sword, and small Nubian arm-knife or poniard. They are often at war among themselves; but their principal enemies are the Bisharin or the Bishari Arabs, with whom they dispute the possession of the Nubian desert. They carry on some commerce in gum, senna, alum, natron, acacia-wood, charcoalwhich fuel is exported as far as Cairo-and lapis ollaris which they procure in the mountains about 20 m. E of Assouan. They have few horses, but an excellent breed of camels, particularly the Hadjin species of dromedaries, with which they supply the Ésneh market. A small number who have located themselves on the borders of Egypt at Sheikamer, Redesíyeh, and Daraoueh cultivate the dourah and maize.-Burckhardt, Rozière, Wilkinson, Ritter, &c. ABACAXIS, a river in the Brazilian prov. of Para, which rises in about 6° 30′ S lat., and 57° W long., and flows N into the Furo or Canoma, which falls into the Amazons, after a course of nearly 200 m. ABACEH, or SENEKA, a v. on the supposed line of the ancient canal of Suez, 12 m. SE from Bubastes, on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, and 39 W. from the Serapeum at the head of the wadi. There is a transverse dike at this place to exclude the waters of the Nile which during the annual inundation have sometimes, as in 1800, penetrated as far as the Serapeum and submerged the long valley or wadi extending from Seneka eastwards, to the depth of 25 ft. in some places.

ABACH. See ABBACH. ABACKNES (CAPE), a promontory on the E coast of Sweden, in the prov. of Linköping. N lat. 58° 8'; E long. 16° 52'.

ABACO, two low sandy islands forming the NW portion of the Bahama group, and lying to the N of Providence channel. The Great Abaco is the largest island of this group, extending 80 m. from N to S, with an average breadth of 10 m. Its S point is in N lat. 25° 51', W long. 77° 10. It is surmounted by a light-tower with a revolving light 160 ft. above sealevel. The Little Abaco is a narrow strip, 23 m. by 4 m., extending in a WNW direction from the NW extremity of the Great Abaco. The total area of the two islands, and their chain of cays or keys, was estimated in 1827 at 320,715 acres, of which 296,000 were then vacant. The census of 1841 returned their pop. at 1,591, of whom 588 were coloured. Their chief produce is potatoes, yams, pumpkins, ochras, arrow-root, cassada, and Indian corn.

ABACOU (POINT), the SW extremity of St Domingo. N lat. 18° 3'; W long. 73° 50'.

ABADES, a town of Spain; prov. of Segovia; 8 m. WSW of Segovia.

ABADIA, a v. in the prov. of Como, and district of Lecco, on the road which skirts the Lecco branch of the lake of Como, between the towns of Lecco and Bellagio. Pop. with the hamlet of Borbino, C50.

ABADIOTTES, a tribe of Arabian or Saracenic origin, located to the S of Mount Ida in the island of Candia. They are about 4,000 in number, and occupy 20 villages.

ABA'DO, a town of the Bayo Gallas, 3 m. S of the Jamma, a branch of the Abai.

ABAFACEM, a v. of Abyssinia, 30 m. E of Axoum.

ABAFAJA, a v. in the county of Thorenburg, in Transylvania, on the Marosch.

ABAGAITUEVSK, or ABAKHAITUYEVSK, а toл of Siberia, in the country of the Buriats, on the left bank of the Argun, near the Mongolian frontier. N lat. 49° 34′, E long. 117° 30′.

ABA'I, a town and harbour on the N coast of Borneo, at the embouchure of a river of the same name. N lat. 6o 20', E long. 116° 28'.

