his forehead and cheeks. At no time during the absence of the jury did he raise his eyes or lift his head, or seem to know that he was the object of interest to several hundred men and women.

After an absence of the jury of less than half an hour, the crier rapped for order, and the jury filed into the room. The clerk read their names, each juror responding "present" as his name was called.

No time was wasted. The jurors did not sit down. Addressing them, Justice White said: "Gentlemen, have you agreed upon a verdict?"

"We have," responded foreman Wendt.

"What is your verdict?"

"That the defendant is guilty of murder in the first degree." There was a moment of silence, and then a murmur arose from the lips of the crowd. It ended there. It ended there. There were no hand clappings; no cheers. Justice White's voice could be clearly heard in every part of the room when he thanked the jurors for their work, and allowed them to go.

Czolgosz was immediately handcuffed to his guards, and hurried from the court room downstairs, to the basement, and through the tunnel under Delaware Avenue to the jail. He appeared to be in no way affected by the result of the trial.

Thus had the wheels of justice moved swiftly. The trial of the assassin consumed eight hours and twenty-six minutes, and covered a period of only two days. Practically all this time was occupied by the prosecution in presenting a case so clear, so conclusive that, even had the prisoner entered the plea of insanity, it is doubtful if the jury would have returned a verdict different from the one given.

SENTENCED TO DEATH

On Thursday afternoon, September 26th, Leon F. Czolgosz received his sentence. He was duly asked if he had any legal reason why sentence should not be passed. He gave no reason, but declared in a feeble voice, through his counsel, that no one else

knew anything of the crime but himself. The Judge then uttered these solemn words, while Czolgosz stood erect, looking straight at the Judge. He did not tremble; not a muscle quivered.

"In taking the life of our beloved President, you committed a crime which shocked and outraged the moral sense of the civilized world. You have confessed that guilt, and, after learning all that at this time can be learned from the facts and circumstances of the case, twelve good jurors have pronounced you guilty, and have found you guilty of murder in the first degree.

"You have said, according to the testimony of creditable witnesses and yourself, that no other person aided or abetted you in the commission of this terrible act. God grant it may be so! The penalty for the crime for which you stand convicted is fixed by this statute, and it now becomes my duty to pronounce this judgment against you.

"The sentence of the Court is that in the week, beginning October 28, 1901, at the place, in the manner and means prescribed by law, you suffer the punishment of death.

"Remove the prisoner."

As soon as the death sentence was finished Czolgosz took his seat in the same indifferent manner that had characterized him

throughout the trial. He was brought to his feet quickly by the officers, who shackled him and led him away to the jail to await his removal to Auburn prison, there to pay the penalty of his crime, but in no sense to lessen the sorrow and grief of the people whose chief and friend he had slain.

We need not dwell upon the scene enacted in the death chamber, where the slayer of the good man took his seat in the death chair. Only a few witnesses-those allowed by law-were present to see the majesty of the law vindicated, and with this chapter closed the fearful tragedy which startled the world on September 6, 1901.

CHAPTER XXX

Anarchy's Awful Crimes for the Past Century

L

ITTLE did the American people dream that this land of the

free and the home of the brave would be red in the blood set free by an Anarchist's hand. How freely our gates have been swung open to all comers, whatever the color, nationality, or creed, none know better than the American people. They have had faith in man, and believed in the protection which comes with American freedom. What the results of this sad awakening will be we cannot foresee. In this place it may be well to note the progress of the Anarchistic teachings during the past century. The attempt against the life of President McKinley at Buffalo follows by a little more than a year the assassination of King Humbert of Italy. A few months before the death of Humbert an effort was made in Belgium to kill the Prince of Wales, now King Edward of England. In the Autumn of 1898 Empress Elizabeth of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Switzerland. In the Summer of 1897 the Prime Minister of Spain, Canovas del Castillo, was slain. In June, 1894, President Carnot of France was murdered. Eighteen hundred and ninety-four marks an epoch-the anarchistic epoch-as may be seen from a study of the assassinations of the past 100 years.

The nineteenth century ran red with the blood of rulers, beginning in 1801 with the killing of the Czar Paul of Russia by some of his nobles. There were over fifty assassinations or attempts at assassinations of ruling statesmen and crowned heads, beginning with the Czar Paul and ending with President McKinley. But a clear distinction can be drawn between those which occurred prior to 1894

and those which have crowded the few years since Carnot fell. Bellingham, the assassin of Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of England, was actuated by personal grievances. The dozen attempts on the life of Louis Philippe were due to the unsettled. political conditions in France and also to the restlessness of the republican revolutionists throughout Europe who were in the foreground of the revolutionary movement of the middle of the century. During that period there was scarcely a European monarch whose life was not attacked by some republican fanatic. Orsini, the Italian patriot, who tried to kill Napoleon III in 1858, was clearly inspired by Mazzini's views as to the way to overthrow monarchical governments and establish republics in their place. The late Signor Crispi, the Italian statesman, was in those days a fervent disciple of Mazzini, but he used to say: "To obtain the unity and independence of Italy it does not seem to me necessary to beg from kings, or to humiliate ourselves before them as Manin proposes, or to murder them as Mazzini believes." The slaying of Marshal Prim, in 1870, when he was at the head of the Spanish provisional government after the deposition of Queen Isabella, was an act inspired by local political conditions, and so was the assassination of Czar Alexander of Russia in 1881.

These numerous assaults on established government, prior to 1894, through attacks on the person of official representatives of government were for the most part the acts of political conspirators, or republican revolutionists, or crazy people. Even Queen Victoria's life was in peril four times from the murderous tendencies of persons insane. The celebrated mot of King Victor Emanuel, after the attempt upon his life in 1878, illustrates the general conditions. that have always prevailed since the work of rulers began. It was his opinion that being shot at was part of the business of kings. Yet in different periods the motive for assassination, sheer insanity aside, has varied. The Orsini school of assassins worked for the political object of changing the form of government. They aimed their daggers and bullets at political despotism, as did the slayers

of the Czar Alexander II. Now between the assassination of the Russian Emperor in 1881, and the tragedy of Carnot in 1894, there was a period of thirteen years, during which not even an attempt at the murder of rulers was made, excepting the assassination of President Garfield in America, which followed Alexander's death within three months. No such length of time, unmarked by an attack on a ruler's life, had passed before during the nineteenth century. Those thirteen years were stainless.

THE FIRST CRIME OF MODERN ANARCHY

The assassination of President Carnot, in 1894, was the first avowed work of the modern revolutionary anarchists, whose propaganda of murder is aimed against all government of whatever character and however liberal and free. Every assassination and attempt at assassination since then has been their work. They have been exceedingly busy, and their bloody harvest has been uncommonly fruitful. Within seven years they slew the Presidents. of the two greatest republics in the world, besides killing the Monarch of a great power, the Empress of another great power, the Prime Minister of still another European kingdom, and attempting the life of the heir of Britain's throne. Their success in their murderous attack upon the President of the United States, completed a record of five persons of high estate slain within seven years, for no other reason than that those persons stood for government in whatsoever form.

It is quite clear that the anarchistic epoch in assassination is upon us, and that the United States is not free from the atrocities and terrors which it carries in its train. Revolutionary anarchy evidently regards the liberal institutions of America with as much hatred as it does the harshest despotism in Europe. It is a wild insensate thing, and it has struck a cruel blow at the cause of personal liberty and human freedom in the very land where that cause was most deeply rooted in the affections of the people.