, its phenomena are due to a stimulation of all of the organs and tissues that add to the efficiency