works are established at Salisbury, Norwich, and other parts of the state; and at Stafford is a furnace, at which is made large quantities of hollow ware and other ironmongery sufficient to supply the whole state. Paper is manufactured at Norwich, Hartford, and New Haven ; and nails of every size are made in almost every town and village in Connecticut; so that considerable quantities can be exported to the neighbouring states, and at a better rate than they can be had from Europe. Oil-mills of a new and ingenious construction have been erected in several parts of the state.

It appears from experiments made formerly in this state, that a bushel of sun-flower seed yield a gallon of oil, and that an acre of ground planted with the seed at three feet apart, will yield between forty and fifty bushels. This oil is as mild as sweet oil, and is equally agreeable with sallads, and as a medicine. It may likewise be used with advantage in ointments, paints, and varnishes. This oil is pressed from the seed in the same manner that cold drawn linseed oil is obtained from flax seed, and with as little trouble. The seed is easily raised, and grows in land of moderate fertility.

Among many other articles manufactured in New York, are the following:-wheel carriages of all kinds, loaf sugar, beer, sadlery, cabinetwork, cutlery, potters-ware, clocks and watches,all kinds of musical and mathematical instruments, ships, and every thing necessary for their equipment. A glass-work and several iron works have been established in several parts of the country; but they have not hitherto been produc-' tive, owing solely to the want of workmen, and

the high price of labour; for the internal resources and advantages for these manufactories, such as ore, wood, water, hearth-stone, and proper situations for forges, bloomeries, and all kinds of water-works, are immense. There are several paper-mills in this state, which are worked to considerable advantage.

At Trenton and Newark in New Jersey are several valuable tan-yards, where large quantities of excellent leather are made and exported to the neighbouring markets. Paper mills and nail manufactories are erected, and worked to great advantage in many parts of the state. But the iron manufactories in Gloucester, Burlington, Morris, and other counties, constitute the greatest source of wealth to the inhabitants. The mountains in the county of Morris give rise to a number of streams, necessary and convenient for these works; and at the same time furnish a copious supply of wood and ore of a superior quality. In this county are no less than seven rich iron mines, from which might be taken ore sufficient to supply the United States; and to work it into iron there are two furnaces, two rolling and slitting mills, and about thirty forges, containing from two to four fires each. In the whole state of New Jersey, it is supposed there is annually made twelve hundred tons of bar iron, an equal weight of pigs, and eighty tons of nail rods, exclusive of hollow ware, and various other castings, of which great quantities are manufactured.

In the middle and upper parts of South CaroJina, the people are obliged to manufacture their own cotton and woollen cloths, and most of their implements of husbandry ; but in the lower country the inhabitants depend almost entirely on

their merchants for these articles. Indeed it appears that manufactures and agriculture in this and the two adjoining states are yet in the first stages of improvement.

The manufactures of Georgia may be said to be very inconsiderable, if we except indigo, silk, and sago, and even these, of late years, have been but little attended to. The people in the lower part of the state manufacture none of their own clothing, for themselves or their negroes. For almost every article of wearing apparel as well as for instruments of husbandry, they depend on their merchants, who import them from Great Britain and the northern states. In the upper part of the country, however, the inhabitants manufacture the chief part of their clothing, from 'cotton and from flax.

CHAP. III.

OF THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS.

THE islands which lie about the coast of the

vast continent of America are almost innumerable, many of them uninhabited, or in other respects too inconsiderable to deserve particular notice. Those of the greatest importance are that vast number called the Antilles, which lie at the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, extending from the coast of Florida to that of New Andalusia in Terra Firma. Some call them the Caribbees, from the first inhabitants; but this is a denomination that most geographers confine to the Leeward Islands. Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, and Jamaica, are called the Great Antilles. The most considerable of the Little Antilles are Barbadoes, St. Christopher's, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, Anguilla, Barbuda, Tobago, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Granada, and the Granadillos; Guadaloupe, Martinico, Marigalante and Santa Cruz, St. Eustatia, Saba, Curassow, Trinadad and Margarita.

Besides these, there are the islands that lie to the south of the straits of Magellan, which are commonly distinguished by the name of Terra del Fuego, or the Land of Fire; being thus called from the fires and smoke perceived by the first discoverers of them, rising from a volcano in the largest island, the flame of which, though not seen in the day-time, is visible at a vast distance in the night, and sometimes throws up great quantities

of stones and ashes. These islands extend along the coast, from east to west above four hundred miles, and were supposed to join the continent till Magellan sailed through the straits that part them from it. They were then thought one continued island, till several navigators found they were divided by narrow channels. To these may be added the Bermudas, and the islands of Cape Breton, St. John, and Newfoundland.

CLIMATE, SOIL, MOUNTAINS, SPRINGS,
LAKES, &c.

THE island of Juan Fernandes is of an irregu lar figure, about fifteen miles long, and six broad; but is remarkable for its beauty. The face of the country, at least of the north part of the island, is extremely singular: the woods that cover most of the steepest hills, being free from bushes and underwood, afford an easy passage through every part of them; and the irregularity of the hills and precipices trace out, by their various combinations, a great number of romantic valleys, most of which have a stream of clear water running through them that falls in cascades from rock to rock, as the bottom of the valley, by the course of the neigh bouring hills, is broken into a sudden sharp descent. In these valleys, are some particular spots, where the shade and fragrance of the contiguous woods, the loftiness of the overhanging rocks, and the transparency and frequent falls of the neighbouring streams, exhibit scenes of such elegance and dignity as would with difficulty be rivalled in any other part of the globe; for here the simple p: