County forms the southern boundary of Graham County, and has a Mormon colony. Maricopa County is immediately south of Yavapai, and has a larger Mormon population than any county except Apache. Gila County also lies south of Yavapai, and has a number of these people. Pinal and Pima Counties have comparatively few. The number of Mormons in the Territory is placed at 12,000."

Constitutional Convention.-By an act passed at the legislative session of 1889 the Governor was empowered to call a special election on Nov. 5 of that year for the choice of delegates to a constitutional convention which should meet in the January following. Soon after assuming office, Gov. Wolfley sought an opinion on the legal right of a Territorial Legislature to pass such an act, and in June received an affirmative reply from United States Attorney-General Miller. In March the latter had given an opinion that acts passed by the Legislature after sixty consecutive days from its assembling were void. The Governor then brought to his attention the fact that the Convention act and many other important laws of the Territory had been passed after the sixty-day limit, and that his opinion would bring the entire legal system into confusion, and asked for further advice; but in July the Attorney-General replied by reaffirming his former opinion. Acting under this advice, the Governor refused to issue a call for the election of delegates on the ground that the Convention act was void. This course was not generally approved by the people, and in Maricopa County the committees of both the Republican and Democratic parties united in urging that the election be held. But the effort to secure united action in all the counties failed, and no election or convention was held.

Political.-A Territorial Convention of the Republican party met at Phenix on Aug. 26. It nominated for delegate to Congress, George W. Cheyney, the Territorial Superintendent of Public Instruction, and for Members-at-Large of the Legislative Council, J. M. W. Moore in the northern district and W. F. Nichols in the southern district. The following is a portion of the platform adopted:

The growth of the Territory of Arizona, the wealth and resources, as well as the necessities of our citizens, require the early recognition of our Territory as a State. The history of the Mormon Church in the United States means an ecclesiastical control that has ever been aggressive, exacting, and tyranical, and whose boast has ever been that the Mormon Church and people do not and will not assimilate with the people of our country; and therefore we do hereby deinand of Congress that it pass the bill now pending before it known as an Act for the Purification of Elections in Arizona.

We direct the attention of the tax payers and the people at large to the deficit of $5,700 in the accounts of the Democratic commissioners of the Territorial prison; to the large unadjusted balance due to the Territory from the late Secretary Bayard in the administration of his office; and to the appalling deficiency in the accounts of Frederick W. Smith, late receiver in the United States Land Office at Tucson, and to the serious injuries and embarrassments resulting therefrom to the settlers upon our land, all occurring under Democratic administration.

The Democratic Territorial Convention met at Phenix on Sept. 15, and renominated Delegate

Marcus A. Smith for Congress. For Membersat-Large of the Legislative Council its nominees were Harris Baldwin in the northern district and Peter R. Brady in the southern district. The platform demands admission of the Territory to the Union, denounces the Federal Election bill pending in Congress, favors free coinage of silver and reduction of the tariff, and contains the following declarations:

all useless offices, particularly the office of AttorneyOf our own Legislature we demand the abolition of General, Commissioner of Immigration, Superintend ent of Schools, and the Territorial Geologist, and a reduction of salaries and emoluments of the rest wherever practicable.

And we demand a consolidation of county offices. We oppose any legislation to disfranchise any citizen except it be on conviction of crime.

At the November election the Democratic ticket was elected by a majority of a few hundred votes. ARKANSAS, a Southern State, admitted to the Union June 15, 1836; area, 52,198 square miles; population, according to each decennial census since admission, 97,574 in 1840; 209,897 in 1850; 435,450 in 1860; 484,471 in 1870; 802,525 in 1880; 1,125,385 in 1890. Capital, Little Rock. Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, James P. Eagle, Democrat;. Secretary of State, B. B. Chism; Auditor, W. S. Dunlop; Treasurer, William E. Woodruff: Attorney-General, William E. Atkinson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Wood E. Thompson; State Land Commissioner, Paul M. Cobbs, who died on Feb. 12, and was succeeded by C. B. Myers: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Sterling R. Cockrill; Associate Justices, Burrill B. Battle, M. H. Sandels,* Simon P. Hughes, and William E. Hemingway.

Valuation.-The total assessed valuation of the State for 1888 was $156,954,602; for 1889 (three counties estimated), it was $172,241,726, an increase of $15,287,124. Only two counties, Franklin and Union, have an assessment less than that of 1888, which indicates that nearly all sections of the State have shared in the prevailing prosperity. The assessment for 1890 shows a corresponding increase. The tax rate for State purposes in 1890 was 5 mills.

Education. For the year ending June 30, 1889, the school population was 404,873, against 388,129 for the year preceding. The number of pupils enrolled in the public schools was 216,152, against 202,754 in 1888. The teachers employed numbered 5,945.

Charities. On Nov. 30, 1889, the number of patients at the State Lunatic Asylum was 410, of whom 201 were males and 209 females. During the year preceding, 95 new patients were admitted, and 96 inmates died or were discharged. In February of this year the asylum suffered a loss boiler-room, kitchen, and laundry. of over $25,000 from a fire that destroyed the

Penitentiary.-The State convicts are now worked by the lessee in ten localities in the State, some at the Penitentiary buildings, others on farms, turnpikes, railroads, or at wood camps and brick yards. There has been a marked increase in their number in recent years, exceeding the ratio of the growth of the population, as

* Died on November 12.

The population of Little Rock in 1890 was 22,496, an increase of 9,358 in ten years; and of Hot Springs 7,115, an increase of 561.

County Debts.-According to the census of this year, 16 counties in the State have no debt. The debt of Calhoun County is less than $500; of Jackson County between $500 and $1,000; of Benton, Bradley, Cleburne, Dallas, Franklin, Garland, Lawrence, Little River, Poinsett, Prairie, Saline, Sevier, and Sharp Counties between $1,000 and $5,000; of Conway, Desha, Greene, Lafayette, Lonoke, Montgomery, and Pike Counties between $5,000 and $10,000; of Ashley, Boone, Columbia, Craighead, Cross, Drew, Faulkner, Fulton, Howard, Logan, Madison, Marion, Newton, Perry, Polk, Randolph, Stone, Union, and Yell Counties between $10,000 and $20,000; of Carroll, Cleveland, Nevada, Sebastian, and Searcy Counties between $20,000 and $35,000; of Mississippi, St. Francis, and Scott Counties between $35,000 and $50,000; of Clark, Lee, and Monroe Counties between $50,000 and $75,000; of Jefferson and Washington Counties between $75,000 and $100,000; of Chicot and Phillips Counties between $100,000 and $250,000; and of Pulaski County between $250,000 and $500,000. The total county indebtedness is $1.592,582, a decrease of $1,543,167 in ten years. Of this total $1,030,631 is a bonded debt and $561,951 a floating debt.

The Clayton Assassination.-Late in April a special investigating committee of the national House of Representatives visited Little Rock for the purpose of taking testimony relative to the election of 1888 in the Second Congressional District, and to the murder of the Hon. John M. Clayton in connection therewith. No tangible clew to the murderer had been discovered, and the testimony before the committee developed no new facts in that regard. The sessions occupied twelve days, and nearly twelve hundred witnesses were examined. A report was made to Congress in August, recommending the unseating of Congressman Breckinridge, on the ground of fraud and intimidation in the election. This report was adopted, and the seat was declared vacant.

Political.-On June 10 the Union Labor party met in State convention at Little Rock and nominated the following ticket, to be voted for at the September election: For Governor, Napoleon B. Fizer; Secretary of State, J. M. Pittman; Auditor, O. S. Jones; Treasurer T. J. Andrews; Attorney-General, T. P. Chambers; Commissioner of Agriculture, G. B. Farmer; Judge of the Supreme Court, W. A. Coody; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Thomas M. C. Birmingham; State Land Commissioner, C. M. B. Cox. A platform was adopted containing the following:

All

That national banks should be abolished. money should be issued by the Government, be of a full legal tender and in sufficient volume to transact the business of the country on a cash basis, and the volume should be kept as uniform as possible, regulating it on a per capita basis.

We favor the free and unlimited coinage of silver, and Government loans on real estate to those engaged in farming.

The means of communication and transportation should be controlled or owned by the Government and operated at cost.

