and 88 New York State Reporter. since such section is unconstitutional.-Bohmer | in other securities held by him for the same v. Haffen (Sup.) 1030. debt.-Sternbach v. Friedman (Sup.) 608. A company given a right by county supervisors to operate its road in a street occupied by another company held to be given the right SUBSTITUTION. to use such other company's tracks. Staten Of attorney, see “Attorney and Client,” § 1. Island Midland R. Co. v. Staten Island Electric R. Co. (Sup.) 598. A company accepting a franchise held bound SUCCESSION. by a stipulation therein requiring it to permit See "Descent and Distribution." § 2. Regulation and operation. Evidence in action for injuries to person on track held to show plaintiff guilty of contributory negligence.-Johnson v. Brooklyn Heights R. Co. (Sup.) 547. Workmen repairing a street are entitled to more warning of an approaching car than the noise it makes in running.-Lewis v. Binghamton R. Co. (Sup.) 452. Contributory negligence of plaintiff when struck by defendant's street car held for the jury.-Lewis v. Binghamton R. Co. (Sup.) 452. In an action for killing a six year old child, a verdict for plaintiff held error, in that it was as reasonable to infer due care on defendant's See "Action.” SUIT. part, from the evidence, as negligence.-White As ground for new trial, see "New Trial,” § 2. v. Albany Ry. (Sup.) 445. Facts held not to show negligence of company in not discovering and repairing defective_rail TAXATION. before injury resulted.-Kelly v. Metropolitan See, also, "Internal Revenue." St. Ry. Co. (Sup.) 173. Verdict for plaintiff, in an action for personal injuries received in a collision with a car, set aside, as against the weight of evidence.-O'Keefe v. Third Ave. R. Co. (City Ct. N. Y.) 1088. Where the rear of plaintiff's wagon was struck by an approaching car, held erroneous to instruct that plaintiff had the right to assume that he would be given timely warning of the approach of a car.-Devine v. Brooklyn Heights R. Co. (Sup.) 626. STREETS. See "Municipal Corporations," § 5. SUBROGATION. A third mortgagee, who had paid off the first mortgage and had had it satisfied in ignorance of the second mortgage, which was induced by the representations of the attorney for the mortgagor and for the second mortgagee, held to have prior rights to the extent of all the rights under the first mortgage prior to its satisfaction.-Lanier v. Milliken (Sup.) 424. Answer to a suit on a surety's bond held to put in issue the question of the right to subrogation.-Sternbach v. Friedman (Sup.) 608. A surety paying a debt for his principal is entitled to be subrogated to the creditor's right 1. Nature and extent of power in general. Under its taxing power, the legislature has Power to revise and correct its enactments to remedy unforeseen results of former acts.People v. Molloy (Sup.) 1084. Instead of delegating the details of taxation to officials, the legislature may execute them itself.-In re Curren (Sup.) 917. Laws 1896, c. 908, § 7, providing for taxation of nonresidents doing business in the state. construed, and right to exemption to amount of indebtedness in state determined.-People v. Barker (Sup.) 848. § 2. Liability of persons and property. The assessment and levy of a tax on the full value of realty held not without jurisdiction. though the owner could claim an exemption on account of pension money invested therein.Worden v. Oneida County (Sup.) 952. Laws 1896, c. 908, § 4, subd. 14, exempting from taxation the deposits in any bank for sav ings which are due depositors, applies to the taxation of such deposits as the property of the depositors.-People v. Dederick (Sup.) 519. A lot paid for with pension money is not exempt from local assessment for street paring.-Tucker v. City of Utica (Sup.) 855. 1 Rev. St. p. 388, § 4, subd. 9, exempting realty purchased with pension money, held to exempt only the pension money invested.-Worden v. Oneida County (Sup.) 952. 3. Levy and assessment. An invalid tax is not validated by the fact Assessment valid under the act in force when Assessors held to have jurisdiction to assess Laws 1896, p. 908. § 225, providing that, TENANTS. See "Landlord and Tenant." TESTAMENTARY CAPACITY. TESTAMENTARY POWERS. Restrictions on power to devise or bequeath, see TIMBER. A taxpayer held to have lost by his delay his 1882, c. 410), to correct his assessment.-Peo- § 4. Payment and refunding or recov- An action to set an assessment aside and to 952. One purchasing land for taxes after the state On reversal of an order canceling a sale to On reversal of an order canceling a sale to 725. § 5. Legacy, inheritance, and transfer taxes. Transfer of stocks held to take effect at once, TIME. For performance of contract, see "Contracts," TITLE. See "Covenants," § 1; "Eminent Domain." Particular matters affecting title. See "Adverse Possession." Titles of particular acts or proceedings. TORTS. See "Municipal Corporations," § 6. Particular torts. See "Assault and Battery"; "Fraud"; "Libel Complaint alleging that a tenant in common. Transfer of stocks in consideration of pay- Transfer of stock for erection of monument Code Civ. Proc. § 1290, providing that mo- Tenant in common, who, with the others, TOWNS. See "Counties"; "Municipal Corporations." 