This altered the situation in the minds of the French ministers, for it was now a question of risking the position already attained or of tightening their grasp. They accordingly gave their chosen general entire discretion, when he proposed to dethrone King Tu Duc, who had escaped with the recalcitrant mandarins. The Prince Chaul Mong, adopted son of Tu Duc, a young man of twenty-three years, was selected to wear the crown. On the 14th of September, "in compliance with the repeatedly expressed wish of the royal family and the Governing Council," he was formally installed as King of Annam. French and Annamite troops lined the route of the procession, and the French and Annamite flags waved over the Miradores Palace. The coronation took place with pompous ceremonies on the 19th. The reconstituted Government began its regular functions. The new King assumed the name of Douck Hanh, signifying the "union of two nations." He was the fourth King, "devoted to the interests of France," placed upon the throne by the French within three years. This act raised anew the question of Chinese suzerainty, which has never been abandoned by China, and which was left untouched in the treaty.

ARCHEOLOGY. (Egyptian.) The Great Temple of Luxor. The great Temple of Luxor, standing almost immediately on the banks of the Nile, and surrounded by the public offices and the hotel, is the most accessible and most familiar of the six temples on either side of the river that constitute the more prominent objects of the ruins of Thebes. The oldest part of this temple was built, so far as has been ascertained, in the reign of Amenhotep III, the ninth Pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty, at about (according to Manetho's and Mariette's chronology) 1530 B. c. It was added to and maintained by succeeding sovereigns, particularly by Horemhebi and Rameses II, down to the time of Ptolemy Lagus, 312 B. C. When perfect it was about eight hundred feet long. For several centuries it has been the site of a native village, under whose accumulated rubbish it has been buried to a depth of from forty to fifty feet, the latter having been, in 1884, the height of the surface within the building above the original pavement. The roof of the portico is still nearly perfect, and so solid that it has borne for a hundred years the weight of the large house called the "Maison de France." After about two years of effort, M. Maspero succeeded in obtaining permission from the Egyptian Government to buy out the properties of those persons whose homes and estates were situated upon the temple, with a view to excavating the ruins, and securing their preservation from further destruction, and orders were given in July, 1884, to begin operations. These orders could not, however, be carried into effect, on account of the difficulty of removing the population, till Jan. 5, 1885, from

which time a force of an average of 150 laborers was employed till the 26th of February, when M. Maspero made his report of progress. He had then completely cleared the great roofed sanctuary of Amenhotep III, and exposed the columns of the central colonnade for two thirds of their height; discovered a small portico, hitherto unknown, of the time of Rameses II; found several colossi, some prostrate and some still erect on their pedestals; and brought to light some remains of a great quay, inscribed with the names and titles of Amenhotep III. In the course of another month, during which M. Maspero continued the excavations, he cleared the columns of the court of Amenhotep to their bases, partly laid bare the ancient pavement, and opened "a magnificent vista" from the portico at the southern end to the great entrance pylon at the north. The design of the columns of Amenhotep III is described as "one of the most beautiful among the orders of Egyptian architecture. It conventionally represents a bundle of lotus-plants, stalks and buds; the stalks bound together at the top by a ligature, and the cluster of buds forming the capital. Upon the abacus of each capital is sculptured, in hieroglyphic characters, the name of Amenhotep III (popularly known as Amenophis), inclosed in a royal oval." The excavation of the great colonnade of Horemhebi, the only part of the temple that was visible from the dahabeeyahs on the Nile until the present operations were executed, is still prevented by the refusal of the British consul to surrender his premises. This structure consists of fourteen sandstone columns, standing two deep, which, if excavated to their bases, would measure about fifty-seven feet in the shaft. M.

COLONNADE OF HOREMHEBI.

Maspero has ascertained that the temple, when first constructed, was not separated, as now, from the Nile by the extensive space of the shore-slope, but rose direct from the water's edge, like the covered gallery at Philæ. And he affirms, in his report of Feb. 26, "that Luxor, freed from the modern excrescences by which it has hitherto been disfigured, is, for grandeur of design and beauty of proportion,

