and employ many hands; and a large export trade from the mouth of the Dee, which separates it from is conducted in corn, eggs, butter, pork, live cattle, Kincardineshire, to the stream which separates it from and granite stone. The harbour has 16 ft. at neap- Banffshire, is nearly 70 m. Its superficial area has tides, and 19 ft. of water at spring-tides, and 6,870 been roughly estimated at 1,970 sq. m. The SW ft. of wharfage. Its income in 1849 was £23,387. parts of this county are extremely wild and mounIn 1849 there belonged to the port of N. A. 256 ves- tainous, embracing the crest of the principal range of sels of the total tonnage of 54,400 tons, and 16 steam- the Grampians, among which are Scarscoch, 3,402 ft; ers of 7,521 tons. Powerful steamers sail regularly | Cairn Taggart, 3,000 ft.; Loch-na-Gar, 3,815, or, acbetween it and London. A wet-dock of 334 acres cording to some, 3,777 ft.; Mount Kean 3,126 ft.; was opened in 1849, having two entrances, one of 60 Cairn Toul 4,245 ft.; Ben Macdhui 4,390 ft.; Benft., the other 70 ft. wide, fit to take in the largest na-Buird 3,940 ft.; Ben Aven 2,934 ft. Towards the steamer. The arrivals in 1849 were 2,490 vessels of E and NE the face of the country is much less 311,282 tons. The custom dues in 1656 amounted rugged. The principal rivers, in the order of their to £80; in 1849, to £94,832. The amount of postage outfall from S to N, and thence round to W, are the in 1849 was £9,500.-A canal 184 m. in length runs Dee, the Don, the Ythan, the Ugie, and the Deveron. from the harbour to the Don at Inverury. It has an All these rivers-which will be found described under ascent of 168 ft. by 17 locks, of which 15 are near the their respective heads-flow into the German ocean. city; width, 23 ft.; depth 3 ft. 9 in. By the Aberdeen About 6,400 acres are occupied with small lochs. The railway, now executing, N. A. will be placed in direct only canal and railroad have been noticed in the preconnexion with Dundee, Perth, and Stirling; its rail- ceding article. About one-fifth of the entire surface way distance from Edinburgh, via Forfar, Perth, and consists of high uncultivable mountain-tracts; and Stirling, will be 157 m.; from Glasgow 152 m. The hills, moors, and other waste-lands occupy nearly length of the line from A. to the Arbroath and For- two-thirds of the remainder. The general character far railway at Friockheim, is 49 m. It sends off a of the county may consequently be described as branch to Montrose of 3 m.; and another to Brechin bleak and uninviting; but there are many highly culof 3 m.-The bridges across the Dee and the Don tivated districts, particularly in the midland district, are under the management of the magistrates of N. A. and along the courses of the rivers; and a great extent About 1,200 yards above the mouth of the Don is of waste land has been reclaimed of late years. Large the well-known 'Brig o' Balgownie,' consisting of a forests of natural wood occur in some of the interior single pointed arch of 72 ft. span. A new bridge 500 districts, especially in Braemar, Glentanner, and Mortft. in length, and consisting of 5 arches, was opened lach. The Scotch fir and the larch are the prevailing in 1830 at a point 450 yards lower down the river. forest trees. The flowering plants, including grasses, The stone bridge across the Dee was recently widened found in a range of 16 m. round Aberdeen, were refrom 15 ft. to 26 ft; and a suspension bridge has been ported in 1843 to amount to 287 genera, and 562 species. thrown across the Dee 2,600 yards lower down the [Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xi, p. 73.]-The mean temriver. N. A. is well situated for effectual drainage, perature of Aberdeen, from 19 years observation, is 47° and might be better drained. A sewer 2,250 ft. long 1'; at Buchanness, the easternmost point of the county and 6 ft. high has just been completed. The lanes are and of the mainland of Scotland, in 1° 45′ W long., narrow; and there are courts or closes to the number 47° 3′; at Alford, 26 m. inland, and 420 ft. above seaof 168, of which the average breadth is not above 7 ft. level, 40° 03'.-The pop. of the county in 1800 was The quantity of water supplied to the inhabitants is, 123,082; in 1811, 135,075; in 1821, 155,387; in on an average of one week, about 570,000 gallons. 1831, 177,657; in 1841, 192,387 occupying 32,063 Marischal college, founded in 1593, has been recently houses. Of the pop. of 1841, 166,352 were natives of rebuilt on an extensive plan, at an estimated cost of the county, 1,711 were natives of England, and 1,037 £25,000. Its library in 1827 contained 11,000 vols. of Ireland. The number of persons engaged in comThe annual average attendance of students at the two merce, trade, and manufactures, in 1841, was 27,937 universities in Old and New Aberdeen is about 650. or 15.5 per cent.; in agriculture, 25,224 or 13.1 per The total number of professors and lecturers is 28. The cent. The flax and linen manufacture employed number of scholarships, bursarships, &c., 240. The 3,489 hands; cotton manufactures 1,448; and that of average value of the college benefices £290. The total worsted stockings 1,330. The increase per cent. of yearly revenue of the professors and lecturers £5,522; the pop. between 1831 and 1841 appears to have been of the heads-of-houses or principals £600; of the col- only 8-2 per cent., whereas the average increase on lege-scholarships £3,194. Total revenue of colleges the pop. of Scotland within that decade was 11.1 per and university £9,496. [H. L. Jones, in Statistical cent. The annual value of real property assessed in Journal, vol. i. p. 385.]-Gordon's hospital, founded 1815 was £325,218; in 1842-3, £606,802. The county in 1730, is a richly endowed establishment at which sends one member to parliament. Number of elec112 boys are maintained and educated. Three weekly tors in 1842-3, 3,429.-Aberdeenshire contains the newspapers are published in A.-The entire parish city and parliamentary burgh of Aberdeen; the royal of St. Nicholas contains about 1,100 acres, of which burghs of Inverury, Kintore, and Peterhead; and the considerably more than the half is occupied by the burghs-of-barony of Charleston, Fraserburgh, Huntly, city of N. A.; the remainder is chiefly links and gar-Old Meldrum, Rosehearty, and Turriff.-The number den ground. of parishes is 90; besides 14 quoad sacra parishes. ABERDEEN MOUNTAINS, a range of mountains on the east coast of Australia, running from SSW to NNE, parallel to the Wurragong or White Mountains, and further inland.

