Churches without apses are very few. But in course of time variations of form were introduced. Byzantine architects gave a polygonal

APSE AND APSIDOLES.

form to the exterior, while preserving the interior semicircular outline (e.g., Ravenna). Square apses, found at first only as out-of-theway freaks, became common in the Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth centuries, especially as they were adopted by the Cistercian monks and those who felt their influence. The development of transepts led sometimes to the use of apses at their terminations, as in the Romanesque churches at Cologne. Another arrangement, seldom seen outside of Germany, was a double apse, one at each end of the church, which made it necessary to enter the church at the sides; this is found in both Romanesque and Gothic churches. Finally, the apsidal end of the Romanesque church, first in France and then in Germany, became enriched by the use of radiating chapels and side-aisles, taking a form which is no longer called apse, but choir, and is described under that head. The exterior wall of the apse was very plain in early Christian architecture, but medieval art decorated it richly with false and engaged arcades in several rows.

APSHERON, äp'shâ-rôn. A peninsula of Russia on the western shores of the Caspian Sea (Map: Russia, H 6). It is famous for its immense deposits of naphtha, probably the richest in the world. The soil is sterile, and strong winds prevail. See BAKU.

AP'SIDES, àp'si-dez (Gk. plur. of afis, apsis, loop, juncture). The two extreme points in the orbit of a planet-one at the greatest, the other at the least distance from the sun. The term apsides is applied in the same manner to the two points in the orbit of a satellite-one nearest to, the other farthest from, its primary; corresponding, in the case of the moon, to the perigee and apogee. A straight line connecting these extreme points is called the line of apsides, or the major axis of the orbit. In the planetary orbits, this line has no fixed position in space, but undergoes a motion in the plane

of the orbit. This fact in the orbit of the earth gives rise to the difference between the anomalistic (q.v.) and sideral years. This motion of the line of apsides is especially remarkable in the orbit of the moon, an entire revolution taking place in 3232.57 days, or a little less than nine years.

AP'SLEY HOUSE. The mansion built by Lord Bathurst in 1785, and purchased in 1820 by the Government for the Duke of Wellington in reward for the latter's services to the nation in the Napoleonic wars. In 1830 its windows were broken by the mob on the anniversary of Waterloo, and the Duke was forced to have them protected by iron shutters.

APT, äpt (anciently, Lat. Apta). The capital of the arrondissement of the same name, in the department of Vaucluse, France, on the Mediterranean Railway (Map: France, M 8). It contains a communal college, library, meteorological station, and a number of manufacturing establishments. Its cathedral is supposed to have been built about the Eighth Century, and it contains numerous specimens of Romanesque architecture. In ancient times Apt was the chief city of the Vulgientes and received much attention from Julius Cæsar, who gave it the name of Apta Julia. It came into the possession of France in 1481. Population, 1901, 5948.

AP'TERAL ("having no wings," Gk. 4, 0, priv. + Tepby, pteron, wing). A term applied colonnades, or pteromata, outside the cella; and to Greek and Roman temples without lateral also to Christian churches which either had no aisles or whose facades had the form of a single unbroken gable, not divided into three sections.

secta, embracing primitive insects without APTERYGOTA. A prime division of Inwings, and including the Thysaura and Callanbola. See SILVER-FISH and SPRINGTAIL.

wing). The type genus of a sub-class or group AP'TERYX (Gk. d, a, priv. + réput, pteryz, of small wingless ratite birds of New Zealand, akin to the epiornis and other ancient ostrichlike birds, called by the Maoris "kiwi-kiwi." See KIWI.

AP'THE. See APHTHÆ.

AP'THORP, WILLIAM FOSTER (1848-). An American writer and musical critic, born in Boston, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1869 and studied music under J. K. Paine and B. J. Lang. He is well known as the author of Hector Berlioz: Selections from His Letters and Writings, with a biographical sketch, a pioneer work in English on this composer; and books of musical criticism, including Musicians and Music Lovers and The Opera, Past and Present. He has lectured at the Lowell Institute, Boston. and the Peabody Institute, Baltimore, and has taught at the New England Conservatory, Boston, and the College of Music of Boston University. From 1892 to 1901 he wrote the analy ses of musical compositions which appeared in the programme of the Boston Symphony Or In 1881 he became musical critic of chestra. the Boston Transcript.

APULEIUS, LUCIUS. A satirical writer of the Second Century. He was born at Madaura, in Africa, where his father was a magistrate, and a man of large fortune. Apuleius first studied at Carthage, which at one time enjoyed a high rep utation for its school of literature. Afterward

APULEIUS.

he went to Athens, where he entered keenly upon the study of philosophy, displaying a special predilection for the Platonic School. The fortune bequeathed to him at his father's death enabled Apuleius to travel extensively. He visited Asia and Italy, and was initiated into numerous religious mysteries. The knowledge which he thus acquired of the priestly fraternities, he made abundant use of afterward in his Golden Ass. His first appearance in literature arose from a lawsuit. Having married a middle-aged lady, named Pudentilla, very wealthy, but not particularly handsome, he drew down upon his head the malice of her relatives, who desired to inherit her riches, and who accused the youth of having employed magic to gain her affections. His defense (Apologia, still extant) spoken before Claudius Maximus, proconsul of Africa, was an eloquent and successful vindication of his conduct.

