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"Tribune," it stopped work on no less than seventy-seven ships, aggregating 638,000 tons.

142 for the Navy, and 4 shipped overseas. The report continues:

The production of Liberty motors to date is, of course, gravely disappointing. .. In spite of the unanimous testimony of motor experts along this line, the Government officials having the manufacture of the Liberty motor in charge have made the mistake of leading the public and the Allied nations to the belief that many thousands of these motors would be completed in the spring of 1918.

The delay in production may be due in some degree to engineering and manufacturing errors, but the majority report points out what seems a more serious defect:

Your Committee is convinced that much of the delay in producing completed combat planes is due to ignorance of the art, and to failure to organize the effort in such a way as to centralize authority and bring about quick decision. A certain aloofness in dealing with persons possessing information based upon experience, an apparent intention of confining the actual production to a restricted number of concerns, and a failure of the officials in charge of the work to grasp the situation in a broader way and seize the best upon approved foreign engines and planes, and to proceed promptly to build as many as possible for the campaign of 1918, have contributed to the failure.

What should be done? The production of aircraft should be controlled by one executive officer. This has long been evident. In the second place, the matter of production should be taken out of the hands of the Signal Corps entirely. In the third place, no one who has any interest in a company manufacturing airplanes or engines should act as adviser or be in authority.

These three recommendations are made by the majority report. In order to put the first into practice, Senator Sheppard, one of the authors of the minority report, a year ago introduced a bill creating a Department of Aeronautics, with a Secretary in the Cabinet. But this proposed change did not meet with sympathy from the Administration. Representative Hulbert later introduced a joint resolution providing for the creation of a Commission on Aerial Navigation. But it did not receive sufficient support from the leaders in the House. Representative Gould, on April 12, introduced a bill abolishing the present Aircraft Production Board. It would create the office of Aircraft Administrator, who would have entire charge of aircraft production for the Army and Navy and who would have at hand several assistant administrators, and have authority to lease, buy, or build all necessary office space. To his office there would be transferred the aeronautic section of the Signal Corps of the War Department and the office of Naval Aeronautics of the Navy Department. An appropriation of $25,000,000 would be made to carry out the provisions of this bill.

Legislation passed by the British Parliament last autumn gives military and naval aeronautics a position of great importance. Although the British Cabinet has consisted of twentythree men, it has added a new member, who is Secretary of State for the Air Force. Whether our proposed Aircraft Administrator be an official like our Food and Fuel Administrators, or a Secretary with a seat in the Cabinet, his appointment should mark a new stage in the history of the Nation's armed forcesthe official recognition that the air force has now become as distinct a department as is the Army or the Navy.

STEEL AND SHIPS

The course of the war has given to Japan a great opportunity for transportation as far as ships are concerned. As ships of every nation have been withdrawn from ocean traffic, Japanese ships have taken their places.

But this ship traffic development has been surpassed by the Japanese ship-building development. Last year Japan built nearly a million tons of shipping, a growth of almost five times the largest amount built in any year before the war.

For ship-building steel plates are needed. Pig iron is the basis of steel-making, but Japan's production of pig iron is less than 600,000 tons. Hence she must get steel from other countries. England is closed to export trade at present. The United States has not been closed as regards steel delivery, but our Government recently put an embargo on it. Of course this was a blow to Japan. According to a writer in the New York

Japan needs steel. We need ships. Should not one need offset the other?

An effort has been made in this direction. It was emphasized by the Ishii Mission. According to the popular notion, the effort had three stages-namely, our attempt to obtain with Japan an agreement under which we should release from embargo a ton of steel for three tons of Japanese shipping, then a ton for two tons, and, finally, a ton for one ton. This notion needs modification. Three necessary factors have influenced the negotiations. They are the amount of steel to be released, the price to be paid per ton for ships, and the dates of their delivery. Thus the final ratio of ton for ton represents the compensation to the Japanese for more advantageous conditions to us in other respects, and also for a direct contribution of some 18,000,000 yen ($9,000,000) from Japan. The release of the steel ton for ton was a variant factor in the negotiations of the same character as the price per ton.

Steamers of about 100,000 tons capacity have now been purchased by us from Japan, we are glad to say. They will be operated by our Navy or by the Federal Shipping Board. They will fly our flag and remain in our possession. The first of the steamers will be delivered at American ports in May, and the last in December.