almost the equal of Karnak. The sculptures with which the chambers and columns are decorated are of most fine and delicate execution, while some of the wall-subjects would not suffer in the comparison if placed side by side with the choicest bas-reliefs of Abydos." Necropolis of Ekmeen. Of the cemetery of Ekmeen, which M. Maspero discovered in 1882, he says in his report for 1885: "No cemetery ever better deserved the name of necropolis. It is really a city whose inhabitants may be counted by the thousand, and have risen in their turn at our call for fifteen months without their number seeming to diminish; not only is it bored with pits and chambers, but all the natural fissures and faults of the limestone have been utilized for the deposition of bodies." Mummies, swathed but coffinless, are piled up in regular layers, like wood in dockyards; and on top of these, mummies in wooden cases have been piled up to the ceiling, the topmost ones being jammed in without regard to the damage they might suffer from rubbing. The close crowding of the bodies could not have been explained without information from contemporary documents respecting the manner in which the care of the dead was provided for. Persons of moderate fortune and of the middle classes intrusted the mummies of their relatives to undertakers, affiliated with the priesthood, who lodged them in storehouses, and in consideration of an annual rent obligated themselves to take care of them and perform the prescribed services over them on the appointed days. When the rent ceased to be paid, the mummy-keepers would send them away. In a quarter of the cemetery occupied by families that were contemporary with the Antonines, the mummies seemed to be of an entirely new type. Most of them represent the corpse clothed in festal garments and reveal its exact form, as if made in a mold of it. In the mummies of the women particularly, the smallest details of the body under the vestment are exhibited with a curious distinct

ness.

Naueratis and its Græco-Egyptian Relies.-Mr. H. Flinders Petrie began his second season of work under the direction of the "Egypt Exploration Fund" late in the autumn of 1884, at Nebireh, a place that he had previously observed, and had mentioned in his address at the meeting of the Fund, as "a promising Greek site." It is a short distance northeast of the station of Tell-el-Barud, on the railway from Alexandria to Cairo. He had not been long at work there before he found an inscription recording certain honors that had been conferred upon one Heliodorus, a deserving citizen, a priest of Athena, by the city of Naucratis; and this, with other Greek inscriptions and objects which he afterward found, led him to suppose that the place might be on the site of the ancient Greek emporium of Nancratis, which reached its culmination as a center of Grecian civilization and a commercial mart in the age of Amasis.

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Further investigations have confirmed his opinion, and established it almost to a certainty. Though the city of Naucratis held a very important position during the later Egyptian dynasties, it had disappeared in the time of Commodus, and its site was wholly unknown and hardly conjectured until Mr. Petrie came upon it almost by accident in 1884. During the working season of 1885 the greater part of the mound of Nebireh was trenched, cleared, and thoroughly explored; and it has yielded a multitude of treasures of early Grecian and Græco-Egyptian art. Among the buildings discovered were the sites and ruins, with their sacred inclosures, of two temples dedicated to Apollo; one built of limestone, and assigned, from its architectural peculiarities, to between 700 B. C. and 600 B. c.; and the other, of white marble, exquisitely decorated, which is assigned to about 400 B. C. Outside the temenos-wall of one of these temples was a deposit of magnificent libation-bowls, which had been broken in the service and thrown out as useless, most of which were inscribed with votive dedications by pious Milesians, Teans, and others. A bowl dedicated to Hera, one to Zeus, and several to Aphrodite, were found, but the sites of the temples of those deities have not yet been identified. Other objects, the discovery of which goes to confirm the identification of the place, are, a fine inscribed stone commemorating the dedication of a palæstra; a collection of weights; coins of Ægina, Samos, Chios, and Athens; and a copper piece, the designs and inscriptions on which indicate that it was a coin of the confederate cities of Alexandria and Naucratis, struck at the time of the revolt during the minority of Ptolemy V. The lines of the ancient streets of the town have been traced. and the position of the Agora defined. Under the highest part of the mound was excavated an immense building, erected as a kind of platform and containing many chambers on two levels. The lower series of chambers have no doorways, but were apparently entered from above, after the manner of the ancient Egyptian store-houses or granaries; while the chambers on the higher level, none of which communicate with one another, open upon a series of intersecting corridors or passages. This is supposed to have been some kind of store-house, or a depot for the reception of foreign goods; or, perhaps, the Hellenium, a building erected by the subscriptions of many Greek cities for purposes partly commercial and partly religious. Votive deposits were found at the four corners of the entrance-gateway of the inclosure surrounding this building, consisting of miniature libation-vases and cups in porcelain ; alabaster jugs and limestone mortars; trowels, chisels, hoes, and knives, in bronze and iron; bricks of mud, limestone, and porcelain; ingots of silver, copper, iron, and tin; specimens of leaf-gold; and tiny plaques of jasper, lapis lazuli, turquoise, agate, quartz, and obsidian. With these were found some small cartouch

