years." In 1878 Prof. Marsh was president of the American association for the advancement of science, and since 1883 he has been president of the National academy of sciences. He is a fellow of the Geological society of London, from which, in 1877, he received the Bigsby medal for important discoveries in paleontology. He is also a member of many other European and American scientific societies. In 1886 the University of Heidelberg conferred upon him the degree of Ph. D., and the same year he received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard. MARSH, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Danville, Vt., 3 July, 1796; d. in Underhill, Vt., 1 April, 1874. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1821, and at Andover theological seminary in 1824. He was ordained in 1825, and, after serving as a home missionary in New England for two years, was pastor of various Congregational churches in Vermont for nearly forty years. He originated in 1827 the system of colportage that has since been employed with excellent results by the American tract society, the American Sunday-school union, and other religious societies. Mr. Marsh was an able debater, and had repeated controversies with representatives of other denominations. He was a profound biblical scholar, and his knowledge of Greek and Hebrew was very thorough. In 1852 he was settled in Underhill, Vt., and continued there until his death. His publications, including essays and sermons on temperance and anti-slavery, were very popular, and during the latter part of his life he wrote 1,000 biblical hymns, some of which were published.

MARSH, Sylvester, engineer, b. in Campton, N. H., 30 Sept., 1803; d. in Concord, N. H., 30 Dec., 1884. He had but little opportunity for education. In 1826 he established himself as a provision-dealer in Boston, and later was engaged in Ashtabula, Ohio, in supplying Boston and New York with beef and pork. He settled in Chicago during the winter of 1833-'4, and there followed a similar business till 1837, when his accumulations were swept away in the financial crisis of that year. He began again in the grain business, and acquired a substantial fortune. Meanwhile he was active in all that pertained to the advancement of Chicago, and ranks among its founders. The meatpacking industry was originated by him, and he invented many appliances that were incidental to its success, especially those having reference to the use of steam. He invented the dried-meal process, and "Marsh's caloric dried meal" is still an article of commerce. In 1864 he settled in Littleton, N. H., and after 1879 made Concord, N. H., his residence. While ascending Mount Washington in 1852 he lost his way, and then conceived the idea of building a railroad to its summit, believing that such an enterprise could be made profitable. He obtained a charter for the road on 25 June, 1858, but the civil war prevented any action until May, 1866. The construction of such a road was regarded as impossible, and he became known as Crazy Marsh"; indeed, the legislature, in granting him a charter, further expressed their willingness to grant a "charter to the moon" if he wished. Notwithstanding all opposition, he persisted in building the railroad, relying chiefly on his own resources, and received but little encouragement from capitalists till an engine was actually running over part of the route. The peculiar form of locomotive, cog-rail, and brakes used were invented by Mr. Marsh. The road was formally opened on 14 Aug., 1868, as far as "Jacob's ladder" (see illustration), and entirely completed in July, 1869. Its length is 2.81 miles, and the ascent 3,625 feet,

making the average grade of 1,290 feet to the mile. There are nine curves, of radius varying from 497 to 945 feet. The indispensable peculiarity of this road is its central cog-rail, which consists of two pieces of wrought-iron, parallel to each other and connected by strong pins. The teeth of the driving - wheel of the engine play into the spaces of these bolts, and, as it revolves, the engine climbs or descends, resting on the outer rails, which are four feet and seven inches apart. For stopping trains and controlling their descent, both friction and atmospheric brakes are employed, and their complete reliability has been proved by the severest tests. The engines weigh about six and a half tons, and are rated at fifty horse-power, but by their gearing this power is greatly increased, at the expense of speed, which is two miles an hour. The engine always takes the down-hill end of the train, which consists of locomotive, tender, and one car, accommodating about fifty passengers. The cost of the road was $139,000, and its capital stock is $129,000. Not an accident has occurred on the road to any of its 130,000 passengers down to 1888. During the construction of this road it was visited by a Swiss engineer, who took away drawings of the machinery and track, from which a similar railway has since been built up Mount Rigi in Switzerland. Another road, built on similar plans, is in successful operation to the summit of Green mountain, Mount Desert, Me.

