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AVIATION ACES AND THEIR VICTORIES

(See article on opposite page by Laurence La Tourette Driggs for fuller explanation)

43 FRENCH ACES (living) Official to December 1, 1917-Victories 399

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German Aces (Continued)

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N.3 Captain Heurteaux (wounde1 September, 1917)

Lieutenant Bongartz

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Lieutenant A. S. Shepherd (7 in one month)
Lieutenant Stanley Rosevear (Ontario)
Captain Lancelot Lytton Richardson.

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Lieutenant Cecil Roy Richards (4 in one day).

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N. 38

Lieutenant Georges Madon

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Lieutenant Arigi (Austrian)

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Lieutenant Edward R. Grange

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Lieutenant Max Muller.

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Lieutenant Laurence W. Allen.

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engines in 1917 by standardizing the Mercedes and the Benz motors, but he produced the deadliest type of fighting machine the world has ever seen in the 1917 Albatros single-seater. Likewise in launching the thirty heavy bombing machines on London, July 7, 1917, he exhibited to the Allies the best defensive war plane the Gotha-that had ever been devised. And it is rumored that the coming spring will see "flying tanks" and a superior type of Fokker fighting airplane as further results of the constant experimentation so wisely encouraged by von Hoeppner.

In selecting personnel and advisers General von Hoeppner displays the same skill that he has shown in airplane construction. He inflamed Germany with press propaganda and held war exhibitions throughout the larger cities in which the latest types of war airplanes were demonstrated and sham battles in the air were fought. The result was an enthusiastic rush to the flying service by the young men most eager to learn this work-and it is precisely this class of applicants that yields the naturalborn pilots.

But, above all else, the prevailing air tactics of the astute von Hoeppner must be examined and approved. Tactics which permit sixty-seven German pilots to win almost as many victories as one hundred and twenty-four Allied pilots win in the same

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time are worthy of imitation. It is the opinion of Anglo-Saxons that German temperament and characteristics do not lend themselves so nicely as do ours to the science of aviation. Yet, despite this racial handicap, their airmen hold their own against overwhelming numerical odds. Verily, an ounce of brain is worth a pound of brawn.

German tactics are permeated with that detestable word "efficiency." The maximum of success with the minimum of risk is determined upon by von Hoeppner and his staff of experienced aviators, regardless of the chivalrous sportsmanship of their opponents. Tactics that have proved successful to Boelke and Immelmann are adopted by the entire air service and are first rehearsed and then practiced by all German airmen in combat. Team work, formation fighting, shameless avoidance of an equal contest, venturing over enemy lines only with strong support, permit the few thus banded together to hold their own against the preponderating but scattered free lances of the Allies. With one competent mind to direct it, with iron-clad rules to protect it, the German air service, like the German machines, to-day easily outranks the world opposed. The sooner this unpalatable but relentless truth is realized, the sooner will we adopt methods to cope with these of Germany, and then the sooner will our peace with honor come.

PELEG

BY JOHN FINLEY

PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

N the tenth chapter of the book of Genesis a chapter filled with the names of the generations of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth and their sons born after the flood-there is one verse which turns from bald genealogical fact to give a glimpse of the ancient world through which the patriarchs known to us chiefly by their names passed in rapid procession, despite the hundreds of years which each one seems to have lived. This verse reads as follows:

"And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided."

This child, born back two thousand years or more in the B. C. centuries, is remembered because he lived at the time of the great Division, or of the Confusion of Tongues, as it is best known. It is as if one born in this country during the Civil War were named "Secession" or in 1776 "Revolution," for, as the marginal note tells us, Peleg meant " Division."

I have often imagined the son of ancient Eber asking his father why this generic abstract name, usually of unhappy connotation, should have been given him, this word which was, as I suppose, the same that was used beneficently in the first chapter of Genesis to tell of the separation of the light from darkness, or of the division of "the waters under the firmament from the waters above the firmament."

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And Eber would tell how in a certain year (circa 2247) the earth was of " one language and one speech," how some of the imperious-minded men of that time said," Let us make a name,' how they journeyed toward the east and began to build a city and a tower that should reach unto heaven, how in the midst of their building, in which they were using "brick for stone and slime for mortar," as the record has it, a confusion of tongues came upon them so that they could not understand one another, and how they were divided, dispersed from thence over the known world, mumbling, jabbering, gesticulating-“ Pelegians all, people of a divided earth.

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So, child," Eber would say at the end of his explanation, "born as thou wert in the beginning of those days when men could no longer build together because of their confused tongues, I named thee Division-that is, 'Peleg.'"

To-day has another Confusion come upon the earth; not a confusion of tongues, for the people have learned through centuries of living side by side upon the expanding flat earth that has now become after thousands of years a whirling spherical planet in a measureless universe-have learned, despite the fact that Esperanto and Volapük have not made great headway, to understand one another by teaching their children other tongues as well as their own and by employing interpreters (liaison

officers, as they are called who now go between the Allies of differing speech).

A month ago I attended in Syracuse a supper at which there were present representatives of more peoples than were gath ered at Pentecost, and we were able to understand one another despite our diverse inherited tongues. That was because we are all, in this great democracy, coming to learn one language; learning it not in a moment, as did those who were all assembled "with one accord in that one place" long ago, but through hours and days and nights of our Americanizing schools. What I saw then is but a prophecy, I hope, of what is to come throughout the State and Nation; for if we are to go unitedly toward those ideals to which America is committed in the history of the ages that have been and for which she is fighting in the present, we must, for practical reasons as well as for reasons of a sentiment that would preserve those ideals in the language in which they were first conceived and expressed, have a common language.

How practical is the need of a language in this country, common to all tongues, is illustrated by what I saw in one of the great cantonments a few nights ago. In the mess hall, where I had sat an hour before with a company of the men of the National Army, a few small groups were gathered along the tables learning English under the tuition of some of their comrades, one of whom had been a district supervisor in a neighboring State and another a theological student. In one of those groups one of the exercises for the evening consisted in practicing the challenge when on sentry duty. Each pupil of the group (there were four of Italian and two of Slavic birth) shouldered in turn the long-handled stove-shovel and aimed it at the teacher, who ran along the side of the room as if to evade the guard. The pupil called out in broken speech, "Halt! Who goes there?" The answer came from the teacher, "Friend." And then, in as yet unintelligible English (the voices of innumerable ancestors struggling in their throats to pronounce it), the words, "Advance and give the countersign." "So are those of confused tongues learning to speak the language of the land they have been summoned to defend. What a commentary upon our educational shortcoming that in the days of peace we had not taught these men, who have been here long enough to be citizens (and tens of thousands of their brothers with them). to know the language in which our history and laws are written and in which the commands of defense must now be given! May the end of this decade, though so near, find every citizen of our State prepared to challenge, in one tongue and heart, the purposes of all who come, with the cry, "Who goes there?"

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This view of one of the streets along the Lake front shows the appearance of Chicago after what is said to be the heaviest snowfall in twenty years

(c) INTERNATIONAL FILM SERVICE

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