CHAPTER II. AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. SPANISH EXPLORATION. AMERICAN PIONEERS. AMERICAN ACQUISITION. THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. THE FRONTIER LIFE. WITHOUT CIVIL GOVERNMENT. FILIBUSTERS. CRABB AND PARTY. ABANDONMENT DURING CIVIL WAR, TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. APACHE OUTRAGES AND DESOLATION. SPARSE SETTLEMENTS. THE CIVIL WAR AND ITS EFFECTS. LEGAL ORGANIZATION. SPEECH OF SECRETARY MCCORMICK ETC. Nearly three and a half centuries have passed since the SpanViceroy, Mendoza, in 1540, ordered an exploration of the gion we now know as the Territories of Arizona and New exico. There was a period of marked activity in this direcn, but it did not last long or have any very marked and peranent result. There was not enough gold and silver worked d at hand to satify Spanish cupidity. The ancient peoples, ith the progenitors of those whom we recognize as Pimos, Pagoes, Moquis and Pueblo Indians, were too feeble to excite sault, and the Apaches too strong not to harass the Spaniards many generations. For at least 280 years preceding the eaty of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo in 1846, when all the region north the Gila and Mesilla Valleys and west to the 117th meridian incorporated within the area of the United States, anyng like a full exploration was untried. From the occupation New Mexico until February, 1863, Arizona was included thin the boundaries of the sister Territory. At the date of xican transfer, within that portion of the ceded territory w embraced by Arizona, there were but two villages containMexican or other white inhabitants. The Apaches occupied territory; the Mexicans were in the two villages of Tucand Tubac, with a few ranches near by. According to the panish map, herewith presented, there was, in 1775, not a ission or settlement in the Valley of the Gila, or north there The whole region was but sparsely occupied by Indian bes. On the Gila, about midway between Apache Pass and ort Yuma, the "Pimos Illños" and the "Coco-Maricopas" were at work, as they have been ever since. A little to th. northeast, Apacheria was located. This is the region of the Gila Cañons, the Arivipa Valley and Cañon, the Jonto Basin, and the territory now embraced by the present White Mountain Reservation. South of the Gila, "Papagueira" was located. In the neighborhood of Yuma were the Indians of that name, while in the valley below were the Oajuenches and the Cucassus; north of Yuma were the "Jakechedunes." On the plateau were the Moqui, while the Jamalas, Hualpais and Yalipays were south and west of them, and in or near the Colorado Valley. South of Tulquson, (now Tucson) direct to the present line of Sonora and below as far as the 28th parallel, was a long line of thickly located presidios, missions, pueblos and mining stations. It will be seen, on an examination of the map from the line of 30 deg. north to about 32 deg. 30 min., and between the degrees of longitude 271 deg. west to 269 deg., that there were in the space indicated, ten settlements. These included Tuqulson (Tucson) and Tubac, both occupied still as places of trade and habitation, and both destined to be of importance, and that of Santa Cruz, long since abandoned. The missions were Cocoperéa and Sancto, both obliterated; Tumacacori, now in ruins, and that of St. Xavier, still under charge of the Society of Jesus, to whom it was restored in 1863, by the Hon. C. D. Poston, under instructions while serving as Superintendent of Indian Affairs. The pueblo of Babocomori -wrongly located; the presidio of San Bernardino-also misplaced on this map, are merely names; while the Tereuate pueblo is placed near or about the present location of the abandoned presidio of San Pedro. The Spanish power on the border had already begun to decline rapidly at the date the map was compiled; and an insurrection which occurred a few years before had made a serious inroad into the prosperity of the Santa Cruz Valley. Calabasas was a ranch and mining camp of importance. Spanish records show 200 silver mines as being worked in the section under consideration; but the rapacity of the Madrid and vice-regal governments proved a continual check to the enterprise of the people and the development of the country. It was a barrier more fatal even than the restless hostility of the Apache. From the date of the old map herein published for the first time, Spanish Arizona had begun to decline. An Indian outbreak in 1802, and the Mexican revolution twenty years later, with the Apache uprising of 1827, made a practical end to either Spanish or Mexican rule. Tubac was really abandoned AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. 