tains no word for any number above three; they are unable to distinguish one color from another; they have no religion and no funeral rites; and they possess neither chiefs nor slaves. Their only weapons are bone-pointed spears; they grow neither fruit nor vegetables; and as their country is naturally barren, they are obliged to live entirely on animal food; but they are not cannibals; they ill-treat neither their women nor their old people, and they are monogamous.

Railroads.-There were in operation in the province of Buenos Ayres, in 1884, 799 kilometres of railway, the gross earnings of which were $3,128,995, and the net earnings $1,175,272. In 1883 the net earnings had been, for 557 kilometres in running order, only $892,107. There were forwarded in the same year 1,620,891 passengers, and 48,245,589 tons of merchandise. In 1885 there were thrown open to traffic 264 kilometres of new lines. Forty-two new locomotives were received from the United States and England; so that, together with one built on the spot, there were 90 running altogether. The rolling-stock consisted of 101 passenger and 2,502 freight cars. Of the latter, 50 were turned out by Argentine carworks. The Tolosa Railroad construction-shops were being built in 1885. The number of locomotives shipped from the United States to the Argentine Republic in the fiscal year 1883-'84 was 65, worth $906,163.

Telegraphs. The length of lines in the province of Buenos Ayres in 1885 was 4,395 kilometres, 758 having been added during the year, and twenty new offices having been opened. The increase of new lines in 1884 throughout the republic was 3,200 kilometres, and the aggregate income from this source was $288,450, being $15,000 in excess of 1883.

Education.-Out of 503,591 children of school age, 146,325 attended school in 1884. Of the 35,741 pupils in school in Buenos Ayres, 24,351 attend the public schools. In the colonies and national territories of the republic there were, in 1885, twenty-six schools, and new ones are being built in Formosa, Viedma, Victorica, and Acha.

ARIZONA. Territorial Government.-The following were the Territorial officers at the beginning of the year: Governor, F. A. Tritle; Secretary, H. M. Van Arman; Attorney-General, Clark Churchill; Auditor, E. P. Clark; Treasurer, T. J. Butler. Supreme Court: ChiefJustice, Sumner Howard; Associate Justices, Daniel H. Pinney and W. G. Fitzgerald.

Legislative Session.-The Legislature met in January, and adjourned in March, having passed 123 acts and adopted 4 joint resolutions and 15 memorials to Congress. Among the acts are the following:

Providing that the rents and profits of the husband's separate property shall be his separate property, and the rents and profits of the wife's separate property shall be her separate property; an act to prohibit the use of obscene or abusive language; to prevent obstructions or impediments to travel or transportation

upon the public roads of the Territory; to regulate unincorporated acequias on the south side of Salt river and sale of mortgaged personal property; for the proin Maricopa County; to punish the unlawful disposal tection of live-stock growers; authorizing aliens to hold and transmit lands for mining purposes and pur poses incidental to mining, and (not more than 320 acres at any one time) for manufacturing, commercial, troduction of diseased cattle into the Territory; to agricultural, or grazing purposes; to prevent the inregulate the sale and transportation of dynamite and other explosives; to prevent the sale of intoxicating beverages on election-day; providing means for the Territorial exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition; providing for a Commissioner of Immigration, to be appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Council, for two years, with an annual salary of $2,000; to provide for the drainage of mines, and to regulate the liabilities of miners and mine-owners in certain at elections; to promote live-stock breeding; for the cases; to punish bribery and other corrupt influences prevention of fraud, and the better protection of miners in the sale and purchase of ores and the working or reduction thereof; to establish and maintain a Territorial Insane Asylum at or near Phoenix, Maricopa County; for the protection of children from intoxicating liquors; to encourage the destruction of wild animals; an insolvent act; a mechanics' lien law; establishing a Territorial Normal School at Tempe, Maricopa County. An act to establish a public-school system, and to provide for the maintenance and supervision of public schools in the Territory, creates a Board of Education, consisting of the Governor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. It makes the probate judge of each county superintendent of public schools for the same, and creates a board of trustees for each district.