8 1. Fiscal management, public debt, A town assessor is not legally authorized to and 88 New York State Reporter. thority therefrom, an assessment attacked by A claim against a town held to have been properly audited.-People v. Vanderpool (Sup.) 436. A town held not liable, under Laws 1890, c. 569, § 180, subd. 7, for money expended for an attorney by an assessor in defending a certiorari to review an assessment, where he was not required by law or otherwise to do so.-People v. Vanderpool (Sup.) 436. contract from the grantee to sue a wrongdoer for wrongful entry. Young v. Shulenberg (Sup.) 419. An entering into possession of a lot, followed by the continued control of the property by an agent, is prima facie proof of plaintiff's right of possession in an action to compel a trespasser (Sup.) 400. to remove earth placed thereon.-Eno v. Christ The measure of damages for a continued trespass on real property is the rental value of the property during the period of the trespass. The town board of audit held not required to-Eno v. Christ (Sup.) 400. pass on each item of a bill of legal services in a single suit presented as a claim against the town.-People v. Vanderpool (Sup.) 436. Where no evidence of a claim against a town is offered, held the town board may determine their allowance from their own knowledge of its validity, without calling witnesses.-People v. Vanderpool (Sup.) 436. TRADE-MARKS AND TRADE-NAMES. § 1. Title, conveyances, and contracts. A purchase of a farm by a married woman, under an executory contract, where she and her husband entered into possession, raises the preNostrand v. Hubbard (Sup.) 739. sumption that she was in possession.-Van TRESPASS TO TRY TITLE. See "Ejectment." nesses.' TRIAL. Evidence that the words "Old Crow" have See, also, "New Trial"; "Reference"; "Witbeen used for many years by plaintiff and by his predecessors in business as the mark of their brand of whisky held prima facie suffi-8 1. Notice of trial and preliminary cient to show plaintiff's right of trade-mark in the words "Old Crow."-W. A. Gaines & Co. v. Leslie (Sup.) 421. § 2. Infringement and unfair competi tion. The use of the word "Crow" on a label of a whisky called "White Crow" is an infringe; ment on the existing trade-mark of "Old Crow," as used on plaintiff's brand of whisky.—W. Á. Gaines & Co. v. Leslie (Sup.) 421. In an action for infringement of a trademark, plaintiff's failure to prove the registration of his trade-mark, as alleged in the complaint, held not fatal, where the complaint was broad enough to admit proof of the trade-mark as existing through exclusive use. - - W. A. Gaines & Co. v. Leslie (Sup.) 421. proceedings. that notice of trial did not apply to issues made proceed with a § 2. Dockets, lists, and calendars. § 3. Course and conduct of trial in gen- In an action for an injunction based on the A remark of a court to counsel in ruling on a theory of unfair competition, fraud must be question raised, that "I mean to throw this acaffirmatively shown, where the labels used are tion out of court, the first opportunity," is retotally dissimilar in lettering and general ap-versible error.-Swan v. Keough (Sup.) 474. pearance.-W. A. Gaines & Co. v. Leslie (Sup.) 421. TRANSFER TAXES. See "Taxation," § 5. TREES. See "Logs and Logging." TRESPASS. To the person, see "Assault and Battery." Recital in a deed by heirs that the owner was dead, and that he died intestate, held sufficient proof to entitle one in possession under a land Exceptions to rulings taken after verdict held unavailing.-Rubenfeld v. Rabiner (Sup.) 68. Where an answer does not deny any of the allegations of the complaint. but sets up affirmative defenses, defendant has the right to open and close the case.-Lange v. Garfunkel (Sup.) 993. § 4. Reception of evidence. Where, on objections to evidence, defendant disclaims that it was offered for a certain purpose, it cannot thereafter be considered for that purpose.-Sherman v. Pedrick (Sup.) 467. To exclude plaintiff's evidence of consideration for the matter sued on, on the ground that there was sufficient evidence, and then to submit the question of consideration to the jury, held error.-Lyon v. Brown (Sup.) 315. Plaintiff must make out a case of conversion, ory.-Beggar Students' Pleasure Soc. v. Eichel An objection to evidence relating to a certain | § 2. Actions. A party does not waive objections to the § 5. Taking case or question from jury. 606. A complaint held to sufficiently allege a right Evidence held inadmissible in an action for Where different inferences might be drawn Court cannot take case from jury on second § 6. Instructions to jury. The jury cannot disregard the testimony of Alteration of sealed verdict, on jury coming 315. The court has discretionary power to reduce Waiver and correction of irregu- TROVER AND CONVERSION. 1. Acts constituting conversion, and A treasurer of committee of society which Where defendant delivered note belonging to The lessor's removal of a sign belonging to 998. 