The President shall be Commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. II, 2, (1).

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. II, 2, (2).

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. II, 2, (3).

He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. II, 3.

The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. II, 4.

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. III, 1.

The judicial power shall extend to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. III, 2, (1). In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. III, 2, (2).

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason. . . III, 3, (2).

...

the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. IV, 1. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular State. IV, 3, (2). New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union. 3, (1).

...

IV,

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the

legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments. . . . V.

.. But Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such disability. Amendment XIV, 3.

A

POWERS GRANTED TO THE UNITED STATES SIMPLY

.. in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, . . . do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. (Preamble.)

direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers. .. I, 2, (3).

...

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate. I, 3, (4).

...

the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations [elections for Senators and Representatives]. I, 4, (1).

The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. I, 6, (1).

...

the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills [bills for raising revenue]. I, 7, (1).

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes,

I, 8, (1).

and excises,

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. I, 8, (6).

To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. I, 8, (8).

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, etc. . . . I, 8, (18). See in AZ.

The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority. . . . III, 2, (1).

The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President [the general method of election]. Amendment XII.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation [the article against slavery]. Amendment XIII, 2.

The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article [the Fourteenth Amendment]. Amendment XIV, 5.

The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of the article [the Fifteenth Amendment]. Amendment XV, 2.

AB

POWERS COMMON TO THE NATION AND THE STATES

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports. . . . I, 10, (2).

nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. IV, 3, (1).

...

The United States. shall protect each of them against invasion [the States] and on application of the legislature, or of the executive [when the legislature cannot be convened], against domestic violence. IV, 4.

The Congress. . . on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments.

V.

B

POWERS RESERVED IN THE STATES (SIMPLY).

each State shall have at least one Representative. I, 2, (3).

[A State may lay imposts or duties] absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws. I, 10, (2).

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. IV, 2, (2).

[House shall vote, by States, for President, in case of no electoral majority, from the three highest on the list, each State having one vote]. Amendment XII.

BX

STATE POWERS FORBIDDEN TO THE UNITED STATES

The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen . by the people of the several States. I, 2, (1).

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. I, 2, (4). The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years, and each Senator shall have one vote. I, 3, (1).

.. if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies [in the Senate]. I, 3, (2).

The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. I, 4, (1).

.. reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. I, 8, (16).

The migration or importation of such persons (slaves) ... shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight. . . . I, 9, (1).

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress. . . . II, 1, (2).

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively. . . . Amendment X.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Amendment XI.

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. ... Amendment XIV, 2.

X

POWERS FORBIDDEN TO THE UNITED STATES SIMPLY

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers . . . excluding Indians not taxed. I, 2, (3).

...

...

[The Senators] . . . shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes I, 3, (2). The

President of the Senate... shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. I, 3, (4).

[The Senate when sitting to try impeachments shall] be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of twothirds of the members present. I, 3, (6).

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. . . . I, 3, (7).

[The meeting of Congress] shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. I, 4, (2).

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. I, 5, (4).

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time. . . . I, 6, (2).

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives. I, 7, (1).

...

(Vetoed bills) . . . the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. I, 7, (2).

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. I, 7, (3). all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. 1, 8, (1).

...

no appropriation of money [to raise and support armies] . . . shall be for a longer term than two years. I, 8, (12).

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. I, 9, (2).

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. I, 9, (3). No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. I, 9, (4).

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. I, 9, (5). No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. I, 9, (6).

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law. . . . I, 9, (7).

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. I, 9, (8).

The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior. ... (See also in Y.) III, 1.

...

[The trial of crimes] . . . not committed within any State .. shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. III, 2, (3).

Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. . . III, 3, (1).

no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, etc. III, 3, (2). no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. V.

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the confederation. VI, 1.

no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. (See also in Y.) VI, 3.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press.

Amendment I. (See also under Y.)

the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. (See under Y.) Amendment II.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. (See under Y.) Amendment III.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. Amendment IV.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Amendment V.

[Trial by jury of the vicinage. Witnesses, evidence, etc.] (See under Y.) Amendment VI.

[Trial by jury in civil cases.] (See under Y.) Amendment VII.

[Bail, fines, punishments.] (See under Y.) Amendment VIII.

[Powers not delegated to the United States forbidden.] (See under BX.) Amendment X.

The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law,