An act was also passed establishing the University of Arizona, at or near Tucson, to include, besides the ordinary collegiate department, normal, agricultural, and mining departments.

Another act provides that "no polygamist or bigamist, or any person practicing polygamy or bigamy, or what is known as "celestial or plural marriage," " shall be entitled to vote or hold office in the Territory. The statute against bigamy was amended to meet more effectually the case of Mormons.

Finances. The bonded indebtedness of the Territory amounted on the 1st of January to $350,000, of which $90,000 was incurred prior to 1883, and bears 10 per cent. interest, payable annually. Under the Funding Act of 1883 $260,000 in bonds were issued, bearing interest at the rate of 7 per cent. per annum.

"It will be seen by comparison with my last report," says the Auditor in his report for 1883 and 1884, "that the expenses very materially increased. An explanation of the reasons for this increase is very easily made and understood. In the first place, our Territory is increasing in population and business interests, requiring more attention and causing more criminal litigation and expense. And the care of our insane has swelled in expense. The expense of our Territorial prison for the past two years has nearly doubled, amounting to the sum of $87;658.68, as against two previous years, of $44,866.33, actually increasing in the amount of $42.792.35. Care of our insane costs us $30,562.45, as against that of two previous years, $20,567.89, actually increasing in the amount of $9,994.56. Aside from these items of expense, there was made an appropriation from the general fund, for the purpose of

improving the Territorial prison, in the sum of $20,000, most of which has been expended. The total amount of warrants issued during the past two years is $208,784.04.

"The assessment-rolls, as returned to me, for 1883, place the valuation of the property of the Territory at $36,006,860.01. This was lessened by a compromise with the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company in the counties of Yavapai, Apache, and Mohave, where 391 miles of railroad were assessed $5,982,505.25. A settlement was had at the rate of $4,000 a mile, $1,564,000, decreasing the amount of the assessment-roll $4,418,505.25; this leaves $31,588,354.76 as the actual assessment.

The re

turns for the year 1884 give $30,227,765.97. This would produce for an annual Territorial revenue $75,569.41. The revenue from all other sources, including licenses, fines, and penalties, will make up for what goes delinquent. This would then give us, for the two years, the sum of $151,138.82 with which to pay an expense of $208,784.04."

He recommends an additional tax of twenty cents on the $100. The Legislature granted

an increase of ten cents.

Mormonism.-The Governor, in his message to the Legislature, says:

Polygamous Mormonism has assumed such proportions, and occupies that defiant attitude in the Territory, that justifies and demands the most stringent legal remedies. I recommend such amendment to the existing so-called "bigamy law" as will facilitate the impaneling of impartial jurors in the several counties to serve on the trial of cases of bigamy and polygamy. I would adopt the features of the "Edmunds Bill," excluding from juries as incompetent any man who believes it right to marry, have, live with, or cohabit with more than one woman as a wife at the same time." I would make general reputation, cohabitation, and all other circumstances, which would be admissible evidence in civil cases, competent to be considered by the jury in the trial of cases for bigamy and polygamy. I would so increase the penalty for these offenses as to make the punishment both fine and imprisonment. I would, by positive enactment, make unlawful cohabitation with more than one woman, without proof of any marriage ceremony, prima facie evidence of a polygamous relation, and declare the first or any other or subsequent wife a competent witness for the prosecution of the first or any other marriage ceremony or polygamous relation. In short, I would remove every obstruction that shortens the arm of the judiciary in reaching this defiant and infamous practice.

Toward the close of 1884, five Mormons were convicted and sentenced in the Territory for polygamy.

ARKANSAS. State Government. The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Simon P. Hughes, Democrat; Secretary of State, E. B. Moore; Treasurer, W. E. Woodruff, Jr.; Auditor, A. W. Files; AttorneyGeneral, D. W. Jones; Commissioner of State Lands, Paul M. Cobbs; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Wood E. Thompson.

Legislative Session.-The Legislature met in January, and remained in session about three months. Among the acts passed were the following:

years.