With one exception, all these vessels are large modern steamers of 6,000 tons or more. None are over two years old, and some, indeed, are still awaiting completion.

As to steamers for later delivery, our War Trade Board is now negotiating for the purchase outright of some 200,000 tons and expects to charter an additional 150,000 tons.

The relations between the private companies in America selling steel to Japan and the private companies in Japan selling ships to this country are not affected except as limited in amount by this arrangement.

The comment of the press in both countries-for instance, of such representative papers as the New York "Times" and the Tokyo "Jiji" (Current Events) is that the furnishing of tonnage for Allied war needs is a patriotic contribution to Allied war purposes. We heartily agree.

TOTAL ABSTINENCE FROM WHEAT FLOUR

On April 14 amendments to the Federal Food Administration's baking rules became effective. The substitute content of all bread and rolls must be increased from its present twenty per cent requirement to twenty-five per cent. No less than eighty-four bakers in New York City alone disregarded this rule, and on April 15 were summoned to appear before the local Food Administrator. Moreover, during the previous week some two hundred complaints had been received against New York City bakers who had been lax with regard to the twenty per cent rule. The result of these complaints was that the business of nineteen bakery establishments was suspended for three days, and the Administration announced that even more drastic measures would be invoked if bakers persisted in disregarding rules. It is a satisfaction to report such summary

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Under the new rules, no public eating-place may serve more than two ounces of bread and rolls or more than four ounces of quick bread to any one person at any one meal.

These measures are, after all, only subsidiary to the Food Administration's present aim, which is total abstinence from wheat flour. It points out, in the first place, that there is an abundance of corn flour and corn-meal to supply our needs until after the next harvest. In the second place, on April 15

Mr. Hoover, Federal Food Administrator, telegraphed as follows:

In order that the food value of the present large available supply of potatoes may not be lost, and that it may be utilized to relieve the strain in our fast diminishing stock of wheat, which is so much needed by our Army and Navy and Allies, I hope you will do everything possible to promote the potatoes campaign.

Surely the present large supplies both of corn and potato substitutes for wheat should be utilized, especially that of potatoes, since the time is very short in which last year's supply

will be available for food.

WHEAT NOT INDISPENSABLE

We are in the habit of regarding wheat as an indispensable article of diet. "It isn't," asserted Dr. Alonzo Taylor, of the Federal Food Administration, in his recent address at Washington before the hotel men. "It is an article of luxury and absolutely nothing else." Dr. Taylor continued:

Wheat possesses over oats, corn, and rice absolutely no nutritional quality for man or beast. It has no more protein and no better protein. It has no more fat and no different fat. It has no mineral salt better or in larger amounts. It has no more fuel or better fuel.

The Outlook has asked a number of eminent dietitians whether they agree with Dr. Taylor's conclusions. Their letters to us show that they do so agree. We condense their opinions

as follows:

Certain food elements are essential to life. One of these is protein (from two Greek words meaning "first" and "in"). the first essential part of food, as found in the gluten of flour, and fibrin of the blood, and coming from nitrogen, that gas egg, which forms three-quarters of the weight of the atmosphere. As distinguished from Dr. Taylor's assertion, there is an opinion that wheat flour contains rather more protein than do most flours. But protein can be furnished in many forms. It is not essential that the body get it from wheat.

The second essential food element is that of carbohydrates. As the name indicates, carbohydrates are organic bodies containing carbon atoms and water. Barley flour, oat flour, rice flour, or rye flour can furnish carbohydrates quite as well as can wheat flour.

The next essential food elements are fats and salts, which are referred to above by Dr. Taylor.

The fifth and essential food element is composed of certain substances known as "vitamines." Their precise chemical nature has not been determined as yet. They exist in milk, in most vegetables, and in most forms of animal food. But they are very scant in some cereals (being almost entirely absent in polished rice; hence the people who have this as their chief food develop a disease known as beriberi).

According to an eminent authority, the composition of different grains is as follows:

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Thus there are substitutes for wheat containing all the essential elements which serve equally well for nourishment.