The em

MARSHALL, Andrew, clergyman, b. in South Carolina about 1755; d. in Richmond, Va., 8 Dec., 1856. He was a negro slave, and was sold to John Houston, colonial governor of Georgia, who bequeathed him freedom, Marshall at one time having saved his master's life. The executors, failing to carry out the will, sold him again, but he ran away and was sold at large to Judge Joseph Clay. When Gen. Washington visited Savannah he was appointed the general's body-servant. bargo having taken effect in Savannah at the opening of the Revolution, fifteen merchants of that city agreed to give him a purse of $225 if he would carry word to several American vessels that lay in a bay on the lower seaboard, in which achievement he was successful. He witnessed many stirring events during the Revolution, and his personal recollections of Gen. Nathanael Greene and accounts of his death agreed with the historical records. Through diligence and economy he purchased his freedom and that of his family. He united with the Baptist church when he was nearly fifty years of age, and was ordained pastor of the second colored Baptist church in Savannah, and when this became large enough for division was made pastor of the part which called itself the First African Baptist church, and held this charge until his death, preaching also in Charleston, New Orleans, and elsewhere in Georgia. He also conducted a large portage and draying business in

Savannah, owning both teams and slaves. Marshall is mentioned in Frederika Bremer's "Homes of the New World" (London, 1853).

MARSHALL, Charles Henry, merchant, b. in Easton, Washington co., N. Y., 8 April, 1792; d. in New York city, 23 Sept., 1865. His ancestors were natives of Nantucket, where they were followers of the sea, and his father removed thence to the Saratoga patent in 1785. The son was born in a log cabin on his father's farm, and received a limited education. He followed the sea, and became a proprietor and master in the "Old line" of packets between New York and Liverpool. In 1834 he left the sea, having crossed the Atlantic ninetyfour times, and was the principal manager of the "Old line" for thirty years, during which time he was closely identified with the commercial interests of this country. He superintended the building of new vessels, one of which, the United States," of 2,000 tons, was after a few voyages purchased by the Prussian government. Capt. Marshall was a commissioner of emigration in 1851-'5, president of the Marine society, a trustee of the Sailors' snug harbor, was interested in other similar institutions. From 1845 till his death he was one of the board of pilot commissioners. He was an active member of the Union defence committee organized at a meeting in Union square, New York, 20 April, 1861, for co-operation with the U. S. government, and was third president of the Union league club of New York, holding this post at the time of his death.

MARSHALL, Christopher, patriot, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 6 Nov., 1709; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 May, 1797. He received a classical education in England and came to this country without the permission of his parents, in consequence of which he was disowned. He settled in Philadelphia and became a chemist and pharmacist. His firm furnished most of the drugs and medicines to the troops of the "Jerseys, Pennsylvanias, and Delawares." His attachment to the American cause brought him into many posts of honor during the Revolution, and he was on confidential terms with the chief members of the Continental congress and the new government of Pennsylvania. He was disowned by the Society of Friends for the active part that he took on the patriot side. On 17 March, 1775, he was elected one of the twelve managers of a company "set on foot for making woollens, linens, and cotton,” the election being held at Carpenter's hall. He was a member of the committee that met at the state-house, 25 April, 1775, to consider the measures to be pursued in the "critical affairs of America," and of the committee of safety from its first formation until the close of the war. His "Remembrancer" is one of the most valuable diaries that was kept during the Revolution. The manuscript was presented to the Pennsylvania historical society by his greatgreat-grandson, Charles Marshall, of Germantown, edited by William Duane and published (Philadelphia, 1839). His son, Charles, pharmacist, b. in Philadelphia, 8 May, 1744; d. there, 22 Aug., 1825, received a classical education, entered into partnership with his father and elder brother, Christopher, and on their retirement from the business became sole proprietor. Early in the 19th century he retired from active business. When the University of Pennsylvania assumed to issue diplomas to practitioners of pharmacy and to prescribe the conditions of the grant, the pharmaceutists of Philadelphia felt it to be an infraction of their rights, and established in 1824 a college of pharmacy, of which Mr. Marshall, then one of the

most noted men in pharmacy in America, was chosen first president.