To make appropriations for the support of the Arkansas Industrial University for the ensuing two To restore to market certain internal improvement, seminary, and saline lands heretofore sold on a credit. Making appropriations for the support of the executive, legislative, and judicial departments.

Fixing the rate of taxation for the next two years at and $1 per capita tax. 2 mills for general purposes, 2 mills for public schools,

To fix the time for holding elections in cities of the first class.

To make persons charged with crimes and offenses

competent witnesses in the courts in the State. To protect the citizens of the State from stockdrovers and speculators.

To improve the State Capitol building, and to erect

for the Blind.

To prevent deception in the sale and use of bitters. indebtedness of the State. To ascertain and register the outstanding bonded

James K. Jones (Democrat) was elected United States Senator for the full term, and ex-Governor James H. Berry (Democrat) to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Garland, appointed Attorney-General of the United States. Mr. Berry was the immediate predecessor of Governor Hughes.

Finances. On this subject, the Governor, in his message to the Legislature at the beginning of the year, says:

The reports of the Auditor and Treasurer cover the two years from Oct. 1, 1882, to Sept. 30, 1884. From them it will be seen that, at the meeting of the last General Assembly, the State was indebted in the sum of $100,000, money borrowed the previous September; that in March, 1883, $150,000 additional was borrowed by the Finance Board. Both of these sums, together with the interest thereon, have been paid. In addition to the payments of the amounts above named, the Treasurer has, within the last two years, redeemed 258 (amounting to $258,000) of the 6 per cent. bonds of the State, commonly called the Loughborough bonds. There is now in the treasury to the credit of the sinking fund, about $275,000 in United March, 1888, and no State scrip issued. The State States currency. No money has been borrowed since scrip is practically gone, the Loughborough bonds, except 170 belonging to the permanent school fund and 16 belonging to Washington County, have been paid off. It is estimated by the Auditor that the colfection of the revenue for 1884 will place in the State treasury, by the 20th of May, 1885, to the credit of the sinking fund and of the general revenue fund,

$600,000 in addition to the sum now held by the Treasurer. This healthy condition of our finances brings us, to use the language of the Treasurer, "face to face with the question of the settlement of our undisputed debt." This debt, principal and interest, is $4,869,943, more than one half of which is interest. No interest has been paid thereon since 1872.

The people, at the recent election, have, by an overwhelming majority, declared that they do not intend to pay what is known as the disputed debt of the State, including the railroad aid, the levee, and the Holford bonds. Their action in that behalf meets my hearty approval, but I can no longer see any valid reason or excuse for not making settlement and provision for the payment of the interest, and gradual reduction of the principal, of our undisputed debt. The Auditor and Treasurer both fully demonstrate by their reports that it is possible to reduce the rate of taxation, meet all legitimate expenses of the State government, and make provision for the settlement of this old undisputed debt, which has so long tended to paralyze the energies of the people, repel inmigration, and retard the development of the State's re

sources.

Chancellor Carroll's decision, rendered at the beginning of the year, in the case of the State vs. ex-State Treasurer Churchill and sureties, submitted to him on its merits after argument by counsel on all controverted points, declares the aggregate indebtedness to the State of the ex-Treasurer to be $80,522.01, not counting interest. The Chancellor had previously decided that the erasure of names on the first and third bonds, covering the entire defalcation except $3,008.87, rendered those bonds worthless, and relieved all the sureties who had made the plea of non est factum. Any of the sureties who had not applied for this mode of relief, together with the ex-Treasurer, are liable. No sureties on the second bond are relieved. Both prosecution and defense appealed.

Education." The report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction," says the Governor, "shows a steady and most gratifying increase in the number of school-houses, and in the attendance of pupils throughout the State upon our common schools. The amount of money distributed by the Superintendent to the various districts last year far exceeds the sum distributed in any previous year. I can not agree with the Superintendent, that the money arising from liquor-licenses, insurance agencies, and the proceeds of forfeited lands, should be diverted from the general revenue fund and appropriated for school purposes. Such a disposition of this money would render it impossible to provide for the ordinary expenses of the State, the interest on the public debt, and at the same time grant the people a reduction

in their taxes."