We favor the passage of laws prohibiting the alien ownership of land, and that Congress should take

early action to devise some plan to obtain all lands now owned by aliens and foreign syndicates: and that all lands now held by railroads and other corporations, in excess of such as is actually used and needed by them, be reclaimed by the Government and held for actual settlers only.

Realizing that these reforms can only be reached through free and fair elections, and that the purity of the ballot-box is a sacred trust, always committed to the keeping of the party in power, and that that trust has been shamefully and openly violated by partisans of the Democratic party in this State, and that no reasonable attempt has been made to convict said partisans for their crimes, but, on the other hand, the criminals have not only enjoyed immunity from their crimes but are the recipients of their own violations of the law; we, therefore, declare that the paramount issue-the one on which the proper adjustment of all other evils depends-is a "free ballot and a fair

count."

The Democratic State Convention met at Little Rock on June 17, and renominated Governor Eagle, Secretary of State Chism, Auditor Dunlop, Attorney-General Atkinson, Commissioner of Agriculture Locke, Associate-Justice Sandels, and State Land Commissioner Myers. For State Treasurer the convention nominated Robert B. Morrow; and for Superintendent of Public Instruction, Josiah H. Shinn. A platform was adopted, containing, among others, the following declarations:

We point with pride to the series of splendid achievements of the Democratic party in Arkansas since 1874, the restoration of the credit of the State from bankruptcy to the highest financial standing, the enormous decrease of the State debt, the decrease in the expenditures of the State Government and the large consequent decrease of taxation, the abolition of a partisan militia and fraudulent registration boards.

Believing that home rule and local self-government are cardinal principles in a republican government, we therefore indorse and approve the action of the Legislature of Arkansas in enacting laws relegating to the people the right of settling the liquor question for themselves.

We announce our firm and unalterable adherence to the doctrine of free and fair elections; and to this end we favor the enactment by the next General Assembly of an election law securing to the voter a secret ballot.

Resolutions were adopted denouncing the unseating of Representative W. H. Cate by the national House of Representatives, and recommending the next General Assembly of the State to pass suitable laws requiring railroads to furnish separate coaches for white and colored pas

sengers.

The State convention of the Republican party was held at Little Rock on July 9. Following the precedent established in the canvass of 1888, it adopted the ticket nominated by the Union Labor party. The only declaration of the platform relating to State issues is as follows:

With the Republicans of Arkansas the questions of tariff and silver, and all other questions, are held subordinate to that of a free ballot and a fair count. With the solution of this question the solution of all other questions will be readily found in conformity with the will of a free people. In State affairs the object to be attained is a due enforcement of the laws and a free exercise of the elective franchise. culminating in a free ballot and a fair and honest count. To this end we will co-operate with all good citizens, regardless of past political affiliations, who agree with us on these

fundamental principles of freedom of opinion, freedom of speech, and purity of elections. With these influences put in operation, we may confidently hope for the overthrow of the present misrule of the Bourbon Democracy.

The canvass resulted in the election on Sept. 1 of the entire Democratic ticket. For Governor, Eagle received 106,267 votes, and Fizer 85,181, a plurality of 21,086 for the Democratic candidate. In 1888 the Democratic plurality was 14,981. The Legislature of 1891, for which members were chosen at the same time, will be strongly Democratic in both branches.

At the November election the following members of Congress were chosen: First District, W. H. Cate; Second District, Clifton R. Breckinridge; Third District, T. C. McRae; Fourth District, William L. Terry; Fifth District, S. W. Peel-all Democrats.

ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. American.-The thirty-ninth meeting of the American Association was held in Indianapolis, Aug. 19-26, 1890. The officers of the meeting were: President, George L. Goodale, of Cambridge, Mass.; VicePresidents of sections: A, Seth C. Chandler, of Cambridge, Mass.; B, Cleveland Abbe, of Washington, D. C.; C, Robert B. Warder, of Washington, D. C.; D, James E. Denton, of Hoboken, N. J.; E, John C. Branner, of Little Rock, Ark.;

