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naturally at sea as once we did on land? What of this society in which at first we were interlopers, and of which we gradually have come to form a part?

It lacks the refinements, or what we are pleased to call the refinements, of the land. There are no artificialities, no affecta. tions, no reserves. It is a point-blank sort of life. It bowls you over. It continues to bowl you over as long as you permit. Eventually you stand more squarely on your feet. You've got to. You must have your footing to meet the shock of green water that comes over the bow in storm; another sort of footing to meet the impact of crude human relationships. The very act of shaking hands is a bone-crushing process.

The sea permits no luxuries, no indulgences. The life of the sea is the struggle for self-preservation twenty-four hours in the twenty-four. There is no room for aught but indispensable comforts, no time for distractions. Men of the sea are men stripped to their basic selves, their qualities, good and bad, on the scale of their heavy-muscled bodies-not supermen, but men with no veneer to cloak them. The gob, as he first comes among them, is a fragile thing.

There will be an influx of a new virility come to America through the war, from Army and Navy both, and with it a new democracy. There will be no room for the snob, the man who, from whatever mistaken notion of himself, feels himself superior and holds himself aloof. One half will know how the other half

65

lives, having pooled their lives, and all will know something more and be more conscious of the realm of the sea, its life, which since the days of clipper ships America has neglected.

The gob has a significance greater than his present-service. He forms the nucleus of a new body of seamen recruited from the land. America is turning again to the sea, is becoming again one of the maritime nations of the world. Not only has the war, which has depleted the shipping of other peoples, increased her own-that is but a beginning. It is her interests which have gone to sea, and she must follow. She has stepped from the seclusion of her Western Hemisphere and entered, finally, into the competition for existence among nations. She has assumed European financial dependency. Her blood is sprinkled on European soil. The sea and the pathways of the sea are to be the roads of her new, greater development.

It does not follow that those of us who are learning the way of life on salt water will, when hostilities cease, continue our present occupation. Some, probably, will continue of inclination, some will be forced to remain through inability to wedge their way into civil occupations when peace will flood all strata of these occupations with suddenly released and surplus men. The proportion matters little. Whether we stay or whether we go, we shall bear a new knowledge, a broader vision. This, in degree as it is intelligent, will be a directing force to our country in her new international position.

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And drooped his leaves and made no stir

All day long in the wood,

Nor moved his branches on the air
When night came up the road.

They have no way they can forget
The tall young trees of France;
There is the drip of something wet,

They neither laugh nor dance.
They keep in mind the hickory,

The hawthorn and the pine,

The hazel and the poplar tree

That go down in a line,

How they go stepping quietly

In white moonshine

And make no murmur as they go,

The white pine and the red,

And take their footsteps small and slow

Among the rows of dead.

They hear the birch has given his white

Young body to be slain;

The golden larch, all day and night,

Upon his face has lain;

The olives cannot stand upright,

Their shoes let in the rain.

They think of how the willows have

Been beaten to their knees;

And sycamores, that were so brave,
Are scarred, grim ghosts of trees.
They gravely name the tamarack
And whisper when they tell
Of aspens who brought nothing back
But bodies out of hell.

All day the sad trees did not wink
Their shining leaves, nor dance;
They were remembering, I think,
The tall young trees of France.

WEEKLY OUTLINE STUDY OF

CURRENT HISTORY

BY J. MADISON GATHANY, A.M.

HOPE STREET HIGH SCHOOL, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Based on The Outlook of January 2, 1918

Each week an Outline Study of Current History based on the preceding number of The Outlook will be printed for the benefit of current events classes, debating clubs, teachers of history and of English, and the like, and for use in the home and by such individual readers as may desire suggestions in the serious study of current history.-THE EDITORS.

(Those who are using the weekly outline should not attempt to cover the whole of an outline in any one lesson or study. Assign for one lesson selected questions, one or two propositions for discussion, and only such words as are found in the material assigned. Or distribute selected questions among different members of the class or group and have them report their findings to all when assembled. Then have all discuss the questions together.]

