in other countries. Hence our astonishment that so much has been done, and at the same time so well done. It is accompanied by an ethnographic chart, handsomely executed, showing the geographic distribution of all the Indian tribes of Mexico. He descends much more into detail than Waitz, who gives to Mexico but a few families, while Orozco divides them into eleven distinct families of languages, leaving sixteen unclassified, and sixty-two idioms, comprising in all two hundred and seventy-six languages and seven hundred and twenty nine tribes within the limits of that country. Notwithstanding all this seeming minutiæ and accuracy of Orozco, we find other explorers adding new light. For instance, Dr. Berendt, who, you are aware, has spent many years in that country, at the same time enjoying the rare advantage of understanding the Maya language, which enables him to add much new information, and also to correct some of the errors into which the patient Orozco has fallen. I am now convinced that from all these sources a much better ethnological chart can be constructed than now exists-one that would reflect credit upon America. Cannot you accomplish this desirable end by calling to your aid the combined results of modern explorers, such as Berendt, Gibbs, Morgan, and others? Let them, singly or combined, contribute each their mite to the general stock, which must result in benefit to all. * * * * Some of our army surgeons have contributed considerably to anthropology by the statistics they have collected on the measurements of the different races. But much more reliable information might have been obtained by concert of action, and by adopting a more complete and uniform system of measurements. In examining this subject, at the request of members of the Sanitary Commission, I came to the conclusion that the German method of Scherzer and Schwarz was the most scientific, yet it needs some modification to adapt it to our more practical and less patient people. I have copied it, and shall send it for your inspection, notwithstanding you may have seen it, if you have received Dr. Carl Vogt's Lectures on Man, which have been translated and published by the Anthropological Society of London. I remain, most respectfully, yours, &c., Professor HENRY. E. H. DAVIS. TABLE OF MEASUREMENT BY SCHERZER AND SCHWARZ. 1.-GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. [Name, sex, native country, occupation, shape and growth of beard, &c.] 1. Age of the individual measured.... 2. Color of the hair.... 3. Color of eyes.. 4. Number of pulsations in a minute.. 5. Weight.. .... No. of the systematic series. 6. Pressing power, (force manuelle,) measured with the dynamometer of Régnier.. 12345 679 7. Lifting power, (force rénale,) measured with the dynamometer of Régnier 7 8. Total height. II. MEASUREMENTS WITH THE PLUMMET AND METRE-Scale. 9. Distance of the commencement of the growth of the hair on the forehead from the perpendicular... 10. Distance of the root of the nose from the perpendicular. 9 10 No. of the systematic series. ..... 11 11. Distance of the anterior nasal spine from the perpendicular.. 12. Distance of the point of the chin (mental process) from the perpendicular 12 13. Distance from the root of the nose to its tip..... 14. Distance from the tip of the nose to the anterior nasal spine. III.-MEASUREMENT WITH THE calipers. 15. Distance from the point of the chin to the commencement of growth of hair..... 16. Distance from the point of the chin to the root of the nose. 17. Distance from the point of the chin to anterior nasal spine.. 18. Distance from the point of the chin to the vertex... 13 14 17 15 16 . 19 21 19. Distance from the point of the chin to crown of the head.... 20. Distance from the point of the chin to the external occipital protuberance 23 21. Distance from the point of the chin to the external auditory opening.. 25 22. Distance from the point of the chin to the angle of the lower jaw. 27 23. Distance from the root of the nose to the vertex.... 20 .. 22 . 26 24. Distance from the root of the nose to the crown of the head.. 25. Distance from the root of the nose to the external occipital protuberance 24 26. Distance from the nasal root to the external auditory opening.. 27. Distance from the nasal root to the angle of the lower jaw... 28. Distance from the place where the hair begins to grow to the incisura juglaris sterni.... 28 18. 29. Distance from the external occipital protuberance to the seventh cervical vertebra-the measurements 28 and 29 must be taken with the head in the same position, i. e., the natural one... 30. Distance from one auditory opening to the other.... 31. Distance of the uppermost points of attachment of the ear. 32. Greatest distance between the zygomata, or zygomatic arches. 33. Distance between the external corners of the eyes.. 34. Distance between the internal corners of the eyes... 35. Distance between the points of attachment of the lobes of the ear. 36. Breadth of the nose. 37. Breadth of the mouth.. 38. Distance between the angles of the lower jaw-bone.. 56 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 35 .... 40 43 44 49 39. Distance from the seventh vertebra of the neck to the semi-lunar notch of the sternum, (incisura juglaris sterni) .... 