Penitentiary. The number of convicts in the penitentiary has increased within the past two years. In addition to paying the cost of transporting the convicts from the various counties to the State Prison, the lessees paid into the State treasury $24,600 for the year beginning May 7, 1883, and ending May 7, 1884. The death-rate among the convicts has been comparatively light during the past two years. Under the present contract allowing the con

victs to be worked outside the walls of the penitentiary, they have been distributed at various points in the State, principally in the counties of Pope, Conway, Johnson, Jefferson, and Phillips.

Consolidation of Elections." I repeat," says the Governor, "the recommendation made by me two years ago, that the time of holding the general election for the State be changed from the first Monday in September to the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Under the present mode the citizens are subjected to the inconvenience of being compelled to abandon their ordinary labors and business, and vote twice within a period of two months. The expense to the counties is simply doubled, and the impossibility of inducing all of the electors to vote a second time in November has caused the State and our people to be greatly misunderstood and misrepresented abroad." ART. See FINE ARTS.

ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. American.-The thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science was held in Ann Arbor, Mich., Aug. 26 to Sept. 1, 1885. The meeting was small, but the character of the papers presented was high. The attendance of members reached 364, and the number of papers was 174. The following is the list of vicepresidents and secretaries of sections at this meeting, respectively followed by the number of papers presented in each section:

A. Mathematics and Astronomy-J. M. Van Vleck, Middletown, Conn.; E. W. Hyde, Cincinnati, O: 12. B. Physics-C. F. Brackett, Princeton, N. J.; A. A. Michaelson, Cleveland, O.: 23.

C. Chemistry-W. R. Nichols, Boston, Mass.; F. P. Dunnington, Charlottesville, Va.: 17.

D. Mechanical Science-S. Burkitt Webb, Cambridge, Mass. ; C. J. Woodbury, Boston, Mass.: 12. E. Geology and Geography-Edward Orton, Columbus, O.; H. Carvill Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.: 27. F. Biology-B. G. Wilder, Ithaca, N. Y.; M. C. Fernald, Me.: 32.

G. Histology and Microscopy-S. H. Gage, Ithaca, N. Y.; W. H. Walmsley, Philadelphia, Pa.: 4.

H. Anthropology-W. H. Dall, Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith, Jersey City, N. J.: 26. I. Economic Science and Statistics-Edward Atkinson, Boston, Mass.; J. W. Chickering: 21.

The following were the general officers: President, H. A. Newton, New Haven, Conn. Permanent Secretary, F. W. Putnam, Cambridge, Mass.

General Secretary, C. S. Minot, Boston, Mass. Assistant General Secretary, C. C. Abbott, Trenton, N. J.

In the organization of the society two changes of importance were effected. One was the abolishment of Section G. This was done on the theory that microscopy is now an auxiliary in so many branches of science that it should not be treated as a separate division. The second change was in the addition of the words "and Engineering" to the title of Section D, thus inviting all classes of engineers to contribute the results of their work to the records of the Association. In action affecting

public questions, the most important was the passage of a series of resolutions at the session of Aug. 28, concerning the Coast Survey. They were passed apropos of the report of the United States Treasury Department Commission on the Coast Survey, and condemned certain criticisms directed against the survey which were said to have been made by it. The resolutions expressed high approval of the work of the organization in question. The printed volume (pp. 736) containing the report of the 1884 meeting was issued just prior to the 1885 meeting. The proceedings were opened by the president's address, delivered by Prof. J. P. Lesley, of Philadelphia, Pa. In Section A, Prof. Newton, of Yale College, read a paper on the effect of small bodies passing near a planet upon the planet's velocity. It was quite technical, and was followed by papers by Prof. William Harkness, of the United States Naval Observatory: Prof. G. W. Hough, of Dearborn Observatory; and Mr. C. H. Rockwell, of Tarrytown, N. Y., all upon the subjects of instruments for astronomical observations. The last-named gentleman gave the results of observations with a newly invented instrument, the almucantar of Mr. Chandler, which gives a radically new and very accurate method of determining star positions.