ABA'I, ABAWI, or BAHR-EL-AZREK, a river of Abyssinia and Sennaar, one of the three great headbranches of the Nile. It rises in a piece of marshy ground on the high land of Gojam, in the district of Sakkala, a little to the NE of Mount Gíesh [9,500 ft.], at an elevation of 8,975 ft. [Beke] or 9,206 ft. [Abbadie]; in N lat. 10° 57' [Beke] or 10° 59′ 25′′ Bruce]; E long. 36° 55′ [Bruce]. It flows at first WNW, then turns N into the plain of Guta, receives the Jemma from the right, fetches a circuit N and NW through the Miécha territory, and enters Lake Dembea or Tzána, on its SW side, in 11° 42′ N lat. Flowing through the southern portion of that lake, it emerges on its eastern side, a few miles to the south of the parallel under which it entered, and descends in a succession of falls and rapids at least 2,000 ft. in a SE course of less than 30 m. At Brokenbridge, to the N of Móta, it has an elevation of 3,852 ft. Pursuing a SE course it passes to the north of Mount Yekandach, and after being joined by the Báshilo, which forms the boundary between Damot on the N and Amhara on the S, it is supposed to flow first SE and then SW between the meridian of 38° 10′ and 38° 20′, gradually bends westward receiving the Jamma in N lat. 10° 10′, E long. 38° 15′, at a point 2,936 ft. above sea-level, and reaches its extreme south point in the prov. of Liban; whence it flows towards NW until at Mabil it reaches a point within 60 geog. m. of its head-springs to the NE. Passing through the district of Limmu or Enárea, and entering the Shankala or Nuba country, it re

ABADEH, or ABADAH, a town in the prov. of Farsistan, 105 m. N of Shirauz, and 18 m. N of Ekleed. Pop. 5,000. It was once a considerable place, but suffered much in the long wars of succession in the 18th century. The surrounding plain is still covered with ruins; and about 1 m. to the westward is an extensive village called Kooshkat, "with a small fortress in the centre, round which the low-roofed houses cluster within an outward line of embattled walls."-[Sir R. K. Porter]. Both places are surrounded with gardens in which fine fruit is grown for the Shirauz market. A. is the chief place of a district bearing the same name which pays an annual tax of 6,000 tomans or £3,000 to the Divan.-De Bode,

ABAITE', a river of Brazil, in the prov. of Minas Geraes. It is formed by two streams of the same name, whose sources are 100 m. apart, viz.: the Abaité do Norte, also called the Rio Fulda, coming from the NW; and the Abaité do Sul, or Rio Verra, from the SW. These two streams uniting in the comarca of Paracatu, pursue an ENE course to the Rio San

cassians in their dress and many of their domestic | habits. In the time of the Byzantine emperors, the Abkhasses called themselves Absné, and by the Byzantines they were called Abasgi. In the Russian, Tartar, and Circassian dialects they are termed Abkhasses, and their country Abásah; the Georgians denominate them Abkhaseti. Under Justinian they embraced Christianity; but their chiefs having been treacherously assassinated by the Circassians, they became involved in consequence in a series of internal dissensions and gradually lost what small civilization they had received from Constantinople; and under the influence of the Persian government, they became Mohammedans; but at the present day they retain few traces either of Christianity or Mohammedanism. Polygamy is allowed, but seldom practised amongst them; and the wife is "more the companion than the menial of her husband." By the treaty of Adrianople, in 1829, the strong fortresses along the Abasian coast were ceded to Russia, whilst the interior was subject to the Porte. All the ports, but chiefly Arsapa, were so many slave-markets, whence the inhabitants of the Caucasus exported the prisoners made by them in their incursions into Georgia; and it is a curious fact that the coasts of Abasia were regarded with dread and abhorrence, as resorts of pirates and slave-dealers, by the Byzantines, and Strabo describes them as a people of fierce and predatory habits. Strabo-as usual with writers of his day-makes the Achæi or Abkhasses, the descendants of the Greeks (Achaioi) who accompanied Jason in his enterprise for the golden fleece. Whilst under the Porte, Abasia was divided into two pashaliks,—the eastern and the westThe seat of the former was at Soudjouk-Kaléh, 25 m. SE of Anapa, which must not be confounded with Soutchali,-that of the latter at Soukhoum-Kaléh. The most important fortified position on the coast is that of Anapa, which fell into the hands of the Russians in 1828; but although Russia has assumed a sovereignty over this portion of the coasts of the Black sea, her power really extends only as far as the cannon of her fortresses reach. The latter power having changed the name of Taman at the mouth of the Kúban, into Tmútarakhan-from the ancient name Tamatarcha-the whole coast of Abasia is frequently called by their geographers Tmútarakhan.

ern.