40. Transverse line from one middle line of the axilla, above the mammæ, to the other...... 41. Distance from the sternum to the vertebral column.. 42. Distance from one anterior superior spine to the ilium of the other. 43. Distance from one trochanter major to the other... IV. MEASUREMENTS WITH THE MEASURING TAPE. 44. Circumference of the head around the external occipital protuberance.. 29 45. Circumference of the neck..... 59 46. From the greater tuberosity of one humerus, in a horizontal line, to the other. 41 47. Distance from one middle line of the axilla, above the mammæ, to the other... 42 48. Circumference of the thorax at the same place. 49. Distance from one nipple to the other... 45 50. Circumference of the waist... 51. From one anterior superior spine of the ilium to the other.. No. of the systematic series. 52. Distance from the trochanter major to the anterior superior spine of the ilium, (on same side).... .. 66 53. Distance from the most prominent part of the sternal articulation of the clavicle to the anterior spine of the ilium.... 51 54. Distance from the most prominent part of the same to the umbilicus.... 52 55. Distance from the umbilicus to the upper ridge of the symphysis pubis 53 56. Distance from the fifth lumbar vertebra, along the crest of the ilium and the inguinal fossæ, to the symphysis pubis... 54 57. Distance from the seventh vertebra to the terminal point of the os coccygis 57 58. Distance from one summum humeri, across the back, to the other.... 55 59. Distance from the summum humeri to the external condyle of the humerus 58 60. Distance from the external condyle of the humerus to the styloid process of the radius across extensor side..... .. 59 61. Distance from the styloid process of the radius, across the back of the hand to the articulation of the metacarpal bone of the middle finger. 60 62. Distance from the same articulation to top of middle finger. 63. Breadth of the hand..... 64. Greatest circumference of upper arm around the biceps. ... 61 62 63 64 65 65. Greatest circumference of the fore-arm.. 66. Smallest circumference of the fore-arm.. 67. Distance from the trochanter major to the external condyle of the femur 67 68. Distance from the external connyle of the femur to the external malleolus.... 68 69. Distance from the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis to internal condyle of femur... 69 70. Distance from the internal condyle of the femur to internal malleolus.. 70 71. Greatest circumference of the thigh........ 71 72. Smallest circumference of the thigh. 72 73. Circumference of the knee-joint. 74. Greatest circumference of the calf. 73 74 75. Smallest circumference of the lower part of the thigh above the malleoli 75 76. Length of foot.... 76 77. Circumference of foot around the instep.. 77 78. Circumference of the metatarsal joints.. 78 INTERNATIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL CONGRESS: ORGANIZED BY THE ARCHEOLOGICAL ACADEMY OF BELGIUM IN CONCERT WITH THE FRENCH SOCIETY OF ARCHÆOLOGY: ANTWERP, 1866.* PROGRAM ME. ARCHEOLOGY.-1. Do the discoveries of lacustrian habitations enable us to assign precise chronological limits to the custom which led to the erection of these constructions? 2. Do the dolmens of Ireland and Scotland modify the conclusions drawn by French archæologists from the study of monuments of the same nature existing on the coasts of Brittany and Normandy, in regard to the destination of these constructions? 3. Do the subterranean discoveries made within a few years in Denmark modify the results obtained by archæological science in the southern and central parts of Europe? 4. To what epoch may the tombs of lead be referred? By what characters can their succession be recognized ? 5. Do the discoveries of antiquities made thus far in Germany enable us to determine, in a certain manner, the period during which the Romans occupied that part of Europe? * Regulations.—1. The Congress will open August 12, 1866, and will terminate the 21st of the same month. 2. It will be divided into two sections, which will transact business alternately, in general assembly. 3. The central bureau, composed of four members of the committee of organization, four of the committee of administration, and six foreign delegates, will nominate, each day, for the sessions of the next, the president, vice-presidents and members of the bureau of each section. Each day, the central bureau will prescribe, for the following day, the hours of session of the sections and determine for them the order of the day, which shall not be modified. 4. The secretaries of the sections will be nominated by the central bureau, which will proclaim the names at the opening session. 5. No one shall address the Congress during a session without permission from the president. 6. All discus sion respecting religion and modern politics is expressly interdicted. 7. The reading of no memoir will be permitted. This interdiction does not apply to citations which the speakers may have occasion to make in their discourses. 8. Written memoirs will be referred to the central bureau, which will judge whether they merit insertion in the compte-rendu of the sessions. 