A child grows perfectly well without any wheat at all up to the age of one year, and there is no reason why children should not be able to get along after this time if they live on other cereals. For people in general there is no danger if they eat every day from each of the following five groupsproteins, fats, cereals, sugars, and green vegetables.

As Dr. Taylor says: "Our predilection for wheat is solely a question of taste, comfort, and convenience; it is absolutely nothing else." It is true that wheat is easier to prepare than oats and rice and barley; it is true that wheat makes the most palatable bread, the lightest bread, the bread that is best transported, and the bread that keeps moist and sweet longest.

But it is precisely because wheat thus lends itself to the consumer's convenience that we ought to send it to Europe.

We are asked now by the Food Administration to treat rye just like wheat. Even with that cereal eliminated as well as wheat we have left cereals in abundance.

FARMING IN FRANCE

"The French soldiers are largely agriculturists, and nothing could comfort them more than to see their fields cultivated. planted, and harvested. Associations such as yours render not only great material aid but contribute in a large measure to the maintenance of the good morale of the troops.'

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These words from General Pétain were fitly used in writing to an organization which, almost from the beginning of the war. has not only ministered to injured French soldiers, supplying more than three thousand hospitals in France, but has also ministered to those coming out of the hospitals and to their families. Indeed, the necessity for this latter endeavor has been so insis tent as to lead to the natural transformation of the Civilian Committee of the American Fund for French Wounded (the organization in question) into a separate organization, the American Committee for Devastated France.

General Pétain assigned the region of the river Aisne as a field for the Committee's activity. The Aisne is an affluent of the Oise, as the Oise is of the Seine. The chief city of the Aisne is Soissons. The Aisne Valley is an east-to-west valley. It lies south of the present German drive. From this valley the Germans withdrew many months ago, leaving it desolate. They had destroyed crops and fruit trees. They had tumbled the houses down, stone upon stone. They had made farming tools and machines useless. The women and children and the aged had mostly fled the country. Those who remained were hidden in caves and shattered cellars of the ruined houses.

The work of the American Committee for Devastated France.

however, has been emphatically that of the countryside. The only rebuilding it has done is to patch up half-ruined houses to make them habitable (sometimes the stones of a house bombed by the Germans can be set up again to shelter the very family that owned it) and to co-operate with the Government in the effort towards housing homeless people in temporary wooden structures. The French peasants have never lived in wooden houses, and some diplomacy has been necessary to get them to sign the contract required by the Government providing that the cost of the wooden house shall be taken out of their share of the war indemnity.

As we cannot ship enough food from America to France to feed all the hungry people there, we must help them to raise their own food. In the Aisne Valley, through the Minister of Agriculture, the Committee obtained tractors and plowed many acres of land that had been covered with barbed wire. It planted with grain some 3,000 hectares (about 7,000 acres) and set out over 7,000 fruit trees to replace those destroyed by the Germans. The Committee has also replaced farm implements. and has provided live stock of domestic animals, including cows, It has established dairies, dispensaries for sick children, and schools for manual training.

Women and children, who for three years have been without milk, are now getting a daily supply. Small boys have bee taught to make the furniture for their new homes. Old men and women have had their courage restored. Above all, the soldiers courage and faith have been restored because they see that their women and children, their fathers and mothers, eager to return home, have found conditions made possible for that return. As the recent report of the French Academy of Agricultur says, the American Committee has accomplished wonders in reconstructing the soil and in cultivating the fields.

We are permitted to quote from a telegram dated April from Mrs. Anne Dike, who with Miss Anne Morgan is directing the work. It describes conditions as they have existed since the beginning of the present German drive:

Desperately busy caring for refugees in great distress.. More than ever we must be prepared to help a magnificent nation " carry on."... Morale of our evacuated families marvelous. All depending upon us to protect and help their interests. This work appeals greatly to American sympathy. It need

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funds. Its American office is situated at 16 East Thirtyninth Street, New York City. We earnestly hope that many of our readers will help in this fine and humane relief work.

"THE OLD WAR HORSE OF REFORM"

A little over seventy-five years ago Rudolph Blankenburg, who died on April 12 in Philadelphia, was born at Hillentrup, in the province of Lippe-Detmold, Germany. He was the son of the village pastor. In 1865 he came to America. He obtained a clerkship with a Philadelphia firm of dress goods manufacturers. Nine years later Rudolph went into business for himself as an importer and wholesaler of cotton textile fabrics.

