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Opinion.

witness-Alonzo Grizzle, ten years old-who stated, among other things, that a short while before the shooting Frank Skeen said: "You boys get away from here;" and another witness, Hodges McCoy, a boy eight years old, who stated that Skeen said to him shortly before the shooting: "You boys go to the house." These statements were not objected to when offered, because the defendant had expected that the Commonwealth would in some way connect Frank Skeen with the alleged offense. No connection was subsequently shown, and no evidence offered to show that the defendant heard Frank Skeen, or in any way assented to or acquiesced in the alleged statements of Skeen, and after the evidence was concluded the defendant moved to strike out the statements alleged to have been made by Skeen to the two witnesses aforesaid. It is true that under these circumstances the statements testified to were wholly irrelevant to the issue before the jury, and should have been excluded; but we have been unable to discover how the defendant could have been in any way prejudiced by them, as it appears that he was in no way connected with them. The error, there fore, was harmless.

[7] The next assignment of error is to the action of the trial court in permitting counsel representing the Commonwealth, in his closing argument to the jury, to give his opinion and theory as to how a certain blackjack got into the case. It appears from the evidence offered by the defendant that immediately preceding the shooting the deceased had drawn a blackjack on the accused, and was holding it in a threatening attitude, ready to strike, at the time the defendant shot him, and the testimony on behalf of the Commonwealth shows that immediately after the deceased was shot, the blackjack was found lying by his side and about a foot from his hand. The theory of the defense was that the deceased was in the act of striking the defendant with the blackjack when the defendant shot him in self

Opinion.

defense. During the argument of the case, counsel representing the Commonwealth said: "Gentlemen, I will show you later on how the blackjack got into the case," and just before concluding his argument he said to the jury: "Now, gentlemen of the jury, I will give you my theory of how the blackjack got into this case. Just as soon as the defendant shot the deceased and he fell, Frank Skeen came up and threw the blackjack down beside the deceased." Counsel for defendant promptly objected to this statement, on the ground that it was not supported by the evidence, and that there was no evidence in the case on which to base the statement, and moved the court to tell the jury not to consider this statement, "and the court stated that it did not remember such evidence as to the blackjack (the attorney contending there was such evidence), and that the jury should not consider any statement of counsel not supported by evidence, and stated to counsel that it was dangerous to make a statement to the jury not supported by the evidence, and the jury would remember the evidence. This occurred at the close of the argument, to which action of the court in permitting the attorney representing the Commonwealth to argue to the jury that Frank Skeen threw down the blackjack by the side of the deceased, and in not telling the jury not to consider the same, the defendant, by counsel, excepted.

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We have been unable to find from the record that Frank Skeen was in the barn either before the shooting or thereafter before the finding of the blackjack by the side of the deceased. The statement of counsel is unsupported by any evidence in the case and was highly prejudicial to the accused. It was made in the closing argument on behalf of the Commonwealth, and counsel for defendant had no opportunity to reply to it. Such statements are prejudicial to the accused, and if not promptly corrected and the jury instructed to disregard them are ground for reversal. Jessee

Opinion.

v. Commonwealth, 112 Va. 887, 71 S. E. 612; Mullins v. Commonwealth, 113 Va. 787, 75 S. E. 193. The statement of the trial judge that he did not remember such evidence as to the blackjack, and that the jury should not consider any statements of counsel not supported by the evidence, furnished no protection to the defendant against the improper remarks of counsel.

It is also assigned as error that the trial court refused to set aside the verdict as contrary to the evidence. The evidence was conflicting on some important points in the case, and as the case has to be reversed for the errors hereinbefore pointed out, we deem it improper to indulge in any discussion of it.

For the errors hereinbefore mentioned, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Dickenson county will be reversed.

Reversed.

INDEX

ABANDONMENT. See DIVORCE.

ABANDONMENT OF CANAL. See CAnals.

ABATEMENT, REVIVAL AND SURVIVAL.

Divorce.-Plea in Abatement to the Jurisdiction.—Blankenship v.
Blankenship, 595.

Misjoinder of Parties.-Misjoinder of parties cannot be reached
by demurrer, but only by a motion to abate the action as to
the parties improperly joined. Schmidt v. Wallinger, 361.

ABUTTING OWNERS.

Canals. See CANALS.

ACCOUNTS AND ACCOUNTING.

Executors and Administrators.- See EXECUTORS AND ADMINIS-

TRATORS.

Guardian and Ward. See GUARDIAN AND WARD.

Mechanics' Liens.-See MECHANICS' LIENS.

Partnership. See PARTNERSHIP.

ACTIONS.

Consolidation of Actions.-See CONSOLIDATION OF ACTIONS.
Assumpsit.-See ASSUMPSIT.

Joinder of Causes of Action. It was claimed that a special
count in a declaration in an action of assumpsit set up a tort
which was improperly joined as a cause of action with the
common counts in assumpsit. The special count did allege
a fraudulent and tortious transaction, but one in which the
defendants were charged with having received money be-
longing in good conscience to the plaintiff, and for the re-
funding of which the law implies a promise. The action was
specifically designated in the declaration as assumpsit. Held:
That that form of action, if the plaintiff desired to waive
the tort, was appropriate for the recovery of the money.
Schmidt v. Wallinger, 361.

Limitation of Actions.-See LIMITATION OF ACTIONS.

ACTIONS-Continued.

Parties. See PARTIES.

Venue. See VENUE.

ADMISSIONS. See DECLARATIONS AND ADMISSIONS.

ADVERSE POSSESSION.

Color of Title.- Failure of Description.—A failure in description
is fatal to any paper as color of title. A description which
contains sufficient terms to designate the land in question
with such certainty that the boundaries there can be ascer-
tained by the application of general rules governing the lo-
cation of land conveyed by any deed is absolutely essential.
There can be no color of title to land not described in the
paper relied on as color. Blacksburg Mining, etc., Co. v. Bell,
565.

Minerals. In the instant case the grantor's successors in
title who were the defendants claim adverse possession in
themselves and those under whom they claim for the stat-
utory period of the minerals upon the disputed land lying
between the creek and the mountain. Held: That defendants
could not claim any color of title, as they either had an ab-
solutely and decisively good paper title or no paper title at
all. The title which they derived from their predecessor in
title, the grantor, either did or did not cover the land in
controversy. If it did, no question of color of title or adverse
possession arises or can arise; if it did not, they are solely
dependent upon their defense of adverse possession, they
are wholly without color of title under the grantor, and, hav-
ing shown none from any other source, they are limited under
that defense to their actual possession of the minerals.
Blacksburg Mining, etc., Co. v. Bell, 565.

Void Writing as Color of Title.—There can be no construc-
tive possession of real estate under a mere claim of title; ad-
versary possession to extend beyond the limits of actual
occupancy must be under color of title, and the principal
office of color of title is to define the boundaries. It is imma-
terial that the title paper relied on as color is defective or
even void as passing title. It is inherent in color of title that
the claim thereunder is invalid-is in fact no title and the
writing may indeed be absolutely void. Blacksburg Mining,
etc. Co. v. Bell, 565.

Constructive Possession.-There can be no constructive posses-

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