F, Charles S. Minot, of Boston, Mass.; H, Frank Baker, of Washington, D. C.; I, J. Richards Dodge, of Washington, D. C. Permanent Secretary, Frederick W. Putnam, of Cambridge (office, Salem), Mass.; General Secretary, H. Carrington Bolton, of New York; Secretary of the Council, Harvey W. Wiley, of Washington, D. C. Secretaries of the sections: A, Wooster W. Beman, of Ann Arbor, Mich.; B, Elroy M. Avery of Cleveland, Ohio; C, William A. Noyes, of Terre Haute, Ind.; D, Thomas Gray, of Terre Haute, Ind.; E, Samuel Calvin, of Iowa City, Iowa; F, John M. Coulter, of Crawfordsville, Ind.; H, Joseph Jastrow, of Madison, Wis.; I, Bernhard E. Fernow, of Washington, D. C. Treasurer, William Lilly, of Mauch Chunk, Pa.

Opening Proceedings.-A meeting of the council was held on Aug. 19, when the names of

116 persons were passed for election and the programme of the week arranged, including the consideration of the papers presented for approval. The actual exercises began on the morning of Aug. 20, when, in the Hall of Representatives, President Mendenhall called the organization to order. After a prayer by Rev. Carmi A. Van Anda, the presiding officer introduced President Goodale, who then took the chair, after which addresses of welcome by George W. Sloan (chairman of the local committee), Lieut.-Gov. Ira J. Chase, and Mayor Thomas L. Sullivan were made and appropriately responded to. The announcements and reports followed. Of these, that by the permanent secretary referred to the rapid growth of the association, which, when it met in Indianapolis, in 1871, had 668 members, of whom 196 were present during the meetings. The association now had 2,099 members, and 219 members in attendance. The financial statement showed that after the meeting at Toronto last year there was a deficit of 33 cents. Since then there had been received $7,014.42, of which $400 was a gift from the local committee at Toronto and $500 a gift from a lady member of that city. These two gifts were placed in the Research fund, which now amounts to more than $6,000, the interest only being used for defraying expenses in intelligent research. The new account showed a cash balance for the year of $977.42, after deduction of expenses.

Address of the Retiring President.-Prof. Mendenhall chose as the subject of his address “The Relations of Science and Scientific Men to the General Public." After some introductory remarks, he referred to the work of the association and told how, in fulfillment of its mission as defined by the constitution, "the organization had been singularly fortunate in giving a stronger and more general impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific research in this country, and its meetings have been the means of disseminating proper methods of investigation and study throughout the land. In procuring for the labors of scientific men increased facilities and a wider usefulness it had been less successful." Then, passing directly to his theme and in criticism of the relation between the man of science and the public, he said: "The scientific dilettante, or worse, the charlatan, is often much nearer the public than the genuine man of science, and the inability to discriminate sometimes results in disaster, in which both science and the public suffer." But too often this is the fault of the scientist, for "many scientific men of excellent reputation are to-day guilty of the crime of unnecessary and deliberately planned mystifications; in fact, almost by common consent, this fault is overlooked in men of distinguished ability, if indeed it does not add a luster to the brilliancy of their attainments." Discussing this thought at length, he closed that portion of his address with: "Even the great masters in science, then, can well afford to do what is in their power to popularize their work and that of their colleagues, so that through closer relations with a more appreciative public their opportunities may be enlarged and their numbers increased." He then criticised the man of science for assuming superior wisdom on subjects outside his own specialty thus: "A distinguished

botanist is consulted and advises concerning the location of the natural-gas field; a mathematician advises a company in which he is a stockholder in regard to the best locality for boring for oil; and a celebrated biologist examines and makes public a report upon a much talked-of invention in which the principles of physics and engineering are alone involved." Prof. Mendenhall found another element of weakness in the scientific man, because "he is often less of a utilitarian than he should be," and deplored the tendency among scientists "to despise the useful and the practical in science." As illustrating the injustice of such an opinion among the best men, Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry were mentioned as scientists who were intensely practical and gave the world valuable inventions. The common belief that scientific men were narrow and incompetent to take an interest in public affairs was considered. He said: "This was not the case in earlier times, as the names of Franklin, Jefferson, and the Adamses prove. In France scientific men have distinguished themselves in public affairs, the present President having been an engineer." His closing remarks were on the obligations of the general public to the man of science, and concluded with: "Prove this by comparing the world with science with the world without science. Take as an illustration that which less than two hundred years ago was but a spark, a faint spark exhibited on rare occasions by the scientific men of that time. With this spark, thanks to science, the whole world is now aflame. Time and space are practically annihilated; night is turned into day; social life is almost revolutionized; and scores of things which only a few years ago would have been pronounced impossible are being accomplished daily. Many millions of dollars of capital and many thousands of men are engaged in the development of this agent so purely a creation of science that the Supreme Court of the land has already decided that it has no material existence. Surely science, which has brought us all these blessings, with thousands besides, is worthy of every care and consideration at the hands of a generous and appreciative public.”