He had been naturalized the year before. Aroused by the ballot-box stuffing, the bribery and graft, of that day, he began his political career. "We hear the slogan the city beautiful.' Give me the city clean, the city honest, the city healthful, the city moral, the city orderly, and we shall have the city beautiful for the mere asking." This was his announced plat form. He soon became active in Philadelphia politics. He championed every movement for the city's release from boss rule. Under so-called boss rule," he declared, "every one connected with the Government of the city is a slave, no matter whether he bears the title of Mayor or holds the smallest and lowest-paid post in the public service." Moreover, he added, "the Government of a city is a business enterprise. It is neither a shelter nor a recruiting station for politicians.'

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Always a stanch Republican, he fought Republican and Democratic bosses alike. "I have not always voted the so-called Republican ticket in Philadelphia," he would say, sarcastically, 66 because it was Republican on the surface only and hid under this surface a selfish aggregation of spoilmongers."

He was a big, broad-shouldered man, very German in appearance, and a popular idol among the German population of Philadelphia. He was a ready speaker. But he steadily refused to make public addresses in the German language; he would say, "I like to remember the land where I was born, but I do not intend to conserve, still less to foster, German customs and German institutions in my adopted country."

For forty years Rudolph Blankenburg fought all the bosses of all parties. Finally came victory. In 1911 he was elected Mayor. Then he made good his promises of what ought to be done and of what he would do. He immediately stopped assessments of the police and other office-holders by ward leaders, developed a thoroughly independent police force, imposed a stricter supervision on saloons, overthrew the gang of contractors who had been running the city to suit themselves, drove graft out of the municipal departments, rearranged the tax system, gave impetus to port improvements, and started a comprehensive transit plan. But the highest achievement of his administration he affirmed to be "the fact, admitted even by my most bitter enemies, that during my administration elections have been absolutely fair, absolutely free from violence or intimidation, absolutely offering the humblest citizen opportunity for him to express without fear and without favor his honest wish in regard to the selection of candidates for office."

Since the beginning of the war Mr. Blankenburg gave his efforts to a patient, determined pursuit of the hope that by arousing the people of Germany against their autocratic rulers he could help win the war. He was one of the forces among the "Friends of German Democracy." He could never be convinced that the German people, as a whole, would continue in their submission to the war lords. On his seventy-fifth birthday, last February, he said: "The thing I am most interested in now is the democratization of Germany. The war must be won, even if we old men have to get out and shoulder muskets, and I feel that I should contribute my bit to end autocracy." May this be an example to the German-born in this country who have not yet seen clearly their plain duty!

Honesty, patriotism, purity of purpose, courage--these quali ties distinguished this sturdy crusader. No wonder that, with his record, men called him the "Old War Horse of Reform." The German ideal of efficiency and the American ideal of democracy found fit union in him.

WHAT THE FARMER CAN DO IN WAR TIME FARMER

Mr. B. F. Harris, a banker and farmer of Champaign, Illinois, and Vice-Chairman of the Illinois State Council of Defense, sends us some interesting figures concerning food production on the farm during the Civil War. They show, he says, "what farmer folk can do when they get roused to the fact that they are in a fight for their lives and their more precious lib. erty." During the Civil War the State of Illinois sent into the army 259,000 men, which was over fifteen per cent of her popu lation. Indiana sent somewhat more than fourteen per cent of her population, amounting to over 197,000 men. Both States were agricultural, and these large quotas must have drained the farms enormously of labor, and yet "Indiana produced over 241,000,000 bushels of the five grains (corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats) in two years, 1864-65, as compared with 198,000,000 bushels in 1862-63," and the production in the latter two years was greater than in a similar period before the war.

The record of Illinois during that war is even more marked. In the two years 1864-65 that State produced 430,000,000 bushels of the five grains from fifteen and a half million acres, while in the previous two years the State farmed only 14,000,000 acres and produced 326,000,000 bushels of grain. Thus, as the war went on, both the acreage and the amount produced per acre increased. In fact, statistics show that during the five years fol lowing the Civil War the State of Illinois produced less corn and less wheat both in volume and per acre than she did during the five years of warfare. Upon these striking figures Mr. Harris makes this pertinent comment:

There are those who tell us that we cannot again, during this war, produce so large a crop as we did this year. How about it, farmers of Illinois? Are you as good as your fathers and grandfathers when, proportionately, only one-tenth as many of us are fighting now as in 1861-65? Of course our soil is not so rich, and we have relatively more industries using men, but we have lots of machinery-the tractor, particularly. Let's go to it, and beat our record while we are beating the Kaiser!