9. The members shall have the right of presenting other questions than those of the programme, but these must have been previously laid, during session, upon the desk. They will be examined, the same evening, by the central bureau, which will judge whether they can be admitted. The result of the deliberation will be communicated next day to the sections which they concern. 10. Scientific excursions will be in order during and after the continuance of the Congress. 11. Those persons shall be members of the Congress who, having accepted the invitation extended to them, shall have deposited in the hands of the treasurer the sum of ten francs for the purpose of discharging in part the expense of printing and engraving the compte-rendu of the labors of the session. 12. Each member of the Co gress shall be entitled to receive a copy of the compte-rendu, which will be published un ier the superintendence of the general secretaries. 13. Each scientific association which sha appear by representative shall receive gratuitously a copy of the compte-rendu. This does not dispense with the payment by the delegates of the contribution mentioned in article 11, and which gives them personally a right to the receipt of the volume. 14. Members pr vented from attending the Congress may, like others, present memoirs on the questions of the programme. 15. Representatives of the public journals will, on application to the centra bureau, have a special gallery assigned to them. 16. Any difficulty not foreseen in these arrangements will be submitted to the decision of the central bureau without appeal. 6. What influence has been exerted on the arts, and especially on architecture, in the Iberian peninsula by the occupation of the Moors? 7. What state has the study of runic inscriptions attained? 8. To determine the characters of Carlovingian architecture and its influence on the progress of the art of building. To explain the influence of the Normans on this art, after Charlemagne. 9. What classifications may be adopted for the discoveries made in Belgium and neighboring countries of objects anterior to the Carlovingian era? Are the divisions adopted by the Abbé Cochet admissible elsewhere than in Normandy? 10. What is the true symbolical interpretation of the box or coffer, the glass or poculum, and the cloth mappa, in the funeral representations of the GalloRoman epoch? 11. Did the architecture of Greek temples borrow its forms from constructions in wood? A discussion of the opinion of M. Violet-Leduc on this subject. 12. Is the ogival style to be considered as the natural and complete development of the Roman style? On the contrary hypothesis, might not this last be reinstated in practice and applied to the requirements of the present age? 13. There existed in France, in the twelfth century, several schools or systems of architecture, in determinate regions. Can the same fact be recognized in Germany and the Netherlands during the eleventh and twelfth centuries? If so, what was the geographic distribution of those schools, and in what did they differ from one another? 14. What were the mechanical means employed by the primitive races in moving the immense blocks serving for the construction of dolmens, peulvans, menhirs, and structures styled halls of the giants? An examination should be made of the opinions pronounced on this subject. See the memoir of his Majesty Frederic VII, king of Denmark, inserted in the publications of the Society of Antiquaries of the North, (1850, 1860.) 15. What is conclusively known respecting the different kinds of horseshoes found in Gallo-Roman mines, and the manner of using them? 16. What is the point to which the study of hieroglyphics, and other modes of writing adopted by the ancient Egyptians, has attained? 17. Are the ancient heaps or mounds which exist in southern Gaul itinerary landmarks, tombs, or monuments of some other kind? 18. To ascertain the origin of the ogival style, and explain how it was introduced into the Netherlands, Germany, and England. 19. To determine the special causes which have contributed to modify the ogival style in France, England, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. 20. To determine by texts and respectable authorities the honorary value of the ornaments which certain representations of Roman warriors show to have been in use. 21. What degree of certainty has been attained by studies directed to the deciphering of the cuneiforms? 22. The strongholds encompassed with stones or palisades of wood, represented on the column of Trajan, evidently afford the point of departure of our feudal castles of the tenth and eleventh centuries. What documents and texts exist showing the system used in the intermediate period, that is to say, under the Merovingians and Carlovingians, for abodes of opulent proprietors living in the country? 23. What rules should be adopted in the different countries of Europe: 1st, for constructing methodical archæological charts; 2d, for classifying systematically each principal epoch? 24. Should churches be made to front towards the east? 25. In churches, what is the best situation that can be given to organs and baptismal fonts? |