ABASIA (LITTLE), the north-eastern, and smallest division of that region of Circassia called by the Circassians Tapanta, and by the Tartars Altikesek, or "The Six Parts,' near the sources of the Kúban, and in the vicinity of the Karachaï. The population of this district are supposed by Gärbar to be descended from the ancient Magyar stem. Disunited by the intrigues of their Kabardian neighbours, a part of them were forced to take refuge among the Bashilbaizi who dwelt near the sources of the Talentschug and Urun rivers, to the N of the source of the Kúban; others fled to the Russians, who gave them settlements near the sources of the small streams which descend into the Kúban and the Kúma. These last were soon joined by numbers of the Altikeseks, and the Russian frontier-lines experienced the benefit of their presence in a supply of cheap provisions and excellent cavalry horses, while the markets of Taganrog received from them large droves of cattle, besides leather, wool, butter, honey, and wax. The Russian government relaxing in its attentions to them, they were so illused by the Chernomorskoi Cossacks, that yielding to the suggestions of Turkey, they fled in 1804 across the Kuban, whence however they returned in the succeeding year. In 1818, the Russians wishing to remove them further down the Kúban, the Abases resisted, and were in consequence severely treated by their powerful masters. This, added to other causes

of discontent, led to another_sudden emigration, beyond the Kúban, into the Turkish territory. ABA'SIL-LI', a v. of Kurdistán, near the head of the stream flowing NW to the Kizil-Irmák, at an ele vation of 4,680 feet.-W. Ainsworth.

ABASSA, a small port on the coast of Oman, at the mouth of the Wadi Howásanah, in N lat. 23° 55'. ABAS-SULTANIYEH, a small town in the Persian prov. of Irak, 10 m. S of Abhar.

ABAU, a river of Russia in the gov. of Courland, the principal tributary of the Vindau, which it joins on the r. bank about 10 m. below Goldingen. AB-AUDANA'N, the western or upper branch of the Duwarij river in Luristán.-Layard.

ABA-UJVAR, a circle of Upper Hungary, con taining a surface of about 850 sq. m., and watered by the Hernad which flows through it in a S direction. It is a mountainous district, intersected by offsets from the Carpathian range, and rich in minerals and wood. A fine wine resembling Tokay is produced here. The pop. was estimated in 1837 at 207,484, of whom twothirds were Catholics. It is a melange of Hungarians, Hanoverians, Russnaks, and Germans. Its capital is Kaschau; next to which in importance are the towns of Szikszo, Göncz, and Sjanto.

ABAWI. See ABAI.

ABAZIA, a small town of Naples, in the prov. of Abruzzo di Terrano, 10 m. W of Chieti, on a rivulet which falls into the Pescara.

ABB, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 75 m. NE of Mokha. It is built on the summit of a mountain of the same name, and surrounded by a strong wall. Houses 800.-Niebuhr.

ABB'S HEAD, (Sr.), a bold promontory on the E coast of Scotland, 10 m. NW of Berwick, forming the extreme S point of the shore of the frith of Forth; N lat. 55° 55', W long. 2° 8'. The coast is here precipitous and cliffy with deep water of from 30 to 40 fathoms not far from land. The Bass rock bears NW by N 20 m. from St. Abb's.

ABBACH, a small town of Lower Bavaria, in the circle of Regen, on the r. bank of the Danube, 6 m. SSW of Ratisbon. It is defended by a citadel; and is remarkable for its mineral waters and Roman antiquities, and as the birth-place of Henry II. of Germany in 972. Pop. 600.

ABBADIA, see ABADIA.

ABBADIA, a small town in the prov. of Bahia in Brazil, on the 1. bank of the Ariguitiba, in N lat. 11° 38', W long. 37° 27'. It has some trade in sugar, cotton, and tobacco.

ABBA-GARAMA, an Abyssinian town, in the prov. of Tigré, 110 m. NE of Gondar, and 50 m. ESE of Shire. There is a very ancient church here.