I-INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

A. Topic: The Peace of Vassalage; Pa-
tience with Russia.
Reference: Pages 5; 17, 18.
Questions:

1. What has The Outlook said which tends to show that if Russia makes peace with Germany it will be a peace of serfdom? 2. For what reason is Trotsky seeking peace with Germany? 3. How many reasons can you give why Germany does with not make definite proposals of peace Russia? 4. What has Mr. Goldenweiser said (page 17) about American opinion of Russia? What does he think of this opinion? 5. For what reasons does Mr. Goldenweiser believe Russia has not lost her significance as a military force for the present or the future? 6. What do you find in this article ("Patience with Russia") as to who the Bolsheviki are and what their future influence on Russian politics will be? 7. Mr. Goldenweiser speaks of "the blessings of an orderly state organism." How is such an organism produced? What are the "blessings" of such an institution? 8. Study the cartoons on the Russian situation on page 18. Name and discuss the things that these cartoons suggest to you. B. Topic: Restoration, Reparation; AlsaceLorraine; Sense Common and Pre

ferred.

Reference: Page 5; editorial, page 11; 20-22.

Questions:

1. What points did Lloyd George make in his speech on December 20, 1917? Of these which ones ought to receive special attention by Americans? Reasons. 2. Distinguish carefully between restoration and reparation. What, in your opinion, ought Germany to do about these two matters? 3. For what reasons would or would you not allow Germany to join a league of nations at the present time? 4. Which do you prefer, peace with Germany by negotiation or by military victory? Your reasons. 5. For what reasons does The Outlook (page 11) believe the disposition of AlsaceLorraine by a plebiscite of its inhabitants would be wrong? 6. Tell somewhat at length how Germany has ruled Alsace-Lorraine. 7. What view of the Kaiser and of Germany does Irving Bacheller (pages 20-22) set forth? Is there sufficient evidence that Mr. Bacheller has kept to the facts of German history and German teaching? 8. By all means read Hazen's "AlsaceLorraine Under German Rule" (Holt); Bang's "Hurrah and Hallelujah" (Doran); F. A. Smith's "The Soul of Germany (Doran); Hill's "The Rebuilding of Europe" (Century); Ruth Putnam's "Alsace and Lorraine" (Putnams).

C. Topic: Should Austria-Hungary be

Dissolved?

Reference: Pages 22-24, 28.
Questions:

1. What information do you gather about
the population of Austria-Hungary from
Mr. de Lanux's article? 2. Mr. de Lanux
says that "each faction of the Austrian
Empire wants autonomy and works for it."
Why don't these various factions get auton-
omy? 3. According to this article, what is
Germany's relation to Austria-Hungary?
What is Germany's object of interest in
Austria-Hungary? 4. What recommenda-
tions would you make to Austria-Hungary
and to the factions there? 5. This article
suggests the problem of nationality in his-
tory. What is that problem? How would
you solve it? 6. Do you think Austria-
Hungary should be dissolved? Discuss your
reasons. 7. Books much worth while read-
ing on this topic are Hazen's "Europe
Since 1915" (Holt)-see index;
"Seven
Years in Vienna" (Houghton Mifflin)-
author's name not given; Rose's "Nation-
ality in Modern History" (Macmillan);
Laski's "The Problem of Sovereignty
(Yale University Press).

II-LOCAL AFFAIRS

Topic: Boston Comes Across.
Reference: Pages 15-17.
Questions:

1. What reasons does Professor Munro

assign for the defeat of Mayor Curley? 2. Should a mayor be defeated for such reasons? Discuss. 3. Do you think it is possible for a mayor to conduct his administration in a wholly non-partisan spirit? Tell why or why not. 4. Compare the merits of the mayor-council form, the commission form, and the city-manager form of municipal government. Which form would you advocate for your city? Give several reasons. 5. Read liberally in three very useful books: "The City the Hope of Democracy," by F. C. Howe (Scribners); "American Municipal Progress," by C. Zueblin (Macmillan); "The Government of American Cities," by W. B. Munro (Macmillan).

III-PROPOSITIONS FOR DISCUSSION (These propositions are suggested directly or indirectly by the subject-matter of The Outlook, but not discussed in it.)

1. It is impossible to rid American cities of corruption. 2. Democracy is government by argument. 3. The disposition of AlsaceLorraine is a world question.

IV-VOCABULARY BUILDING

(All of the following words and expressions are found in The Outlook for January 2, 1918. Both before and after looking them up in the dictionary or elsewhere, give their meaning in your own words. The figures in parentheses refer to pages on which the words may be found.)