look upon Tel-el-Mashkutah as the site of the Egyptian town which bore the sacred name of Pithom and the profane one of Thuku-t." And Dr. Ebers and M. W. Pleyte, of Leyden, do not hesitate to affirm that the arguments of Lepsius are more than met by the evidence produced by M. Naville in his book. It is also said that Lepsius had not seen the whole of M. Naville's evidence when he wrote his article. Among the most positive points of this evidence is the discovery of what may very likely have been the store-houses built by the Hebrews, in the remains of a series of chambers having no communication with one another, and to which access could be had only by the roof, and corresponding in their construction exactly with the representations of corn-magazines found on the monuments. This would lend a striking confirmation to the identification of the site with that of one of the treasurecities. Another evidence corroborating the exact identification with Pithom is afforded by a stela of the Ptolemaic period found there, which bore the inscription, "When under his Majesty it was proclaimed, now the sanctuary of his father Tum of the good god of Thekut was completed, on the third of the month of Athyr, the king himself came to the district of Heroöpolis (in the presence or into the house) of his father Tum," etc. The name Thekut in this inscription corresponds with the profane name (Thuku-t) of the place as given by Dr. Ebers, and is regarded by M. Naville as the ! Succoth of the Exodus; the Egyptian th being represented in several instances by 8 in other languages. Further confirmation of the supposition that Thekut and Pithom are the same is afforded by a passage in the Anastasi papyrus, where King Menephthah tells in writing of having permitted the Shasu of Atuma to cross the fortress bearing his name, which was also called Theku, "in the direction of the ponds of Pithom of the King Menephthah, which is, or is called, Theku."

M. Naville's Search for Goshen.-A monolithic shrine in black granite was found about twenty years ago at the village called Saft-el-Henneh, about six miles east of Zagazig, and was broken to pieces by order of the pasha, with the expectation of finding treasure within it. Two of the fragments of the shrine were carried to the museum at Boolak, and two were left on the spot. From a study of the fragments at Boolak, Herr Brugsch learned that the shrine was of the reign of Netanebo II, of the thirtieth dynasty, and that it was dedicated to the god Sopt, the chief god of the nome of Arabia, whose name still survives in Saft, the name of the village. Several authorities say that the nome of Arabia was the site of the land of Goshen, and that land is called in the Septuagint Terre 'Apaßías, Gesem of Arabia. We also find in the hieroglyphic lists that describe the nomes the mention of Kesem of the East as one of the localities of the nome of Arabia. This Kesem has been considered by

most Egyptologists as the land of Goshen. M. Naville visited Saft during his explorations of the Delta, in December, 1884, and, examining the fragments of the shrine that were still left there, found on one of them a dedicatory inscription, in which were the recitals, "The king came to Kes in order to make offerings to the venerable god Sopt on his throne," and that "the images of the gods of Kes, together with this shrine, were created under the reign of the king." The name Kes being regarded as a variant of the Kesem of the Ptolemaic lists, M. Naville considers that the facts fix the site of the land of Goshen as being in the country around this place. The town of Fakoos, twelve miles north of Tel-el Kebir, has generally been regarded as the Goshen of the Bible, from the similarity of the name with Phacusa, which Ptolemy gives as the name of the capital of the Arabian nome. But M. Naville refers, as against this view, to a statement of Strabo, that Phacusa was the starting-point of the canal that ran from the Nile to the Red Sea. No trace of a canal has ever been found in the region between Fakoos and the Red Sea; while if Phacusa was in this neighborhood, explored by M. Naville, the starting-point indicated by Strabo would be only a few miles east of that given by Herodotus, and the canal mentioned by him could only be the same that is described by Diodorus, Pliny, and others.

(Grecian.) The Acropolis of Athens.-Excavations on the Acropolis of Athens have resulted in the discovery of various sculptures and architectural fragments belonging to the older Greek art. Among them are dedications and names of sculptors of the pre-Euclidean period, and works that were originally richly decorated in color. At different points have also been uncovered portions of the old Pelasgic wall and joinings of the same with the walls of Cimon, and remains of the old walls of Themistocles. Among the inscriptions brought to light is one containing the reception of the different properties of the precincts of the temples of Athens. In digging for the foundations of a new house to the south of the Acropolis, on the site of the city of Athens, previous to the improvements made by Themistocles, an inscription, belonging to the fifth century B. C., was found entire. It was an order for an inclosure to be made around the Temple of Codrus, and for some two hundred olive-trees to be planted within it. The inscription is of interest as conveying the first information that there was a temple in Athens dedicated to Codrus. Excavations have been begun in behalf of the Society of the Dilettanti on the site of the Temple of Zeus Olympios. The foundations of the pillars of the temple have been reached in several places and found to be in a condition of great disorder, having been in some points ruthlessly thrown down and in other cases completely obliterated. Excavations were begun in July on the site of the ancient Agora of Athens.