Proceedings of the Sections.-The association is divided into eight sections, each of which meets separately and is presided over by an officer having the rank of vice-president of the association. Each section perfects its own organization by electing a fellow to represent it in the council, a sectional committee of three fellows, a fellow or member to the nominating committee, and a committee of three members or fellows to nominate officers of the section for the next meeting. As soon as this organization is effected the secretary of the section reports to the general secretary, who then provides him with a list of papers that, having been considered suitable by the council, may be read before the section. The proceedings on the first day are usually confined to organization and the delivery of the vice-presidential address.

Sections.-A. Mathematics and Astronomy.— This section was presided over by Seth. C. Chandler, of Harvard University, whose address was on "Variable Stars." He described the discovery of how the light variations follow a moderately regular course and the star gradually declines

from its greatest brilliancy until it becomes invisible to the eye for several months, then reappears, and gradually recovers its original brilliancy; and then from this first variable star he gave the history of other discoveries of similar bodies. Concerning the numerical distribution

of the variables with reference to the time occupied in completing a single cycle of their changes, he said that it ranges from the short period of less than eight hours to about two years. Besides the distinctly periodical stars, Prof. Chandler told about a considerable number in which there is no discernible law or regularity, and also an intermediate group in which this appears in a very weak degree. One or two there are which remain steady during long intervals of time, then begin, without warning, a series of astonishing and apparently lawless changes, and later become again quiescent. The following papers were read before the section "Double Star Observations," by George W. Hough; "Application of the Method of the Logical Spectrum to Boole's Problem," by Alexander Macfarlane; "Some Personal Experiences on the Expedition to Cayenne, French Guiana, to observe the Eclipse of Dec. 22, 1889," by Charles H. Rockwell: " The Problem, to circumscribe about a Conic Triangle which shall be inscribed in a Triangle which is itself inscribed in the Conic, and a Certain Question concerning two Binary Cubes," by Eliakim H. Moore; "A Method for testing Primes," by James D. Warner; and "A Theorem of Plane Cubics," by Frank H. Loud. During the session at Terre Haute, on Aug. 22, Section A met with Section B.

B. Physics.-Cleveland Abbe, of the United States Signal Service, presided over this section. His address was a plea that the principles of molecular physics and chemistry might be applied to the study of the earth as a unit as well as the principles of mathematics and astronomy. He included the subject of terrestrial physics under the term geo-physics, dividing this again into geognosy, the study of the entire phenomena of the earth's crust; vulcanology, or the study of the interior of the earth as related to heat and contraction; seismology, or the study of earthquakes and the allied phenomena of faulting and mountain forming; gravitation phenomena and its variations as related to latitude and altitude; the relations of the land and water areas; and, lastly, the total of knowledge comprised under meteorology. Prof Abbe closed his address with an urgent appeal for a laboratory in which to consider these topics. "America has no institution for the larger and profounder secrets of the globe. We should go into the land and possess it' in the largest sense, so that year by year we may come nearer to eternal truth." The following-named papers were presented:

"Magnetic and Gravity Observations on the West Coast of Africa and at Some Islands in the North and South Atlantic," by E. D. Preston; "On the Use of the Magnetograph as a Seismoscope," by Thomas C. Mendenhall; "Exhibition of Seismograph," by Thomas Gray; "The Effects of the Atmosphere and Oceans on the Secular Cooling of the Earth," by Robert S. Woodward; "Description of the Equal-Temperature Room in the Observatory and Physical Laboratory of Colby University" and "Is Thermometry an Exact Science?," by William A. Rogers; "Determination of the Tension of the Vapor of Mercury