ABBAH, a v. on the E bank of the Nile, in the Belled of Sudan, a little to the S of Aamara. It is the residence of a kaschif, the governor of Sukkot and the Batn-el-Hadjar.-Holroyd.

ABBA-JARET, a mountain of Abyssinia, in the chain which divides the prov. of Samen and Talemt, having an altitude of about 15,000 feet.-Ruppell.

ABBAKE'RRA, a v. in Wambárremma, a division of the Abyssinian prov. of Dámot, the residence of the shum of Limzámag.-Beke.

ABBA-PANTALE'ON. See AXUM.

ABBARAN. ABARAN.

ABBAS. Several places in England have this topographical prefix: such as Abbas-Bradford, Abbas-Cerne, Abbas-Combe, &c., for which see BRADFORD-ABBAS, CERNE-ABBAS, COMBEABBAS, &C.

ABBASA, a caravan-station in the country between Mekka and Sanaa in Yemen, 4 days from Mekka.-Burckhardt.

ABBA'S-ABA'D, a Persian v. and caravanserai in the prov. of Khorasan, in N lat. 36° 25', E long. 56° 30′ [Fraser]. It was founded by Shah 'Abbas the

ABBEY-CWM-HIR, a chapelry in Radnorshire, Wales. Pop. 589. The ruins of the monastery of Cwm-hir, founded in 1143, still exist here in a romantic valley intersected by the Clewedog, 6 m. NE of Rhayader.

ABBEY-DORE, a parish in Herefordshire. Pop. 542. Area 5,790 acres.

ABBEY-DORNEY, a v. in the p. of O'Dorney, co. Kerry, 5 m. E by N of Tralee. Pop. 418. There exist here the ruins of an abbey founded in 1154. ABBEYFEALE, a p. and v. in co. Limerick. Pop. of the p. as distinct from the v., 4,793; of the v. 699. Area 18,150 acres. The v. is 12 m. SW of Rathkeale, on the 1. bank of the Feale. ABBEYGORMAGEN, a p. in co. Galway, 7 m. E of Loughrea Pop. 2,930. Area 11,758 acres. ABBEYGREEN, a v. in the p. of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire. Pop., with Turfholm, 881. ABBEY-HEAD, a promontory in Kirkcudbrightshire, on the N shore of the Solway frith, near the entrance of Kirkcudbright bay, in Ñ lat. 54° 46', W long. 3° 58'; 8 m. SW of the mouth of the Urr; 43 m. E of Kirkcudbright harbour.

ABBOSH, a small Druse town, in the pashalik of Acre, on the Birket-el-Tel river.

ABBOT, a town of Maine, U. S., on the Piscatiquis, 70 m. N by E of Augusta. Pop. 660. ABBOT'S, a frequent prefix in English topography. Thus Abbot's Bromley, &c. we have Abbot's Ann, Abbot's Astley, Abbot's Bickington, It usually indicates that the manor had formerly been ecclesiastical property. ABBOTSBURY, a p. and town of Dorsetshire. Pop. 1,005. Area 4,050 acres. The town, a small fishing-port, is 8 m. SW of Dorchester.

ABBOTSHALL, a p. and manufacturing town in Fifeshire. Pop. of p. 4,811, whereof 4,100 belong to the town, which forms a suburb of Kirkcaldy, and is on the line of the Edinburgh and Northern railway. ABBOTSHAM, a p. in Devonshire, 2 m. W of Bideford. Pop. 414. Area 2,090 acres. ABBOTSIDE (HIGH and Low), two townships in Aysgarth p., Yorkshire, 6 m. E of Askrigg. Pop. of H. A. 574; of L. A. 166.

ABBEYKNOCKMOY. See ABBEY.

ABBEYLARA, a p. and v. in co. Longford. Pop. of p. 3,084. Area 9,150 acres. The v. is 3 m. SE of Granard. Pop. 194.

ABBEYLEIX, a p. and market-town in Queen's co., Leinster. Pop. of the p. 6,719. Acres 13,547. The town is on the 1. side of the river Nore, 5 m. NNE of Castle-Durrow.