Knouting, samovars, a mob, the Bolsheviki (17); plebiscite, "Squatter Sovereignty" (11), pneumatic, humor, afflatus (20), sentiment, infinity, flatulency, pulchritude (21); neophyte, electorate, vernacular (16). A booklet suggesting methods of using the Weekly Outline of Current History will be sent on application

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This department will include descriptive notes, with or without brief comments, about books received by The Outlook. Many of the important books will have more extended and critical treatment later FICTION

Wolf-Cub (The): A Novel of Spain. By Patrick and Terence Casey. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. $1.40.

A story of romance and adventure, with the abduction of a hidalgo's daughter by a highwayman and bandolero as its chief incident.

HISTORY, POLITICAL ECONOMY, AND POLITICS England's Debt to India. By Lajpat Rai. B. W. Huebsch, New York. $2.

This author's manner is as eloquent as his matter is interesting. Readers may not agree with all his conclusions, but they will, we are sure, appreciate the wealth of information given concerning the economic conditions in India. It has been said that this largest part of the British Empire both in area and population will be the first to feel the levy in recompensing that Empire for its losses in the present war, and a discussion of this forms a feature of the book. We are also glad that it includes, as appropriate to an economic survey, a chapter on education and literacy. After perusing the volume readers will not be surprised that the author's panacea for Indian ills, economic and political, is found in home rule, self-government, and autonomy. Universal Training for Citizenship and

Public Service. By William H. Allen. The Macmillan Company, New York. $1.50. The somewhat arid title of this book scarcely suggests to the reader its really inspiring appeal. Replete with the latest ideas as to civic work, its discussion of the problems of citizenship that confront us now, and will confront us after the war, is terse, vigorous, and helpful to a high degree. Every public-spirited man and woman will find the book worth reading.

BOOKS FOR YOUNG FOLKS Little Taylor of the Winding Way (The). By Gertrude Crownfield. Illustrated. The Macmillan Company, New York. 60e. A pretty, fanciful story for little children.

BIOGRAPHY

Life and Letters of the Rev. Stopford A. Brooke. By Principal Lawrence Pearsall Jacks. 2 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $4.75.

An adequate and appreciative account of the life of the famous English clergyman and author who is best known for his fine Life of Frederick W. Robertson.

Paul Jones: His Exploits in English Seas During 1778-1780. Contemporary Accounts Collected from English Newspapers, with a Complete Bibliography. By Don C. Seitz. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $3.50. Makers of Our History. By John T. Faris. Illustrated. Ginn & Co., Boston. 80c. Portraits and Backgrounds. by Evangeline Wilbour Blashfield. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $2.50.

ESSAYS AND CRITICISM

Frenzied Fiction. By Stephen Leacock. The John Lane Company, New York. $1.25. This is Leacock at his best, and this best is better than others of his recent books. The fun is sly and penetrating; the bur lesque quality is sustained; the writing is that of a humorist, not that of a mere jokesmith.

History of American Journalism. By James Melvin Lee. Illustrated. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. $3.50.

A book of prime importance to all newspaper men who take an intelligent interest in their profession, of decided interest to the general reader on account of its lively style, and of real value to the student of

The New Books (Continued)

American life because of its comprehensiveness and its presentation of the ethics as well as the annals of its subject.

Patriotism-National and International. By Sir Charles Waldstein. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. $1.

TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION Book of New York (The). By Robert Shackleton. Illustrated. The Penn Publishing Company, Philadelphia. $2.50.

Rather desultory, but always agreeable in its talk about associations, historical incidents, ancient houses, superstitions of the ignorant population, childishness in municipal whims, modern growth, foreign districts, and other queer or famous aspects of New York.

Memories of Old Salem. Drawn from the
Letters of a Great-Grandmother. By Mary
Harrod Northend. Moffat, Yard & Co., New
York. $4.

Miss Northend has done more than any author of whom we think to make the reader of our day familiar with certain features of old New England life, both by agreeable description and by excellent photographs. She is, as one may say, a specialist on Salem. This volume is eminently attractive, both in its physical and pictorial form and in the curious information about old times and old things in Salem.

Our Hawaii. By Charmian Kittredge London (Mrs. Jack London). Illustrated. The Macmillan Company, New York. $2.25.

"What does the average middle-aged American know of the amazing history of this amazing native' people now voting as American citizens?" Mrs. London asks, referring to the Hawaiians. Her book answers the question in vivid characterizations of the land and the people, interwoven with intimate revelations of the character of her husband, the well-known novelist. The charms of Hawaii staggered even "Jack's " descriptive powers. "Of all lands of joy and beauty under the sun..." he said as he left it and could not finish his eulogy.