"THE ANGELIC PORCUPINE"

Some persons found the late Henry Adams only rasping and caustic. Others, who penetrated the crust, found him an affectionate and charming companion. John Hay and John La Farge found him so. Mr. Hay, indeed, linked Mr. Adams's hidden intimate side with his somewhat formidable exterior in dubbing him "the Angelic Porcupine." The many letters which passed between the two over a long series of years are proof that the cynic and hermit was neither to Mr. Hay, and that Adams's brilliant mind knew how to value Hay's.

With Mr. La Farge Adams traveled much, particularly in Japan (1886), and in Samoa, Tahiti, and Fiji (1891-2). Adams had already spent two years on the European Continent, and from 1861-8 had been in England, acting as secretary to his father, Charles Francis Adams, the American Minister.

The son was born in Boston a little over eighty years ago. He was graduated from Harvard, being class-day orator. In 1870 he returned to Harvard as Assistant Professor of History, a position he held for seven years. Later he published his "History of the United States under the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison," a work in nine volumes, full of care. fully selected detail, written in impartial vein and deserving of greater fame than it has won. His half-dozen other volumes comprise his well-known "Mont St. Michel and Chartres." biographies of Albert Gallatin and John Randolph, and his torical essays.

But his most characteristic work has not yet been given to the world. Only a few large-print copies were struck off for private distribution. Those who have been fortunate enough to read this work, "The Education of Henry Adams," have found in it a marvelously sarcastic, humorous, and amusing account of Boston and Harvard. We hope that the volume may soon be made

accessible to all.

SEWAGE PURIFICATION

New York City has long borne an enviable reputation re garding the purity and wholesomeness of its water supply. All

the more reason, then, for public alarm at anything which would contaminate it.

In 1910 the New York State Legislature passed a law for the purchase of the Mohansic watershed in Westchester County as a site for a State hospital and a State training school for boys. Governor Sulzer was petitioned to ask for the repeal of this law on the ground that the sewage from these institutions would imperil the health of the near-by metropolis by endangering its water supply. On the other hand, it was stated that sewage could be purified. The question at issue thus became, whether any method of sewage purification could make sewage a wholesome beverage when mixed with drinking water.

The matter was referred to the State Commissioner of Health for report. Though he had previously given his approval, he now reversed his view and disapproved the sewage scheme. A repeal bill was introduced. It passed both branches of the Legislature and was sent to Governor Glynn, who had succeeded Mr. Sulzer, for approval. Governor Glynn vetoed the

measure.

Then came Governor Whitman. When the peril of the situation was pointed out to him, he ordered all construction work stopped on the State institutions on the watershed. This blocked the proposed contamination. For two legislative sessions, however, a battle was waged to carry out the project, and it would have succeeded except for Mr. Whitman's declaration that his signature could not be had. Bills were introduced, it is true, providing for the removal of the institutions from the watershed, and also prohibiting the construction of State institutions on any watershed which furnishes a water supply to any municipality in the State. But these bills were repeatedly killed. A bill prepared by the Merchants' Association of New York was then introduced.

By its terms the establishment of the proposed public institutions is completely prevented. The Mohansic watershed becomes a public reservation for the purpose of a State park. Its control will be vested in a Commission authorized to manage and develop the reservation, establish golf courses, baseball grounds, children's playgrounds, and other places of recreation, the reservation to be preserved in its natural state, and to be forever kept open free to all mankind. The property in the control of the State hospital and the New York State training school for boys is turned over to this Commission and the appropriations for the construction of the hospital and the training school turned back into the State's general fund.