After this event his life appears to have been devoted zealously to literature and public oratory, in both of which he attained great eminence. He was extremely popular, so Carthage and other cities erected statues in his honor.

that

681

The Metamorphoses, or Golden Ass, the work by which his reputation has survived, is a romance or novel, whose principal personage is one Lucian, supposed by some, though on insufficient evidence, to be the author himself. It is generally

understood to have been intended as a satire on

the vices of the age, especially those of the priest
hood, and of quacks or jugglers affecting super-
natural powers, though Bishop Warburton and
other critics fancied they could detect in it an
indirect apology for paganism. Its merits are
are also its
both great and conspicuous, as
faults. Wit, humor, satire, fancy, learning, and
even poetic eloquence abound; but the style is
disfigured by excessive archaisms, and there is a
frequent affectation in the metaphors, etc., which
proves Apuleius to have been somewhat artificial
in his rhetoric. The most exquisite thing in
the whole work is the episode of Cupid and
Psyche (imitated by La Fontaine; separate
edition by Jahn, Leipzig, 1856). It is supposed
to be an allegory of the progress of the soul to
perfection. Besides the Apologia and Golden
Ass, we have from the pen of Apuleius an an-
thology in four books, a work on the dæmon of
Socrates, one on the doctrines of Plato, one on
The Universe, etc. A considerable number of his
works ars lost. The most recent and careful

edition is by J. van de Vliet, the Metamorphoses
(Leipzig, 1897); Apologia and Florida (Leipzig,
1900). The Golden Ass was translated into
English by T. Taylor (London, 1822), and
again by Sir G. Head (London, 1851). A still
earlier translation by Adlington in 1566 has
been republished, in an introduction by Whib-
lery (London, 1893). An English version of
the works of Apuleius was published in Lon-
don, 1853.

APU'LIA. A part of ancient Italy lying along the Adriatic Sea, and bounded on the west and south by the Frentani, Samnium, Lucania, and Calabria (Map: Italy, L 6). Modern Apulia (Ital. La Puglia) comprises the provinces of Bari, Foggia, and Lecce. It is a vast plain drained by numerous small streams flowing toward the Adriatic. The country has extensive areas of pasture land, and the raising of domestic animals is the Chief chief occupation of the inhabitants. towns: Bari, Brindisi, Foggia, and Lecce. Popu

AQUA.

lation, 1881, 1,519,064; 1901, 1,949,423. According to old poetic traditions, Daunus, King of the Apulians, when banished from Illyria, had come and settled here. The chief towns of Apulia were Arpi, Barium, Canusium, Luceria, and Venusia (birthplace of Horace). The Romans first came in contact with the Apulians in B.C. 326, when a friendly alliance was formed; but the Apulians joined the Samnites, the Tarentines, and finally Hannibal in attempts against Roman supremacy. Much of the Second Punic War was fought in Apulia, and here the Romans lost the disastrous battle of Cannæ (q.v.). After the fall of Hannibal, Apulia was wholly subjugated by Rome. When Augustus divided Italy into districts, the Regio II. was made to include Apulia and Calabria.

APURE, ä'pōō-rā'. An important tributary
of the Orinoco, rising in the eastern slopes of
the Andes near Bucaramanga, in Colombia,
South America. Flowing eastward, it enters
Venezuela, receiving from the south the Cau-
cagua River and from the north the Portuguesa,
the Guarico, and others; finally joining the
Orinoco 200 miles above Ciudad, Bolivia. It is
more than 700 miles long, navigable through the
The vessels of the
greater part of its course.
Orinoco Steamship Company ply its waters.
APURIMAC, ȧ-poo'rê-mäk' (Peruvian upu,
principal, chief + rimac, oracle). A Peruvian
river, one of the head streams of the Ucayali
(q.v.) (Map: Peru, C 6). It rises in the high
one hundred
Andes in lat. 15° S., about
miles northwest of Lake Titicaca, and flows
northwest throughout about five hundred miles
of its course, but after uniting with the

Pirene it flows under the name of Tambo east-
ward and then northward for a distance of
a hundred miles to its place of union with
the Quillabambi, to form the Ucayali, which
in turn, uniting with the Maranon, forms the
Amazon. The Apurimac possesses the peculiar-
ity that its tributaries, the chief of which are
the Pampas, Mantaro, and Perene, are received
from the west side. Among the tributaries of
the Amazon, the Apurimac probably rises near-
est to the Pacific Ocean. The Apurimac and its
tributaries are of the nature of great mountain
torrents, and their rocky and rugged banks are
generally difficult of access, and ofttimes wholly
inaccessible. The valleys through which they
flow vary in climate and productiveness with
change of altitude. The lower valleys yield the
products of the tropics, and the upper ones those
of temperate and cold climates. The basin of the
Apurimac, as a whole, is said to be the finest
part of Peru, and to contain the largest propor-
tion of native population-the best specimens,
apparently, of the aboriginal civilization.

APURIMAC. A department of Peru, bounded by the department of Cuzco on the north and east and Ayacucho on the south and west (Map: Peru, C6). Area, 8,187 square miles. The surface is largely elevated and well watered. The population was officially estimated in 1896 at 177,387. Capital, Abancay.

A term often used A'QUA (Lat., water). by the alchemists, who called nitric acid aqua A mixture of fortis; alcohol, aqua vitæ, etc. nitric and hydrochloric acids is still called aqua regia. In modern pharmacy the word is used in the following terms: Aqua ammonia (water of (strong ammoniæ fortior aqua ammonia),

AIND

OF

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