ABERDEENSHIRE, a county of Scotland, the fifth in respect of area, and the third in amount of pop. It is bounded on the NE and E by the German ocean; on the SE by Kincardineshire; on the S. by Forfarshire; on the SW by Perthshire; on the W and NW by Inverness-shire and Banffshire. Its greatest length is measured by a line extending WSW to ENE; or from Scarscoch, the SW point of Braemar, to Rattray-head, the eastern point of the bay of Fraserburgh, a distance of about 87 m. Its breadth from the mouth of the Dee on the E, to the headsprings of the Don on the W, is about 47 m., but in some places is much less. Its extent of sea-coast,

ABERDOUR, a p. in Aberdeenshire. Pop. in 1841, 1,645; whereof 376 were in the v. of New Aber dour, and 168 in the fishing village of Pennan.-Also a p. on the Forth coast of Fifeshire. Pop. in 1841, 1,916; whereof 307 were in the small fishing v. of East Aberdour, and 469 in that of West Aberdour, 24 m. W of Burntisland.—The island of Inchcolm belongs to this parish.

ABEREDW, a p. in Radnorshire. Pop. 345.

ABERERCH, a p. in Carnarvonshire. Pop. 1,613. ABERFELDY, a v. in Perthshire, on the Tay, 6 | m. NE of Kenmore. Pop. 823.

ABERFFRAW, a p. and sea-port in Anglesey. Pop. 1,336. It was anciently a place of considerable importance.

ABERFORD, a p. and v. in Yorkshire. Acres 3,820. Pop. 1,071; whereof 782 were in the v., which lies 3 m. N of the Leeds and Selby railroad.

ABERFORS, a picturesque v. on the route from Abo to St. Petersburgh, between Lovisa and Broby. ABERFOYLE, a p. and hamlet in Perthshire, on the Teith, 18 m. W of Stirling. Pop. 543.