MARSHALL, Edward Chauncey, author, b. in Little Falls, Herkimer co., N. Y., 8 July, 1824. His ancestor, Thomas, from whom Marshall street in Boston was named, settled in that city in 1634. Edward was graduated at Geneva (now Hobart) college in 1843, and while a student there invented the arctic rubber overshoe. He also invented the register of fares with a dial-plate which is now in use on several street-car lines. From 1845 till 1847 he was tutor of mathematics in Geneva and of mathematics under Prof. Charles Davies at West Point. From 1848 till 1852 he was a tutor in the New York free academy, and in 1852-25 a professor in the Episcopal high-school, Alexandria, Va. In 1871 he held an office in the New York customhouse. From 1875 till 1885 he was connected with the New York Star" and the "Evening Telegram," and he is now (1888) the financial agent of the American protective tariff league. He is the author of "Book of Oratory" (New York, 1852); "History of the U. S. Naval Academy" (1862); "Ancestry of Gen. Grant" (1869); and a pamphlet, "Are the West Point Graduates Loyal?" the statistics of which were quoted in congress and aided in preventing the military academy from being closed at this time by its enemies (New York, 1862).-His brother, Elisha Gaylord, soldier, b. in Seneca Falls, N. Y., 26 Jan., 1829; d. in Canandaigua, N. Y., 3 Aug., 1883, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1850, assigned to the 6th infantry, and served on frontier duty and in the Utah expedition of 1858. He was promoted captain on 14 May, 1861, and on 20 April, 1862, became colonel of the 13th New York regiment. He was engaged in the various campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, being severely wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., and receiving the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, 13 Dec., 1862. He was on sick leave of absence from that date until 23 May, 1863, when he was mustered out of the volunteer service and appointed mustering and disbursing officer at Rochester, N. Y. In May, 1864, he engaged in the Richmond campaign, commanding a brigade in the Army of the Potomac, and was wounded at Petersburg, 17 June, 1864. He was one of the leaders in the assault after the mine explosion, and was captured after holding the crater during most of the day. He was a prisoner in Columbus, Ga., from 30 July, 1864, till April, 1865, and from May till July of that year commanded a brigade. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers and brigadier-general, U. S. army, for gallant and meritorious services, 13 March, 1865, mustered out of the volunteer service on 16 Aug., and on 12 June became major of the 5th infantry. He was retired as colonel on 11 Sept., 1867.

MARSHALL, Humphrey, botanist, b. in West Bradford (now Marshallton), Pa., 10 Oct., 1722; d. there, 5 Nov., 1801. He received the rudiments of an English education, and was apprenticed to the business of a stone-mason, which trade he subsequently followed. Soon after his marriage in 1748 he took charge of his father's farm, and about that time began to devote his attention to astronomy and natural history, building a small observatory in one corner of his residence. Meanwhile, through his correspondence with his cousin, John Bartram (9. v.), his taste for horticulture and botany was fostered and developed. He procured books and began the collection and culture of the more curious and interesting indigenous plants. A large number of ornamental trees and shrubs in the vicinity of his house long remained to show his fond