In Section B, Prof. Langley, of Ann Arbor, read a most interesting paper on the measurement of the wave-lengths of radiant heat as radiated by the earth. His observations tended to prove the existence of wave-lengths as great as five ten-thousanths of an inch, twenty times the length of the longest wave of the visible solar radiations. Mr. J. A. Brashear supplemented this by a paper describing his method of polishing the rock-salt prisms used in the investigation. Other papers by Com. Jewell on phenomena of gun-cotton explosions, by Prof. Dolbear on telephonic and electric subjects, and by Prof. E. L. Nichols on spectroscopy, disagreeing in some conclusions with the statement of Prof. Langley, may be mentioned. In Section C, Prof. W. R. Nichols read a paper on sanitary chemistry, treating of food adul teration, ventilation, and the need of courses in sanitary engineering in our colleges. Prof. A. B. Prescott treated the limits of detection of poisons when mixed with meat, bread, and organic substances. Messrs. Cowles and Mayberry presented a most interesting paper on an electric furnace and aluminum alloys made in it. The voltaic arc is the source of heat, and has power enough to reduce aluminum from its oxide and silicate. It produces aluminum alloys much cheaper than does the old method (St. Clair Deville's). Alloys of boron and copper can also be obtained. Great tensile strength is the most important property of these compounds. Miss Helen C. D. Abbott read an exhaustive paper on the chemical composition of Yucca angustifolia. Discussions on the questions "What is the best initiatory work for students entering upon laboratory

practice?" and "To what extent is the knowledge of molecular physics necessary for one who would teach theoretical chemistry?" were participated in by various members.

In Section D, Prof. S. Burkitt Webb, of Cambridge, read a very abstruse paper on thermodynamics. Prof. Thurston, of Cornell University, read a very valuable paper on cylinder condensation in steam-engines. Other papers in this section related to practical questions on the instruments and processes of engineering. This section also indulged in a discussion on the best methods of teaching its subject. In Section E, Prof. Orton, State Geologist of Ohio, read a paper on recent geological progress and one on coal. Papers were contributed by Profs. Winchell, James D. Dana, Edward Orton, and others. Prof. Henry S. Williams's paper on the relations between stratigraphy and changes in fauna excited much attention.

In Section F, Prof. Wilder, of Cornell University, spoke on educational museums of vertebrates. He described the collections at Cornell, arranged to show the comparative relations of vertebrate animals. Several papers, dealing with botanical questions, were given by Prof. Sturtevant, of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Prof. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, and others.

In the now abolished Section G, papers were presented by Profs. Gage, of Cornell University, W. H. Walmsley, T. J. Burrill, and C. P. Hart.

In section H, Capt. W. H. Dall, of Washington, read a most interesting paper on the Indians of Alaska; the Rev. Mr. Darcy spoke of the Oregon Indians at the Siletz agency, and the Rev. Mr. W. M. Beauchamp treated of the Iroquois clans and sachemships. Mr. A. W. Butler spoke of the ruins at San Juan Teotihuacan, Mexico. This was followed by a paper on the significance of flora to the Iroquois, by Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith. The paper was a study of the names given to various trees and plants in the different nations of the Iroquois, and a comparison of these names, tracing them up to the parent stock. Another lady, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, read a paper that excited much interest, on the sacred war-tent and some war-customs of the Omahas. subsequently read a paper entitled "An Average Day among the Sioux." Dr. C. S. Minot, in a paper on the number-habit, referred to experiments conducted by the American Society for Psychical Research. These did not tend to prove the possibility of mind-reading, the special object of the investigation.

She

In Section I, Mr. Edward Atkinson spoke of the application of science to the production and consumption of food, alluding in it to Prof. Atwater's admirable tables of food-values. (See "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1883, p. 346.) Mrs. Ellen B. Richards, of Boston, treated the subject of elementary science-teaching in grammar-schools. Gov. John B. Hoyt, of Wyoming, spoke of the need of a systematic reorganization