ABERGAVENNY, a p. and town in Monmouthshire. Area 4,290 acres. Pop. 4,953. The town, which in 1841 had a pop. of 2,720, is on the high road from Brecon to Monmouth, 20 m. from Merthyr, 22 from Newport, at the junction of the Gavenny with the Usk. Its principal trade is in wool. The Brecknock and A. canal branches off from the Monmouthshire canal a little to the S of Pontypool, and crosses the Avon, proceeds to Uske 14 m., and thence to Brecon, 18 m. The total length is 33 m., with a rise of 68 ft. About 34 m. NNE from the town is the Sugarloaf mountain which has an altitude above sea-level of 1,800 ft. The Blorenge, alt. 1,720 ft., and the Skynid-Mawr, alt. 1,498 ft., are also in the neighbourhood.

ABERGELE, a p. and sea-port in Denbighshire, 7 m. W of St. Asaph. Pop. 2,661; whereof 945 were in the township of Abergele.

ABERGEMENT LE PETIT, a v. of France, in the dep. of the Ain, 8 m. SSE of Mantua.

ABERGEMENT (L'), SAINTE MARIE, a v. of France, in the dep. of Doubs, 8 m. SSW of Pontarlier. Pop. 490.

ABERGHU'N. See KURDISTA'N RIVER. ABERGU'H-the ABERKHU of German and ABERKOUH of French geographers-a fortified place, 34 m. E of Surmeh, in the Persian prov. of Fars, which has several villages under its control, and falls at present under the jurisdiction of Ispahan.-De Bode. ABERGWILLY, a p. and v. in Carmarthenshire. Pop. 2,366. Acres 10,748. The v. is on the Gwilly, 2 m. E by N from Carmarthen.

ABERHAFESP, a p. in Montgomeryshire, 4 m N by W of Newton. Pop. 535.

ABERKENI, a town in the Turkish prov. of Roumelia, on a branch of the Tonja.

ABERLADY, a p. and v. in East Lothian. Pop. 1,050; of whom 537 were in the v. which is 5 m. NNW of Haddington near a shallow bay of the frith of Forth, into which a streamlet called the Peffer falls.

ABERLEMNO, a p. and v. in Forfarshire, on the South Esk. Pop. 1,009.

ABERLOUR, a p. and v. in Banffshire, on the south b. of the Spey. Pop. 1,352; whereof 328 were in the v. now called Charlestown, 14 m. above Craigellachie bridge. In the SW part of the p. rises Ben Rinnes, a mountain having an alt. of 2,765 ft. above sea-level, and 1,876 ft. above the subjacent

country.

ABERLLUNVEY, a newly constituted p., heretofore a hamlet, in Glasbury p., in Breconshire. Pop. 116.

ABERNANT, a p. in Carmarthenshire. Pop. 890. ABERNETHY, a p. and v. in Perthshire, at the junction of the Earn with the Tay. Pop. 1,920; of whom 827 were in the v which is represented by uniform tradition to be built on the site of the ancient capital of the Pictish kings. There is here one of those curious round towers of which so many occur in Ireland. It is 74 ft. high, and 16 in diameter. ABERNETHY a mountainous and extensive p.

| partly in Elginshire, partly in Inverness-shire. Pop. 1,832. The mountain Čairn Gorm [alt. 4,081 ft. Playfair] is in this parish. There are immense pine-forests in this district.

ABERNYTE, a p. in Perthshire. Pop. 290.
ABERPORTH, a p. and v. in Cardiganshire.
Pop. 496. The v. is a small port on Cardigan bay,
7 m. NNE of Cardigan.

ABERRHIW. See BERRIEw.
ABERSEE. See ABENSEE.

ABERT (LAKE), a foetid salt lake, on the Cascade range of mountains, in the Oregon territory, in N lat. 42° 40'. It is about 20 m. in length from S to N.

ABERTANN, a mining v. of Bohemia in the circle and 12 m. NNE of Elnbogen, at the foot of the Hertz mountains. Pop. 900.

ABERWHEELER, a township and v. in the p. of Bodfary, Denbighshire. Pop. 534; of the v. 114. ABERYSCIR, a p. in Breconshire, on the Yscir near its junction with the Usk, Pop. 117.

ABERYSTWITH, a p. and v. of Monmouthshire. Area 10,930 acres. Pop. in 1841, 11,272, being an increase of 5,280 on that of 1831, and chiefly attributable to the extension of mines in this district. The v. is 9 m. SW by W from Abergavenny.