on this occasion was largely due to the good conduct of Col. Marshall and his command. The house of burgesses voted him a sword. At Germantown his regiment covered the retreat of the patriot army. He was with Washington at Valley Forge. He was afterward ordered to the south, and was surrendered by Gen. Lincoln at Charleston in 1780. When paroled he took advantage of the circumstance to make his first visit to Kentucky on horseback over the mountains, and then located the lands on which he subsequently lived in Woodford. Having been exchanged, he resumed his command and held it until the close of the war. In 1781 he was for a time in command at York. He was appointed surveyor-general of the lands in Kentucky in 1783, in that year established his office in Lexington, and removed his family to Kentucky in 1785. In 1787 and 1788 he represented Fayette county in the Virginia assembly. In the latter year he was also a delegate to the convention in Danville to consider the separation of Kentucky from Virginia. He was appointed by Washington collector of revenue for Kentucky. He and all his family were Federalists.-The second Thomas's eldest son, John, jurist, b. in Germantown, Fauquier co., Va., 24 Sept., 1755; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 July, 1835, received from childhood a thorough course of domestic education in English literature, and when he was sufficiently advanced his father procured the services of a private teacher, Rev. James Thompson, an Episcopal clergyman from Scotland, who was afterward minister of Leeds parish. At fourteen years of age John was sent to Westmoreland county, and placed at the school where his father and Washinghall ton had been pupils. James Monroe was one of his fellowstudents. After remaining there for a year he returned to Oak Hill and continued his classical studies under the direction of Mr. Thompson, but he never had the benefit of a college education. He began the study of law at the age of eighteen, and used Blackstone's "Commentaries," then recently published, but he had hardly begun his legal studies when the controversy with the mother country came to a crisis. The tea bill, the Boston port bill, the congress of 1774, followed one another in quick succession, and every question at issue was thoroughly discussed at Oak Hill just at the period of young Marshall's life to make the most indelible impression upon his intellectual and moral character. Military preparations were not neglected. John Marshall joined an independent body of volunteers and devoted himself with much zeal to the training of a company of militia in his neighborhood. Among the first to take the field was Thomas Marshall. A regiment of minutemen was raised in the summer of 1775 in Culpeper, Orange, and Fauquier counties, of which he was appointed major, and his son John a lieutenant. On their green hunting-shirts they bore the motto "Liberty or death!" and on their banner was the emblem of a coiled rattlesnake, with the inscription "Don't tread on me!" They were armed

with rifles, knives, and tomahawks. They had an engagement with Gov. Dunmore's forces at Great Bridge on 9 Dec., in which Lieut. Marshall showed coolness an 1 skill in handling his men. After this, in 1776, the father and son were in separate organizations. Thomas Marshall was appointed colonel in the 3d Virginia infantry of the Continental line, and John's company was reorganized and attached to the 11th regiment of Virginia troops, which was sent to join Washington's army in New Jersey. Both were in most of the principal battles of the war until the end of 1779. John was promoted to a captaincy in May, 1779. His company distinguished itself at the battle of the Brandywine. He was engaged in the pursuit of the British and the subsequent retreat at Germantown, was with the army in winter-quarters at Valley Forge, and took part in the actions at Monmouth, Stony Point, and Paulus Hook. His marked good sense and discretion and his general popularity often led to his being selected to settle disputes between his brother officers, and he was frequently employed to act as deputy judgeadvocate. This brought him into extensive acquaintance with the officers, and into personal intercourse with Gen. Washington and Col. Alexander Hamilton, an acquaintance that subsequently ripened into sincere regard and attachment. The term of enlistment of his regiment having expired, Capt. Marshall, with other supernumerary officers, was ordered to Virginia to take charge of any new troops that might be raised by the state, and while he was detained in Richmond during the winter of 1779-'80, awaiting the action of the legislature, he availed himself of the opportunity to attend the law lectures of George Wythe, of William and Mary college, and those of Prof. (afterward Bishop) Madison on natural philosophy. In the summer of 1780 Marshall received a license to practise law, but, on the invasion of Virginia by Gen. Alexander Leslie in October, he joined the army again under Baron Steuben, and remained in the service until Arnold, after his raid on James river, had retired to Portsmouth. This was in January, 1781. He then resigned his commission, and studied law.

He had spent nearly six years in arduous military service, exposed to the dangers, enduring the hardships, and partaking the anxieties of that trying period. The discipline of those six years could not have failed to strengthen the manliness of his character and greatly enlarge his knowledge of the chief men, or those who became such, from every part of the country, and of their social and political principles. Though it was a rough and severe school, it was instructive, and produced a maturity and self-dependence that could not have been acquired by a much longer experience under different circumstances. As soon as the courts were re-opened young Marshall began practice, and quickly rose to high distinction at the bar. In the spring of 1782 he was elected to the house of burgesses, and in the autumn a member of the state executive council. On 3 Jan., 1783, he married Mary Willis Ambler, daughter of the state treasurer, with whom he lived for nearly fifty years, and about the same time he took up his permanent residence in Richmond. In the spring of 1784 he resigned his seat at the council board in order to devote himself more exclusively to his profession, but he was immediately returned to the legislature by Fauquier county, though he retained only a nominal residence there. In 1787 he was elected to represent Henrico, which includes the city of Richmond. He was a decided advocate of the new U. S. constitution, and in 1788 was elected to the state convention that was called to consider