with vivid and spontaneous suggestions of justice, which, aided by Cautiousness, made the individual constitutionally averse to venture upon any undertaking, or to place himself in any circumstances, by which his integrity might be compromised. We would lay it down, therefore, as a general rule, that the power of resisting temptation to dishonesty is in the ratio of Conscientiousness, Intellect, and Firmness, to the animal faculties.

If a young man, in whom Amativeness, Secretiveness, Love of Approbation, Benevolence, Ideality, and the knowing organs are large, combined with Conscientiousness moderate, have been in the employment of a manufacturer or merchant for a number of years, and have been intrusted only with the writing of books or assorting of goods, he may have merited favourable testimonials for correctness, ability, and attention to business; but if, on the faith of this character, he is intrusted by another merchant with the charge of cash, and, in particular, with a discretionary power of paying and receiving it, he may in a short time prove a rogue. We have, in fact, seen such a case. The command of money presented the lower propensities of the individual with a stimulus to indulgence by affording them the means of it. An appetite for pleasure and extravagance, the elements of which always existed in him, gradually gained strength. Secretiveness gave the suggestion that any petty abstractions which were ventured on at first might easily be concealed, and eventually made up by some fortuitous windfall; while Conscientiousness being weak, only feeble suggestions were presented of the iniquity of such conduct; and a career of vice was commenced which terminated in gross fraud and downright rob. bery of his employer,

In a debate in the House of Commons on 7th April, 1826, Mr Robinson, Chancellor of the Exchequer, is reported to have said, that "the treasurership of the navy was an office "which necessarily exposed the person holding it to great anxiety and uneasiness of mind, owing to the heavy pecu

niary risk attached to it. The money for which he was ac "countable passed through other hands than his, and frequently "through the hands of persons not appointed by him. These "persons had been appointed by his predecessors, and he felt "that it would be a hardship on them were he to turn them "out because he did not know them. He, therefore, took their "security, and continued them in their places. But what was "the consequence? Two of them were guilty of transactions "which involved him to the amount of nearly L.40,000. It "was under such circumstances that it was impossible for him "to guard against it. One of them went off to America with "L.25,000; and he (the Chancellor of the Exchequer) was told,

one fine day, that he was responsible to the crown for that " amount. Another individual, who, when it was discovered, "committed suicide, not six months afterwards embezzled "L.10,000. By law he was responsible for these sums, and "whoever held the office would be so in like manner.'

Phrenology would afford an easy and complete protection against such responsibility. A person with large organs of moral sentiment and intellect, particularly of Conscientiousness, in proportion to his animal development, could not possibly commit such iniquities while he remained in a state of sanity. To persons who have paid no attention to Phrenology, or considered it only speculatively, these observations may appear extravagant or absurd; but no one, who has practically observed mankind, after a thorough acquaintance with organology, will entertain such impressions. Every day's experience must have convinced him more and more of the ascendency of nature in human conduct; and he must have ceased to wonder at individuals acting according to their development.†

In the course of the debate the Chancellor acknowledged that, owing to particular circumstances, these sums had not been de facto exacted from him. + On hearing a friend who understood Phrenology complain of the unfitness of a servant, we pointed out how much of the blame was attributable to himself. The head of the individual clearly indicated his deficiency, and we asked whether it was proper first to place him in a situation for which he was natu. rally unfit, and then to render him unhappy for not doing what his weak organs could not accomplish. The master felt the force of the observation; afterwards bore the servant's faults with patience, endeavoured to supply his defects, and dismissed him, for a fitter person, at the next term.

ARTICLE III.

A PHRENOLOGICAL ESSAY ON GRIEF.