ABERYSTWITH, a chapelry and burgh in Cardiganshire. Pop. 4,916. The burgh is pleasantly situated on Cardigan bay, near the junction of the Rheidol and Ystwith, 39 m. NE of Cardigan. The harbour has been recently improved. The shipping registered at the port in 1845 amounted to 7,824 tons; and the vessels which entered the port were 347 of a total tonnage of 10,936 tons. The income of the harbour in 1843 amounted to £1,571. The chief exports are lead-ore and pig-lead. In the autumn months the town is a fashionable watering-place. The parliamentary burgh of A. is contributory to the Cardigan district of burghs. Its pop. in 1841 was 4,975; number of electors in 1842-3, 218.

ABESGUN, or ABISAGUN, a small port on the S coast of the Caspian, in the Persian prov. of Mazanderán, 10 m. N of Asterabad.

ABESSINIA. See ABYSSINIA. ABESTOS MOUNTAINS, a range in the Griqua territory, S Africa, to the N of the Orange river.

ABETSAI (CAPE), a promontory on the Circassian coast of the Black sea, 6 m. SSE of Ghelendjik. The coast is here very rugged, and the cliffs from this eastwards assume a reddish tint which they preserve uninterruptedly as far as Mingrelia.—Marigny.

ABEX, a name sometimes given by earlier Portuguese missionaries and geographers--and retained in such works as Rees's Cyclopedia and the Encyclopedia Britannica-to that portion of the western coast of the Red sea from Bab-el- Mandeb northwards to the frontier of Nubia, and of which Arkiko and Suakim are the chief ports. The word is the same as the Arabic Habesh, which is sometimes given to Abyssinia; and Telluz calls the Abyssinians Aberins; but the district in question appears to have long maintained a kind of political independence of Abyssinia Proper, and was governed by an Arab sheik, with the title of nafb, under the Porte. It is at present in the possession of the Danákil and Adál tribes.

ABGARRIS ISLANDS, a group of several low isles to the eastward of New Ireland in Australasia. They extend from NE to SW 27 m., and were discovered in 1823 by a ship called the Abgarris.

ABHA, a town of Abyssinia, in the prov. of Tigre, 40 m. NE of Axum, on the route to Dixan, in N lat 14° 44', E long. 39° 20'.

ABHE'BBÅD (LAKE), a lake of Eastern Africa, in the Shoa territory, in N lat. 11° 20', E long. 41° 45'. It is described as a day's foot-journey in length, and as containing seven islands. Its waters are said to emit a fœtid smell. The river Hawash is supposed to flow through it after passing Ausa and fetching a circuit round a high mountain called Damma 'Ali at its SW extremity.

ABHER, HABAR, or EBHER, a city of Persia, in

the prov. of Irak, on the great road from Zenjan to Kasbin, 20 m. ESE of Sultaniyeh. Rennell identifies this place with the Habar of 2 Kings xvii. 6; but Bell in a note to his edition of Rollin's Ancient History [vol. i. p. 135] contends against this opinion and in favour of Herab at the foot of the Ak-dagh. A. is remarkable as being the most eastern limit to which the Turkish is familiarly spoken. The Persian language commences here, and prevails eastwards to Hindostan.

ABI, a Kurdish word signifying river, both prefixed and affix. ed to numerous streams in Persia, Hindostan, and some adjacent districts, in the forms aba, abi, abo, obo, obu.

ABIA DE LAS TORRES, a town of Spain, in the prov. of Palencia, 10 m. SE of Saldana, on the r. bank of the Abanades, in lat. 42° 25′ N.

ABIAD, a town of Dembea, on the route from Gondar to Sennár, 90 m. NNE of Gondar.

---

both sides of the river as far as about 6° N, where begin tribes connected by language with the natives of Bari. Werne, Exped. zur Entdeckung der Quellen des Weissen Nil (Berlin, 1848); Beke, in Geog. Journ., vol. xviii. ABIAD (JEBEL-EL), a mountain in the Syrian desert, about 22 m. NW of Palmyra.

ABIAD (RAS-EL), or CAPE BLANCO, a well known promontory on the Syrian coast, between Zib and Súr, the ancient Tyre, in N lat. 33° 5′, E long. 35° 0′. -Also a prom. on the coast of Tunis, in E long. 9° 48', and N lat. 37° 20'. It forms the western horn of the gulf of Bizerta, and appears to have been the Promontorium candidum of the ancients. Shaw supposes it may have been the Promontorium pulchrum of Livy. ABI-ALI'SHTAR, a riv. of Persia, flowing through a plain between Khorramábád and Kermánsháh. AB-ALLAH, a considerable, stream in the Persian district of Susan, flowing into the Kurdistán river, in the plain of Ram Hormuz.

