of 11,851 strikes, or 32.24 per cent of all strikes, were for this cause alone. This cause, in combination with other causes, produced 3,117 strikes, making 40.72 per cent of all strikes attributable in whole or in part to demands for increase of wages. The next most fruitful cause of strikes was disagreement concerning recognition of union and union rules. This cause alone produced 18.84 per cent of all strikes, and both alone and combined with other causes produced 23.35 per cent of all strikes. Objection to reduction of wages alone and combined with other causes produced 11.90 per cent of all strikes. Demands for reduction of hours alone and combined with other causes produced 9.78 per cent of all strikes. Of the total number of establishments involved in strikes, 57.91 per cent were involved in strikes caused either in whole or in part by demands for increase of wages. The most important cause of lockouts was disputes concerning recognition of union and union rules and employers' organization, which cause, alone and combined with various causes, produced nearly one-half of all lockouts and included more than one-half of all establishments involved in lockouts. The greatest number of strikes that occurred in any one industry was in the building trades, which embraced 26.02 per cent of all strikes and 38.53 per cent of all establishments involved in strikes. In the coal and coke industry were 9.08 per cent of all strikes and 9.39 per cent of all establishments involved in strikes. Many strikes were found in the following industries: Boots and shoes; clothing, men's; foundry and machine shop; and tobacco (cigars and cigarettes). The coal and coke industry included more strikers than any other industry, also more employees thrown out of work. The second industry in order in this respect was the building trades. In the building trades were 16.49 per cent of all lockouts, more than one-half of all the establishments involved, and about 30 per cent of all the employees locked out and of persons thrown out of work. In 1903 there were 3,494 strikes, a greater number than in any other year. The number was 471 in 1881, the first year of the period, while in 1905 the number was 2,077. More strikers went out in the year 1902 than in any other year, and more employees were thrown out of work in 1894 than in any other year. Lockouts were more frequent and included more employees in 1903 than in any other year of the period. In the North Atlantic division were more than one-half of all strikes, establishments involved, strikers, and employees thrown out of work. In the North Central division were almost one-third of the totals in these items named. The percentages of the total number of strikes in the principal industrial States were as follows: New York, 27.75 per cent; Penn per cent, and Ohio, 6.99 per cent. Of the strikers, 25.12 per cent of 13.31 per cent in Illinois, 6.36 per cent in Ohio, and 5.25 per cent in Massachusetts. These States named were also the States in which the greatest number of lockouts occurred. A number of interesting tables have been prepared from the gen- eral tables shown in the body of the report and are presented in this chapter. These tables, as well as the general tables, do not include strikes or lockouts of less than one day's duration. An explanation of the various terms used in the tables of this report will be found in the discussion and explanation of the general tables, page 107 et seq. STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND A series of three tables shows the number of strikes, establishments involved, strikers, and employees thrown out of work, and also the average number of establishments involved per strike, the average number of strikers per strike, and the average number of employees thrown out of work per strike. The first table of the series shows these data by years, the second by industries, and the third by States The total number of strikes during the period from 1881 to 1905 was 36,757, the number of establishments involved 181,407, the number of strikers 6,728,048, and the number of employees thrown For the 25-year period from 1881 to 1905 the average number of establishments per strike was 4.9, the average number of strikers per strike was 183, and the average number of employees thrown out of work per strike was 237. Considering the strikes by the years in which they occurred, it is seen from the above table that the number of strikes per year varied from 443 in 1884 to 3,494 in 1903, the number of establishments involved varied from 2,105 in 1882 to 20,248 in 1903, the number of strikers from 101,070 in 1881 to 553,143 in 1902, and the number of employees thrown out of work from 129,521 in 1881 to 660,425 in 1894. The average number of establishments per strike varied from 3.5 in 1885, 1889, and 1893 to 7.9 in 1897; the number of strikers. per strike from 85 in 1905 to 374 in 1894, and the number of employees thrown out of work from 107 in 1905 to 490 in 1894. The second table of the series presents the statistics by industries: STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN a Not including 2 strikes involving 33 establishments not reported. A greater number of strikes occurred in the building trades than in any other industry. In that industry during the years from 1881 to 1905 there were 9,564 strikes, 69,899 establishments involved, 917,905 strikers, and 1,083,699 employees thrown out of work in the establishments involved in strikes. The size of the strikes in the building trades is indicated by the figures in the average columns. The average number of establishments involved in each strike was 7.3, the average number of strikers per strike 96, and the average The coal and coke industry was second in importance so far as The average number of establishments involved per strike varied The average number of strikers per strike varied from 29 in the The average number of employees thrown out of work per strike The average number of strikers and of employees thrown out of work The presentation by States and geographical divisions follows: STRIKES, ESTABLISHMENTS INVOLVED, STRIKERS, AND EMPLOYEES THROWN OUT OF WORK, BY STATES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS, 1881 TO 1905. [See Table V, pages 480 to 485, for notes relating to general strikes extending into two or more |