The query may arise: : Why should there be less danger from the sewage of many excursion parties and from the use of.the watershed for farm purposes than from the proposed hospital and training school? The answer is that these institutions would eventually have had some five thousand inmates, together with a considerable adjacent population. The sewage of the institutions was to have discharged directly into New York City's water supply. Under the bill favored by the Merchants' Association the hospital is entirely abandoned and the training school site restricted to a maximum of fifty persons. This is less than the number that would be present if the sites were used for ordinary farming purposes.

The bill for the protection of the watershed has passed the Legislature, we are glad to add, and is before the Governor. It should end the struggle to remove a menace to the metropolis.

FREE ADMISSION TO MUSEUMS

Museums of art and other museums should be open to the public the greatest possible time. In Europe, where the larger museums are controlled by the various governments, it is possible to adopt a more or less uniform arrangement. In our country some museums are the results of bequests, others are conducted by municipalities, and still others are private corporations whose members pay annual dues so that the museum may do a public service. Hence it is not easy to lay down a uniform rule, which shall be just to all American museums, governing the admission of the public to them..

In their early days most of our museums had little money. It was absolutely necessary to charge for admission. Little by little the charge has been removed-one, two, three, four, five days a week. At present many museums have, say, four free

days and three pay days or five free days and two pay days a week. They could not make all days free days because the sums received from entrance fees have, as a writer in the Boston Museum "Bulletin" remarks, been "a source of revenue too considerable to neglect." These sums, together with those from private gifts, have constituted the sole support of the Boston Museum and of many others.

The Boston Museum nevertheless has now taken a notable step. Its trustees have voted that, until further notice, it shall be open free. It may well take pride in this evidence that its intents and purposes are those of a public institution.

There is still something, however, to be said for paid days at museums. They insure quiet to students, and especially to those who are copying works of art-the students and copyists are admitted free. They also serve to protect visitors from too great crowds, and many visitors are glad to pay for this privilege. Some of them think, we fancy, that in our democratic tendencies there may be danger of making art too cheap. Not a few persons assume that because the opportunity of viewing a picture is given to a hundred people it will be equally appreciated. If one person were carefully selected to enjoy the opportunity, the picture might find infinitely greater appreciation than the hundred could bestow upon it.

BOOZE OR COAL

One munitions plant that we know of employs eighteen hundred men and runs twenty-four hours a day. That plant consumes hundreds of tons of coal a month. Three years ago it was not in existence. All over the land similar industries of mushroom growth have created such a sudden and insistent demand for fuel that the mines are overwhelmed.

At the same time the mining forces are being depleted. In mid-January the United Mine Workers of America held at Indianapolis their twenty-sixth Convention. They displayed a Service banner containing 19,135 stars, and it was stated that in their ranks the men still subject to draft numbered 64,604. Furthermore, operators are continually complaining that miners are leaving the mines to go to work in munitions plants. It is evident, then, that as the demand for coal increases the force of miners decreases.

But the worst feature of the situation is that the mines are not run at anything near their capacity. Despite this cry for coal and this decrease in mining forces, the production in the mines is kept below capacity ten, fifteen, twenty, and in some cases probably forty per cent. And one of the things that holds production down is booze.

Late last October one thousand coal operators met at Pittsburgh and by a unanimous vote passed a resolution asking the Government to close saloons and drinking clubs within a radius of five miles of each mine. They foresaw what was coming and knew that the only possible road of escape was to take booze away from the miners.

Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, is the center of a great bituminous coal industry. Last fall, according to a despatch to the Philadelphia "North American," the Clearfield County Committee of Public Safety addressed resolutions to the county court praying that steps be taken by the court, in conjunction with the courts of adjoining counties in the bituminous coal region, to end the traffic in intoxicating liquors during the period of the war. "Clearfield County," said this resolution, "has a great output. Coal operators claim that at least two days each week are lost at the mines because of drink."

The United States Cast-Iron Pipe and Foundry Company, of Burlington, kept secret records for a year of one hundred employees. Half of these men were drinkers, half total abstainers. The drinkers lost on the average eight days a month apiece, while the abstainers were absent from their posts less than one day a month each. It is fair to assume, then, that coal-miners will show as striking a discrepancy.

Unfortunately, the situation grows worse instead of better. Never have the miners received such wages as they are drawing now. And those who drink, drink more than ever. Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, had 1,150 saloons last year, of which 1,000 were in the mining regions. In one mining town in that county, it is said, there is one saloon for every thirteen regis

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