29 in 1840, though Mr. Bartlett found about thirty soldiers there in 1850. Tumacacori was destroyed some years before the first date; the several ranches were held only by Indian sufferance and amid great peril; mining was virtually suspended, while Tucson and Tubac were only protected from complete ruin by small garrisons. The Mexican authority north of Tucson and west of the Rio Grande, into the coast range in California, was the merest of myths. Two points of industrious life were found-one on the Gila, where the Pima and Maricopa villages still exist, and the other in Papagueria, where the Papagoes maintained a severe struggle against their Apache foe, whom they usually defeated; and another also against nature's aridity, by which they were often worsted. But very few Americans-renegades and fugitives from justice too often -were to be found in the region indicated. The first authentic knowledge obtainable of American pioneers was by the arrest of a couple of Kentuckians, father and son, whose history was told by Col. Poston, when delegate in Congress, during 1864-65, as follows: "In the year 1824, Sylvester Pattie and his son James, from Bardstown, Kentucky, with a party of one hundred hardy and adventurous frontiersmen, set out upon a trapping expedition to the head-waters of the Arkansas River. After many romantic adventures in New Mexico, the party dispersed, and a few of the boldest spirits undertook to reach the Pacific Coast. They spent one winter at the celebrated mines (copper) of Santa Rita del Cobre, at the head-waters of the Gila River, and the next spring trapped down the river to its confluence with the Colorado. Here they embarked their canoes on the turbid waters of the Colorado, and drifted down to the Gulf of California, whence they crossed the peninsula (Lower California) to the Pacific Ocean. Here they were imprisoned by the Mexican Commandant at San Diego, and after a long and cruel confinement, the elder Pattie died in prison."* James Pattie was then released, and all traces of him have since been lost. Of another and more fortunate pioneer, one whose name and person are esteemed and honored, Mr. Poston said, at the same time: "The oldest living trapper in Arizona, at this day, is old Pauline Weaver, from White County, Tennessee. His name is carved in the Casa Grande, near the Pima villages on the * House of Representatives, March 2nd, 1865. Gila River, under date of 1832. This old man has been a peacemaker among the Indians for many years, and is now spending the evening of his life in cultivating a little patch of land on the public domain in the northern part of the territory, on a beautiful little stream called the Hassiamp" (Hassayampa). Mr. Weaver was the original discoverer of the famous placers near the Antelope Peak, on the road between Wickenburg and Prescott-about forty miles south of the latter place. The Valley of the Rio Grande in New Mexico proper was more densely settled, and a few trappers, guides and hunters, of American and half-breed birth, occasionally penetrated Arizona. Among these was a Frenchman named Leroux, well known to the Pimas, who acted as guide to the United States Boundary Commission in 1849-51. Felix Aubrey, author of an interesting book on New Mexico, who was killed at Santa Fé in a broil, while preparing for an expedition to prospect for gold in Arizona, made several trips into the Tonto Basin, now embraced by the San Carlos or White Mountain Reservation, the Gila Valley, the Santa Rita Mountains and other portions of the territory. The traces are meagre of the other stray pioneers who had at various times entered this territory. Among the earlier explorers was a Captain John Moss, who penetrated the cañons of the Great and Little Colorado. A Captain Adams is also known as an voyager on the same river. After the discovery of gold in California, the Valley of the Gila became an highway for the more daring and adventurous of those, who from 1849 on, made their way from the southwest to the new El Dorado. Some remained in Arizona, and some are still living there. The wild and terrible story of the Oatman massacre is associated with this daring emigration. Mr. Bartlett, United States Boundary Commissioner, in his "Personal Narrative," gives interesting incidents of the encounters and meetings his command had with such emigrants. Prof. John Davis, of the Aztec Mine, tells of his journey from California across the Gila Valley and down the Santa Cruz into Sonora. The San Xavier Mission Church at that time was occupied by a Mexican, and the ranches at Canoa, Revanton, Sopori, Calabasas and Arivaca were under cultivation to a limited extent. The cession of Arizona and New Mexico, north of the Gila and Mesilla valleys, was consummated on February 2d, 1848. The balance of these territories, known as the Gadsden purchase, was not acquired until December 30th, 1853. The United States Boundary Commission was the first body of Americans, known to the country at large, which entered the borders of |