54 N.Y.S.-74 TRUSTS. Conveyances in trust for creditors, see "Assign- ments for Benefit of Creditors." § 1. Creation, existence, and validity. Where one sued as the beneficiary under a The use by a depositor in opening a bank ac- On an issue whether a deposit was intended Evidence of statements by depositor at the Notice to, or assent of, the policy holders to Evidence held to establish a valid trust.- A trust in bank accounts held not defeated by and 88 New York State Reporter. A conveyance to a sister-in-law, where induced by her husband (plaintiff's brother) under a parol promise to reconvey, held to create § 1. a trust in plaintiff's favor, on refusal to reconvey.-Bullenkamp v. Bullenkamp (Sup.) 482. Where words in a bequest indicate that the legatee is to have the property absolutely, subsequent precatory words do not impose a trust on it.-First Presbyterian Church in Village of Waterford v. McKallor (Sup.) 740. § 2. Appointment, qualification, tenure of trustee. and The appointment of new trustees without notice to some of the beneficiaries held an ir regularity which would not invalidate the appointment.-Wood v. Travis (Sup.) 60. § 3. Management and disposal of trust property. Usurious tions. USURY. contracts and transac The defense of usury held not established where it was not shown that the payee knew that his agent exacted a usurious commission or received any of it.-Friedman v. Bruner (Sup.) 997. A transaction attacked as usurious will, if the proofs are evenly balanced and it be capable of being so construed, be regarded as done with an innocent, rather than a corrupt, design.Newman v. Simpson (Sup.) 1040. has the burden of proof.-Newman v. SimpA party attacking a transaction as usurious son (Sup.) 1040. Burden of proof held on defendants.-Friedman v. Bruner (Sup.) 997. Trustee of premises occupied by a low class An affidavit stating that the lender of money of tenants held not liable for not employing real-was a "private banker" and president of a estate agent during general business depression bank is insufficient to show that the lender to get tenant who would make improvements. was a "private banker," exempted by Laws -Gomez v. Gomez (Sup.) 237. 1882, c. 409, § 68, from the effect of the genCo. (Sup.) 862. eral usury law.-Sexton v. Home Fire Ins. Trustee of leased property held not liable for renewing the lease, instead of buying the improvements, where he had no money belonging to the estate. and no right to mortgage and buy improvements.-Gomez v. Gomez (Sup.) 237. Compromise by trustee, instead of relying on suit for land in controversy, held justified; the law as to the rights of his beneficiaries being uncertain.-Gomez v. Gomez (Sup.) 237. Equity will not instruct trustees how to act when there are no allegations of conflicting claims, nor any ambiguity of terms, and the trust has not terminated.-Crawford v. Winston (Sup.) 246. § 4. The question whether payments by maker of a note to an indorser were usurious, or in corsideration of the loan of the indorser's credit. held for the jury.-Union Bank of Rochester v. Benedict (Sup.) 721. VENDOR AND PURCHASER. See "Sales." Requirements of statute of frauds, see "Frauds, § 1. Construction and operation of con- Establishment and enforcement of Under an executory contract, the vendor be trust. comes the owner of the purchase money, and Beneficiaries, with equal rights and priorities the purchaser the equitable owner of the land. in a trust fund, cannot obtain priorities against-Wagstaff v. Marcy (Sup.) 1021. each other by attachment.-Babcock Printing- § 2. Modification or rescission of conPress Mfg. Co. v. Ranous (Sup.) 1048. Where the only claim against plaintiff by one not a party to the action to compel a reconveyance of land was on an outlawed note, held error to make its payment a condition of the reconveyance. Bullenkamp v. Bullenkamp (Sup.) 482. Costs awarded beneficiary in an action against the trustee, to be paid out of the estate, can be paid only out of the share of such beneficiary, none of the others being parties. Gomez v. Gomez (Sup.) 237. Where beneficiary has surcharged trustee's account for $1,000, and costs allowed beneficiary out of his share of the estate equals such share, no costs should be allowed trustee.Gomez v. Gomez (Sup.) 237. See "Bonds." UNDERTAKINGS. tract. The right of a vendee to rescind sale for fraud held barred by a delay of a year after knowledge thereof.-Kaufmann v. McLaughlin (Sup.) 160. § 3. Performance of contract. Proof of undisturbed possession is insufficient to show marketable title, without proof that the owner was not under disability, and that the possession was hostile to him.-Ruess v. Ewen (Sup.) 357. Purchaser will not be compelled to take title based on facts to be determined by parol evidence.-Ruess v. Ewen (Sup.) 357. VENUE. § 1. Change of venue or place of trial. Where the witnesses as to the principal issue in a cause were mainly in another county, held error to refuse a motion for a change of venue to such county.-Snyder v. Mack (Sup.) 534. |