As man is endowed with a much greater number of faculties than the lower animals, and has, consequently, many enjoyments unknown to them, he has also many more sources of pain and uneasiness. Every organ connected with feeling has its own mode of painful as well as of pleasing affection; some of which are in common language designated by precise and distinguishing names. Benevolence, when painfully affected, produces pity, sometimes amounting to a state of real distress and sorrow for the misfortunes of others. Hope, disagreeably touched, gives rise to disappointment; Selfesteem, to the feeling of degradation, or of affronted dignity; Love of Approbation, to that of shame; Cautiousness, to terror; Conscientiousness, to remorse. In other cases, when any propensity, or sentiment, is strongly excited, and is baulked of its expected gratification, a disagreeable affection is experienced, to which we give the general name of regret. The voluptuary, who is deprived of the object of his desires at the moment of expected enjoyment; the combative man, when interrupted in the heat of a delightful contest; the furious man, when the object of his wrath is secured beyond the reach of his vengeance; the secretive man, whose darkest mysteries are suddenly exposed to open day; the artist, whose constructive labours are destroyed by any unlucky mischance; or the acquisitive man, who sees the accumulation of years swept away in a moment; all of these feel at the instant a pang of regret the most severe perhaps of which they are capable, but which, unless kept alive by other painful feelings, such as arise from the senti ments already mentioned, is for the most part of a transitory

nature.

VOL. III.-No XII.

20

The short endurance of that regret which arises from the disappointment of any single propensity may be evidenced from what is told of Elwes the miser, who, after losing many thousand pounds at the gaming table, has been known to walk three miles in the dark to meet his cattle at Smithfield, where he would spend an hour haggling with a dealer for a shilling, and would be quite delighted if he succeeded in overreaching him to that trifling amount. The propensities are merely blind impulses in man as in animals; and this of Acquisitiveness in particular seems to be so to such a degree, that the greatest or the smallest loss or gain affects it nearly equally. A thorough miser feels the loss of a penny as acutely as that of a thousand pounds.

tress.

In other cases, however, the pain arising from pecuniary loss has been known to be much more deep and enduring; but this is where other feelings come in to aggravate the disWhen an acquisitive man has lost his estate in consequence of some fault of his own, some rash adventure, or illjudged speculation, from which his more prudent friends would have dissuaded him, his Self-esteem and Love of Approbation are wounded in the very point where they are most susceptible. If Conscientiousness is strong, he may be distressed at his inability to discharge his just debts; if Benevolence, he will feel acutely for the distress and ruin he has brought upon others; if Cautiousness, he may feel, in all their aggravation, the terrors of a jail, or the prospect of poverty, or famine. If Adhesiveness is active, his misery will be aggravated by the consideration of what is to be the fate of his unfortunate family; of the wife, who confided in him in all the fulness of affection; or the children, who were brought up in the enjoyment of every comfort and luxury. Instances are not unfrequent of men being driven by feelings like these to madness, or to suicide; but it is the combination and reaction of various exasperated feelings which produces this effect, not the mere wounding of a single propensity.

But there is a painful feeling which differs from all that

have yet been mentioned; that, namely, which arises from a laceration of the affectionate ties of kindred and of friendship; from Philoprogenitiveness, or Adhesiveness, deprived of their objects. There are other feelings to which we give the name of grief; but this ought to be specially designated by that name, or some other name should be given to distinguish it, as it differs materially from every other. The grief which springs from these sources is the only one which the sufferer loves to cherish, and which, in cases of very deep and indulged feeling, leave an impression which lasts through life, nor quits us till we follow the objects of it to the grave. All other painful feelings we endeavour to forget, or to banish from our thoughts by attachment to new objects; but this, when experienced in its greatest intensity, we retain with a fondness approaching to obstinacy, and prefer the indulgence of it to any other pleasure. On thinking of the happiness we have enjoyed with the objects of our fondest love,

"Still o'er these scenes our memory wakes,

"And fondly broods with miser care;
"Time but th' impression stronger makes,
"As streams their channels deeper wear."

King Philip says to Lady Constance, when lamenting the loss of her son, fallen into the power of his cruel and wicked uncle,

"You are as fond of grief as of your son ;" To which she answers,

"Grief fills the place up of my absent son,
"Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me,
"Puts on his pretty looks, repeats his words,
"Remembers me of all his gracious parts,
"Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form;
“Then have I reason to be fond of grief."

The cause of this attachment to our griefs, and of our desire of indulging them, is described not less accurately than beautifully in this speech of Lady Constance. Great as the pain is arising from the removal of an object of affection, the pleasure of recalling to our imagination every circumstance connected with it is still greater: Ossian calls it "the joy of