6

at Ordinary Temperatures," by Edward W. Morley; "New Metric Standards," by Thomas C. Mendenhall; "Exhibition of a Combined Metre with Subdivisions to 2 mm. and a Yard subdivided to Tenths of Inches, both being Standards at 62°," by William A. Rogers: "Exhibition of Verns's Photographs in Natural Colors," by Orry T. Sherman; "Report on the Velocity of Light in a Magnetic Field," by Edward W. Morley and Henry T. Eddy: "Radiation at a Red Heat (A Preliminary Note on the Radiation from Zinc Oxide)," by Edward L. Nichols and Benjamin W. Snow; Exhibition of Plans and Sketch of the University, Providence, R. I.," by Eli W. Blake. New Physical Laboratory, Wilson Hall,' of Brown "Aberration Methods of Determining the Altitudes and Motions of the Clouds," by Cleveland Abbe; "A New Self-regulating Photometer," "Recent Studies in the Ultra-violet Spectrum," "The Great Lick Spectroscope,” and “Recent Photographs of the Moon by Direct Enlargement," by John A. Brashear; Further Study of the Solar Corona" and "Terrestrial Magnetism," by Frank H. Bigelow; "Method of Measuring the Electrical Resistance of Liquids," by Francis E. Nipher; " Ampere-metre for Feeble Alternating Currents: The Farado-Metre," by Wellington Adams; "Note on Certain Peculiarities in the Behavior of a Galvanometer when used with a Thermopile," by Ernest Merritt; "History of Wilson Hall,” by Eli W. Blake; "Prediction of Cold Waves from Signal Service Weather Maps," by Thomas Russell; "Surface Integrals in Meteorology," by Francis E. Nipher; "The Marine Nephoscope," by Cleveland Abbe; "On Certain Electric Phenomena in Geissler Tubes," by H. S. Rodgers and Thomas French, Jr. ; ifestation of Strain," by W. F. Durand; "Electrical "Magnetic and Electric Phenomena viewed as a ManOscillations in Air," by John Trowbridge and Wallace C. Sabin; " On Maximum Temperatures," by Amos E. Dolbear; "The Specific Inductive Capacity of Electrolytes," by Edward B. Rosa; "Discussion of the Formulas indicating the Work of an Electric Motor," by George W. Hough; "Experimental Determination of the Time acquired for Water to pass from 42° to 72° in a Constant Air Temperature," by William A. Rogers; "Plan for a Resistance Box," by Albert L. Arey; "On the Specific Heat of Brine near 0° Fahr.," by James E. Denton; 66 Experimental Determination of the Rate of Change in Underground Temperatures at a Depth of Nine Feet by Means of a Flow of Water at a Constant Level," by William A. Rogers; "Observations taken in Four Balloon Ascents," by W. H. Hammon; "On a Form of Pneumatic Commutator and its Use in the Automatic OpOn the Phosphoric Lamp," by F. W. Very; "On eration of Physical Apparatus," by David P. Todd; the Advisability of applying the C. G. S. System of Modern Electricians to the Principles of Elementary Mechanics," by P. H. Van der Weyde; "Flow and Friction of Fluids in Open Channels," by D. T. Smith; "Evaporation as a Distributing Agent in a Determination of the Temperature of Water," by William A. Rogers; "Some Results of Observations pedition to the West Coast of Africa," by Cleveland made during the Recent United States Scientific ExAbbe; "Earthquake and Volcanic Action in Japan and A New Transmission Dynamometer," by Thomas Gray; "Actinic Action of Electric Discharge," by Thomas French, Jr.; "Is Chemical Action influenced by Magnetism," by Morris Loeb; "Index to the Literature of Thermo-dynamics," by Tests for the Detection and Determination of SubnorAlfred Tuckerman; and "Description of a Series of Service," by Charles A. Oliver. mal Color Perception; designed for Use in Railroad

by Robert B. Warder, of Howard University, C. Chemistry. This section was presided over who presented an address on “Recent Theories of Geometrical Isomerism," of which the chief aim was to present a theory which might serve