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Edited by James Hastings. Vol. IX-Mundas-Phrygians. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $7.

Religion and ethics being conterminous with human life from its lowest savagery to its highest civilization, one who opens for the first time this monumental work marvels at its wealth of information. All races, nations, tribes, and social groups, ancient and modern, tell the tale of their beliefs and practices. Even "Oahspe," a book-religion invented by an American dentist and followed by a tiny sect of "Faithists," is given its page. Art, biography, and history, the sciences and philosophies, contribute each its quota.

Great Love Stories of the Bible and Their Lessons for To-Day. By Billy Sunday. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $1.50.

In the Footsteps of St. Paul. By Francis E. Clark, D.D., LL.D. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $2.

This book is a boon to many unlikely to to have heard of such a masterpiece as Sir William Ramsay's" Paul the Traveller and Roman Citizen." No scientific interest induced Dr. Clark to visit all the cities visited by Paul. His express purpose was to see how these look to-day, so as to reconstruct the physical background and scenery of Paul's labors. His narrative aims to awaken the vivid realism in which their storied past rose there in imagination, and with it the inspiring personality of the great Apostle, dauntless, heroic, benign, and very

All at the Cost
Two Eggs

Ten Big Dishes of Quaker Oats

Here are facts to ponder in the days of high food cost.

of

Two eggs contain-in calories-about the same nutrition as a dish of Quaker Oats. Yet two eggs cost as much as ten big dishes.

So with many foods. Here is what some cost, compared with Quaker Oats, per unit of food value:

Bacon and eggs costs 7 times as much as
Quaker Oats. Ham and eggs 7 times as much.
Round Steak 9 times as much. Chicken 20
times as much. Bread about twice as much.

The reasons are these: Oats are plentiful and cheap. They sell today around 60 cents per bushel.

They yield in food value 1810 calories per pound. That's considerably more than wheat.

Oats stand first among grain foods in flavor and nutrition. As energy food and food for growth, they have an age-old fame.

Serve bigger dishes Make the whole breakfast on oats.

Mix Quaker Oats in your flour foods-for extra flavor, for lower cost, and to conserve our wheat.

Quaker Oats

The Supreme Oat Dainty

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WAR BOOKS

Inside the Russian Revolution. By Rheta Childe Dorr. Illustrated. The Macmillan Company, New York. $1.50.

"I went to Russia (in May, 1917) a Socialist by conviction, an ardent sympaI returned thizer with revolution. from Russia with the very clear conviction that the world will have to wait a while before it can establish any co-operative millenniums or before it can safely hand over the work of government to the man in the street." So says the author of this up-... most to-the-minute book. It furnishes excellent reading for the host of half-baked reformers who imagine that the world can be created anew overnight, and deserves a wide circulation both among these and among readers who take a saner point of

view.

EDUCATIONAL Pattou's French-English Manual for the Use of Physicians, Nurses, Ambulance Drivers, and Workers in Civilian Relief. By E. E. Pattou. Dodd, Mead & Co., -New York. $1.50.

Principles of Mental Hygiene (The). By William A. White, M.D. With an Introduction by Smith Ely Jelliffe, M.D., Ph.D. The Macmillan Company, New York. $2. Re-Education. An Analysis of the Institutional System of the United States. By George Edward Barton, A.I.A. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. $1.

SCIENCE

Applied Motion Study. A Collection of Papers on the Efficient Method to Industrial Preparedness. By Frank B. Gilbreth and L. M. Gilbreth, Ph.D. The Sturgis & Walton Company, New York. $1.50.

Short History of Science (A). By W. T. Sedgwick and H. W. Tyler. Illustrated. The Macmillan Company, New York. $2.50.

A vast subject is treated with breadth of view and keenness of insight in this book. It strikes a happy balance between the technical works that are meant for the special student and the works that deal so largely with abstract theories that they fail to grip the general reader. A good example of the work of specialists who know how to make their subject interesting to nonspecialists.

MISCELLANEOUS

Effective Public Speaking. The Essentials of Extempore Speaking and of Gesture. By Joseph A. Mosher, Ph.D. The Macmillan Company, New York. $1.50.

