10. Explain the nature of a bill of exchange. When it is dishonoured, what steps must the holder take in order to perfect his power of recovering the amount due on it?

11. What is an act of bankruptcy? Describe generally the nature of the interest which passes from a bankrupt to his assignees.

12. Define the contract of insurance. What interest must the insured have in the subject of the insurance, in order that the contract may stand?

REAL PROPERTY LAW.

1. How many kinds of estates in fee simple are there? How do they differ as to quality, and what effect had the statute De Donis on their quantity?

2. What is the principle of merger? Give a reason for the co-existence in the same person of an estate tail and the immediate reversion in fee.

3. In whom is the legal or equitable estate vested in the following examples: a bargain and sale to A to the use of B; a demise by one seised in fee to A to the use of B; an assignment of a term of years to A to the use of B?

4. A man has one son A, and two daughters, C and D. A purchases an estate in fee, and dies intestate and without issue. To whom does his estate descend, and why?

5. Explain what is meant by a nudum pactum. What is the rule of law with reference to it, and why has the rule in question been established?

6. Give a definition of an indictment; and state what test you would apply for determining whether a particular wrongful act is indictable or actionable? Under what circumstances may an act done give rise as well to an indictment as to an action?

7. State concisely what is the peculiar office of the grand jury, of the common jury, and of the judge on a criminal trial.

8. Can a written contract, not required to be in writing by the statute law, be varied by evidence, (1) of a contemporaneous, (2) of a subsequent verbal agreement?

9. Distinguish between executory and executed trusts, and between the rules of construction applicable to trusts of each species.

10. In what manner is the creation of trusts affected by the Statute of Frauds? Is any exception made to the general provision?

11. Is a plea of purchase for valuable consideration without notice, a good defence against a legal title? State the reasons on which your opinion is founded.

12. The executor of a testator who has bequeathed pecuniary legacies and the residue of his personal estate commits a devastavit. By whom shall the loss be sustained?

MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL LAW.

Questions set to Candidates for the Consular Service.

These Candidates are required to show "a sufficient knowledge of British Mercantile and Commercial Law to enable them to deal with questions arising between British Shipowners, Shipmasters, and Seamen."

1. What are the duties of a British consular officer at a foreign seaport, in reference to the proposed discharge of seamen by the master of a vessel ?

2. By what acts may the right of a vendor of goods to "stop in transitu" be taken away?

3. What limitations are there to the doctrine that the slave trade stands

on the footing of piracy?

4. By whom are the expenses of a ship incurred in a port of refuge to be primarily borne ?

5. What sort of misrepresentation to the underwriter will avoid a policy. of maritime insurance?

6. Ought an agreement for seamen's wages to be written or verbal? If such an agreement be not made in accordance with the provisions of the governing statutes, is it absolutely void?

7. What is a seaman's "allotment ticket," and what is its legal effect? 8. Describe a bottomry bond, and state briefly in what particulars the rules of law regarding it differ from those which govern other securities for money.

9. What are the functions of a consular officer in reference to the securities to be given to salvors where salvage services have been rendered by one of Her Majesty's ships?

10. Under what circumstances may seamen quit a British ship against the will of the master, without being guilty of desertion?

11. What effect has a blockade of the port of destination on contracts for the maritime carriage of merchandize?

12. When a ship is sold or mortgaged at a port which is not her port of registry, what functions may a consular officer have to exercise in reference to the transaction?

Questions set to Candidates for the Situation of Third-class Clerk in the Solicitor's Office of the Post Office, &c. &c.

(1.) EQUITY.

1. Explain and illustrate the maxim "Where there is equal equity the law must prevail."

2. For what purpose can a summons be employed by the Court of Chancery? State the general nature of the proceedings which can be founded on a summons.

3. A trustee aliens the true estate; will the estate be still subject to the trust under any and what circumstances? Consider more particularly the cases, (1) where the alienee has given no consideration for the estate, (2) where he has given a valuable consideration.

4. A testator directs his executors to sell his leasehold property, and to lay out one half of the monies so to be produced in erecting a monument to himself in a particular church, and the other half in purchasing an organ for the same church. Are these valid bequests?

5. In what cases will a bill for an account lie in equity?

6. In an ordinary foreclosure suit, has the Court of Chancery authority to direct a sale instead of a foreclosure at the instance of the mortgagor, without the consent of the mortgagee? and if so, whence is such authority derived?

(2.) COMMON LAW.

1. Explain the proposition that " a mere voluntary courtesy will not uphold an assumpsit."

2. What is meant by "special endorsing" a writ of summons ? and when may it be proper to endorse the writ specially?

3. In what does a "pawn" differ from a "lien ?" and from a mortgage?" 4. What kind of property in a "chattel" has its finder? and under what circumstances may the owner of a bank-note be guilty of larceny in appropriating it?"

5. What is the doctrine of the common law as to "contributory negligence ?" 6. State what things are (1) absolutely, (2) conditionally privileged from being distrained for rent.

Questions prepared for an Examination of Candidates for the Colonial Office.