ABBEYMAHON, a v. and p. in co. Cork. Pop. 3,261. Area 4,482 acres. The v. is 7 m. S of Bandon-Bridge.

ABBEY-NEW. See NEW-ABBEY. ABBEY-POINT, a promontory 98 ft. high, at the entrance of the harbour of Napakeang, on the coast of Loo Choo. A reef extends off this point.-Beechey. ABBEY-SAINT-BATHAN'S, a moorland p. in Berwickshire, so called from an abbey founded here in 1170. Pop. 146. Area 5,000 acres.

ABBEYSHRUEL, a barony and a p. in co. Longford. Pop. of p. 1,283. Area 2,340 acres.

ABBEYSIDE, a v. and suburb of the town of Dungarvan, co. Waterford. Pop. in 1831, 1,859. See DUNGARVAN.

ABBEYSTROWRY, a p. in co. Cork. Pop. in 1841, of the rural district, excluding that part of the town of Skibbereen which is in this p., 4,358. Area 9,396 acres. See SKIBBEREEN.

ABBIATEGRASSO, or ABBIAGRASSO, a district and a manufacturing town in the prov. of Pavia, in Venetian Lombardy, in the valley of the Tessino, on the Bereguardo or Naviglio Grande canal, 18 m. NW of Pavia. Pop. 4,500.-The district comprises 25 communes, with a pop. of about 30,000.

ABBITIBBE, a lake of N. America lying under the parallel of 49°, and between 78° and 80° W long., on the high ground which divides the rivers flowing SE into the St. Lawrence, from those flowing N into Hudson's bay. It is about 60 m. in length, and 15 in breadth. The country around, which has only been very partially explored, is occupied by the Abbitibbe Indians. The Hudson's bay company have a station at the E end of the lake, which discharges its waters

of Nicholas de Breakspear who was raised to the papal throne under the name of Adrian IV. ABBOT'S-LEIGH, a p. in Somersetshire, 3 m. W of Bristol. Pop. 366. Area 2,150 acres. ABBOTSLEY, a p. in Huntingdonshire, 4 m. SE of St. Neot's. Pop. 443. Area 2,110 acres. ABBOTSTON. See ITCHEN-STOKE. ABBOTSVILLE, the capital since 1839 of the English settlement in Vera Paz in Central America. It is situated on the 1. bank of the Rio Polochic at the junction of the Boca Nueva, about 30 m. above the outfall of the Polochic into lake Ysabal.

ABBOTTS-ASTON, ABBOTTS - BRAMPTON, ABBOTTS-COTTON, &c. See ASTON-ABBOTTS, BRAMPTONABBOTTS, &c.

ABBOUL, a small river of Livonia, flowing into the Boulder-Aa on the 1., 3 m. NE of Volmar. ABBRADIE, an interior tributary state in the kingdom of Ashantí.

ABBRO, a small island of Livonia, to the S of the island of Oesel, at the entrance of the gulf of Riga. ABCHERON. See APCHeron.

AB-CHOTOH, a point "where there is a tablespace sufficient for a large encampment" in the pass at the northern extremity of the plain of Khod, in Kalat.-Masson.

ABCOUDE, a v. of Holland, prov. of Utrecht, on the Krom branch of the Amstel. Pop. 1,100. ABDADTSK, a town of A. Russia, in the gov. of Tobolsk, on the 1. bank of the Ishim. Pop. 2,000.

ABDAH, a fertile prov. of Marocco, on the W coast, noted for its breed of horses. It has Dukaila on the N and E, the Tensift river on the S, and the Mediterranean on the W.. Its chief town is Asafi, or Saffee, in N lat. 32° 18', W long. 9° 12'. Area 2,000 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 200,000.

ABDA'LI, the name of an Arab tribe, and of the district on the S coast of Arabia in which Aden is situated. The tribe is estimated at 10,000 persons; and the district at 600 sq. m.

ABDALPOUR. See ABDulpu'r.

ABDAMA, a town in the pashalik of Aleppo. The neighbourhood is fertile, and a large quantity of scammony is prepared here.