Furniture of the Olden Time. By Frances Clary Morse. Illustrated. New Edition. The Macmillan Company, New York. $6.

A new edition of a standard work that has made itself almost indispensable to people of taste in matters of household equipment. Many new illustrations are included, and there is a new chapter about mantels, doorways, and stairs. This is a book to make the reader feel proud of the workers and workmanship of the old days. Surgical Operations on President Cleve

land in 1893 (The). By William W. Keen, M.D., LL.D. George W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia.

Your War Taxes. By J. Frederick Essary. Introduction by Honorable F. M. Simmons. Moffat, Yard & Co., New York. $1. This is a discussion and interpretation of the new War and Income Tax Law. The author had the advantage of advice and assistance in its preparation from the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. McAdoo. The law is published in full (it fills seventyfive pages of the book), and in not much more space the author tells the layman in plain language just how it affects him and what it means.

PLAYING THE WAR GAME

BY LOWELL MASON

He is one of a hundred million

Who are learning how to fight. He doesn't pretend to know the game, So he's studying day and night. He isn't conceited of winningThe is all new to him; game But he's cool and he's keen and he's clever, And he's strong and he's full of vim, He's brave, and he doesn't mind dying, He's willing to sacrifice all;

But his sight is too clear for him simply to "cheer

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And then rush out to battle and fall.

Yet some people say he's a slacker,

And ask why he isn't in France.

But it's brains that will win, and he knows it,

And all that he asks is a chance!

So he's learning the game from the bottom; He's learning each trick and each "stunt;"

And I surely do pity the Germans

When this fellow gets to the front.
He is one of a hundred million

Who are learning how to fight.
He doesn't pretend to know the game,
But he's studying day and night.

NEW YORK-THE CITY OF
CONTRASTS

We quote from Robert Shackleton's "The Book of New York," just published:

9 January

tor in the corridor. And I have heard rich New Yorkers boast offensively of their riches.

...

I have seen an archbishop of New York, at his silver jubilee, the central figure of a magnificent service in the Cathedral, with hundreds of the priesthood and of churcbly dignitaries of this and other cities in his train, with pomp of silk and purple and cloth of gold, with the sounding of great bells and the triumphant pealing of the organ and the sound of singing voices and the music of the horns and cymbals and strings of a great orchestra, and with a mighty congregation packing every inch of the edifice; and I have seen the same archbishop conducting a service in the chapel on Blackwell's Island, looking with tears in his eyes at the massed array of paupers and prisoners and crippled and blind, but dressed in his splendid robes, in cope and surplice and stole of cloth of gold, and with a mighty golden miter upon his head, and in his hand a golden crozier, to show that High Mass on Blackwell's was the same as on Fifth Avenue. Instead of great reverberant bells, a little bell in a little greenslatted cupola rang forth its summons; instead of splendid organ and orchestra and choir, there were a crippled player at an old melodeon, and a choir of four blind and crippled derelicts; and I noticed that the tin vessels, just inside of the entrance, for the holy water were soon dipped empty, and it was pitiful to see the late comers groping eagerly in the dry vessels for the water which they could not find.

No part of the world is more busy, and at the same time more thronged, than the district of lower Broadway and Wall Street and the wholesale district during the day; and nowhere in the world is there a business district so deserted, so silent, so without life except for the solitary and infrequent policeman, as the mile after mile of this district at night. Nowhere in the world are there such lofty business structures and apartment-houses, yet these are bordered and interspersed with buildings of ordinary height; there are two-story buildings that have held their own while business has mounted to the sky beside them, and there are even vacant lots. There are the most expensive specialists in medicine and surgery, and there are hospitals with the most expensive and modern equipment where surgical and medical aid is given free.

There is the greatest and most reckless spending in the world, and there is the most pinching economy. You may stand beside some wealthy woman who negligently orders furs or gowns costing thousands, and in a few minutes may be in a shop where you will hear a poor child, who is buying a loaf of stale bread and a penny's worth of cheese, say to the clerk, "Mother wants you to cut it with the ham knife to give it a hammy taste."

...