(1.) CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.

1. What are the "Three Estates of the Realm ?" On what occasions have attempts been made to limit the number of the Peerage? 2. What are the functions of the House of Lords in regard to "Money Bills?" Enumerate the principal descriptions of enactment which are considered to be included under the term "Money Bill."

3. What is the nature of the writ of Habeas Corpus? By what statute is it regulated? Did that statute create it?

4. Describe briefly the constitutional position and functions of the "Privy Council." In what relation does the Cabinet stand to it?

5. Has the Queen any greater authority over a Colony which has not yet received a charter or constitution than she has over her English dominions? Is there any portion of the English Common Law which does not, without special provision, extend to a newly-settled dependency of the British Crown?

6. In what King's reign was Magna Charta made part of the English Statute Law? Mention any provisions of Magna Charta which you consider to have been peculiarly beneficial to the middle and lower classes.

7. Describe concisely the purport of the following laws and ordinances :The Constitutions of Clarendon; the Bill of Rights; the Act of Settlement; the Roman Catholic Emancipation Act.

8. What special rule exists as to the evidence necessary to convict a person of High Treason? Can you mention any celebrated case in which a peculiar construction was put on this rule?

9. For what alleged offences were the following persons tried:-- Sacheverell, Lord George Gordon, Horne Tooke?

10. What questions of Constitutional Law were involved in the original dispute between the American Colonies and the mother country? Are any of these still unsettled?

INTERNATIONAL LAW.*

1. Distinguish between the legal position of an ambassador, a minister, chargé d'affaires, and a consul.

2. What is implied in the right of equality among sovereign states, and to what extent is this right practically modified?

3. When a new country is discovered, does the right acquired through the discoverer accrue to the sovereign of whom he is a subject, or to the sovereign who employs him? Do you consider the right acquired to be inchoate or complete? If you think it merely inchoate, what is necessary to perfect it? Illustrate your answer by historical examples.

4. What test is usually applied to ascertain the degree of civilization which entitles a non-Christian race to share in the privileges of international law, and to be considered sovereign over the territory which it occupies?

5. Define eminent domain.

What description of right to the national territory are sovereigns inter se assumed to possess, and why is the assumption necessary?

6. Define postliminy. What subjects of postliminy are recognised by

modern international law?

7. What conditions must be satisfied in order that the goods of an enemy, taken at sea, may become the absolute property of the captor? State which of these conditions are required by the strict theory of capture in war, and which have been arbitrarily added by the custom of nations.

8. What rules of the general national law were modified or disturbed by the permission given by the Orders in Council of 1854, “to all "subjects of Her Majesty, and the subjects and citizens of any "neutral or friendly state, to trade freely" during the then existing war "with all ports and places not being in a state of blockade,' provided that no British vessel should enter or communicate with an enemy's port?

9. Do you consider that treaties are annulled by the breaking out of hostilities between the powers which were parties to them? Give authority for your answer; and if it is in the affirmative, state what assumptions it involves as to the natural relation of states inter se.

10. Has a belligerent power the right to confiscate debts owing by its own subjects to subjects of the other belligerent?

* This paper has also been set to Candidates for the situation of Paid Attaché.

11. What were the new rules which were attempted to be engrafted on the general international law by the armed neutrality of the northern powers in 1780? How far were these rules identical with those subscribed to by Great Britain at the Congress of Paris in 1856 ? 12. From what period is a treaty of peace binding-(1) on the contracting sovereigns-(2) on their subjects?

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

1. Explain and illustrate the proposition that all capital is perpetually consumed and reproduced. What is meant by fixed, and what by circulating capital?

2. On what conditions do the rise and fall of wages depend? What would be the effect of fixing a legal minimum of wages?

3. State concisely Ricardo's theory of rent. What is the value of the objection to it that there cannot be land in cultivation which pays no rent?

4. Define value and price. Can there be a general rise of values? 5. In what sense is it true that, in all employments, the rate of profit on capital tends to an equality?

6. To what extent does credit assist production?

7. What is the nature of the operation which is effected by means of the foreign exchanges? What is meant by saying that the exchange is "unfavourable" to a particular country?

8. Why does a tax on some one commodity generally raise the value and price of that commodity by more than the amount of the tax imposed? 9. What foundation is there for the opinion that there can be a general over-supply of commodities?

10. What, according to the old mercantile theory, was an "unfavourable balance of trade?" Analyse the doctrine that such a balance is an evil.

MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE.

Set to Candidates for the Treasury, and to Candidates for the Admiralty who selected Euclid as a subject of examination. EUCLID.-Book I.

1. Distinguish between a "postulate" and an "axiom." Write down Euclid's three postulates.

2. PROP. XXI.—If from the ends of a side of a triangle there be drawn two straight lines to a point within the triangle, these shall be less than the other two sides of the triangle, but shall contain a greater angle.

3. PROP. XXXII.—If a side of any triangle be produced, the exterior angle is equal to the two interior and opposite angles; and the three interior angles of every triangle are together equal to two right angles.