While the number increases of those who with difficulty find ways to spend their money, the number also increases of those with no money to spend: I have seen the policeman, after midnight, moving stolidly from park bench to park bench, effectually rousing the homeless sleepers by blows upon their feet; I have seen the derelicts disappear doubtfully into the darkness; one cold morning at City Hall Park I saw two poor fellows, pathetically anxious to keep up their appearance, wash themselves at the fountain, wipe themselves with grimy handkerchiefs, and then step into the postoffice to dry the handkerchiefs on a radia

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COUNSEL TO A YOUNG
SOLDIER

The letter which follows was written by Mr. Thomas E. Clarke, until recently General Superintendent of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad and now Assistant to President Truesdale. Mr. Clarke served for two years in the Civil War, and saw hard fighting in Tennessee, Georgia, and the Carolinas. Toward the close of the war he was attached to General Sherman's staff. His one regret to-day is that he cannot go out to fight at the side of his young relative for the freedom and the principles of democracy.

The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad
Company, Office of Assistant to President.

T. E. Clarke,
Assistant to President.

My dear -:

Scranton, Pa., August 15, 1917.

I believe that you will do your bit by a complete and conscientious performance of duty; my thoughts and my prayers shall be with you constantly, but I do not mean by this that the occupation of soldier places you in greater need of divine protection than obtains with all mankind. "Preparedness" is the saving word. Warfare is sur rounded by many other dangers than those of the firing line, and indomitable courage is no less a requisite for safe emergence. To be brief and plain, I will merely cite my own experience. As you know, I entered the service when four or five years younger than your age to-day, and corre spondingly immature. My youth may have been my safeguard, but my inclinations, which I believe I see personified in you, were to avoid all the habits which cause social, mental, and physical depravity, namely: gambling, use of intoxicants, profanity, obscenity, vulgarity. And yet would not have you imagine that my asso

ciates were of low degree nor that the serv ice is, on the whole, degrading. On the contrary, I believe it compares favorably with our educational institutions in forming character, and, owing to peculiarity in dis cipline, regularity, seriousness, and the cosmopolitanism of their formations, I be lieve there is more real uplifting of men in

Counsel to a Young Soldier (Continued)

than obtains in any the army and navy other one service or occupation, all things considered.

I realize that there is but very little, if any, real need of admonishing you, but I am very fond of you and more than proud of your splendid character and mentality, so much of which is due to your own determined perseverance. I feel quite sure of your self-reliance and good purposes while in the service, and I trust that the service will feel itself honored in whatever honors it may confer upon you.

At the conclusion of this most unwarranted of all wars in the world's history, but to be the last for all time to come, sounding as it does the knell of autocracy and militarism, you will be welcomed back to civil life possessing the same fortitude for the future that you now have in giving serviceable loyalty to your country's cause. Just one thought more. Don't abuse your mind with imaginary dangers. Upon first hearing the roar of battle (remember this) there may be one here and there who fears for his soul, but men like you who have no cause for such fear will feel a thrill of patriotism and courage never dreamed of. Of course we do not know whether you will experience this on foreign soil or if at all, but there is an indescribable fascination about it. I am glad that you were already a volunteer, prepared for service when your country's call was made, and that you have no dependents to worry about, so that you may go with your mind freely on your "business," unfettered and unwearied.

...

Of course I do not mean that you will not think of home and friends, but try not to think of your loved ones as depressed in spirit; for there is too much at stake in this war, and as the fact becomes more apparent it will ameliorate their distress and increase their pride.

I have written at greater length than I intended, but I hope that what I have here written may be very satisfying to you and give you new and enduring inspiration, with increased confidence in the need and justice of the United States entering into this war for democracy and perpetual peace, as our President has so wisely deemed it our duty to do-to say nothing of our defense.

I am, most affectionately,
(Signed) T. E. CLARKE.

HOW THEY MAKE WAR IN

MESOPOTAMIA

EXTRACT FROM A LETTER WRITTEN BY A
BRITISH AVIATOR

Last week I had an interesting experience. I motored right up on to No Man's Land, then got out and examined our frontline trenches, walking along the parapet. It was about the middle of the forenoon. Imagine doing a thing like that in France! Why, here we even put up rifle butts out there for target practice. And we always hold our field days out there, often miles out. Really we carry on war out here on most sane principles. In the first place, we keep far enough away so that we cannot hurt one another. And we don't even do any bombing. Old Johnnie Turk comes and sits over our airdrome every Sunday morning at eleven (that's how we can always tell Sunday here), but he never drops a pill. And we aren't in the least inclined to start the bloody work. The same with poison gas and flamenwefer. They use far more common sense here than they do in France!

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