ABI-ATRAK, a river in the northern part of Persia, near the edge of the desert of Khiva, which rises near Kuchan, and flows 250 m. in a westerly direction, falling into the Caspian sea, 40 m. N of Astrabád.

ABI-BALA'D-RU'D, a river of Luristan, in Persia, which falls into the river of Dizful, 7 m. SW of that town, after a circuitous southern course of 40 m.

ABI-BORS, the principal tributary of the Karún river of Khúzistan. It is formed by the junction of the Kersán and 'Abi-Garin to the SW of Fellát, and is a broad and rapid stream.-Layard in Geog. Journ., xvi. 51.

ABICHU-GALLAS, a tribe of Gallas in possession of a district of Shoa to the W of Angolalla.

ABICHAI, a town of Chinese Tartary, on the 1. bank of the Upper Irtisch, in N lat. 47°.

ABICHAN, or ABYCHKAN, a lake of Western Siberia, in the gov. of Tobolsk, lying between Lake Tchany and Lake Soumy, with both of which it communicates, under the parallel of 54° N.

ABICHOR, a town of Little Tibet, situated in a defile to the E of Mount Pushti-Kur. ABICUI, a town of Mexico, to the NE of Santa Fé. ABID, or ABU'D, a small town of Arabia, in the Wady Rema, 12 m. S of Doran. ABI'D (SIDI), a town of Algiers, on the r. bank of the Arkew, at its confluence with the Shellif. ABI'D (WAD UL), a branch of the Ummur-rebieh river of Marocco, which it joins in lat. 32° 30′ N.

ABIAD (WAD-EL), a river of Algiers, which has its source 60 m. S of Kostantínah, in lat. 35° 22′ N, on the SW side of Jebel Shelíyah, near the town of Medina, in Jebel Aures, and flows 70 m. SW and S to the Wad Jedi, which latter falls into the NW end of Sebkhat-el-Melghigh or the Salt marsh, in lat. 34° 26' N.-Carte d'Algerie du Bur. Top. Paris, 1847. ABIAD (BAHR-EL), or WHITE RIVER, the direct, longest, and most important head-stream of the Nile; the Blue river or Astapus (Bruce's Nile), which joins it in 15° 37' N lat., being only a tributary. The recent Egyptian expeditions have ascended it as far as the kingdom of Bari, under the 4th parallel of N lat. Of these expeditions the most important is that in which D'Arnaud and Werne took part (1841). At the point where the expedition turned back, the river consisted of two arms, respectively 330 and 110 yards broad; while there were evident signs that, during the rains, the greater portion of the valley of the river, near 650 yards wide, is entirely covered with water. The natives of Bari informed Werne, and also Baron von Müller, who has since been there, that the river comes from a month's journey further S. Dr. Beke, from a comparison of various authorities, carries the main stream of the Nile up to the country of Mono-Moezi, in about 2° to 4° S lat., and from 29° to 34° E long., a district from which Ptolemy derived his Mountains of the Moon (Moezi); and he shows the great probability of its being connected with a lake in that country, which others had supposed to be identical with the great lake in the interior_of Africa called N'yassi, i. e. the Sea, but which Dr. Krapf states to be a separate collection of water, and apparently the Lake Zambre of the Portuguese. On its r. bank, in 9° 20′ N, the Bahr-el-Abiad receives a large river called Sobat, Telfi, or river of Habesh, which Dr. Beke identifies with the Uma or Godjeb, whose head-streams are in Enarea and Kaffa, one of them being the Zebee, crossed by Fernandez in 1613. In about the same latitude, but about 60 m. higher up its course, which is here from W to E, it forms a lake called Birket-el-Ghazal (No or Kura of the Arabs); here it receives a large arm from the W, named Bahr-el-Ghazal (Keilak), which appears to be the Nile of Herodotus and all other writers anterior to Ptolemy. The entire upper course of the river is a succession of extensive lakes and ABI-GARGAR, one of the two branches into swamps, studded with numerous low islands, rather which the Karún river divides itself immediately bethan a running stream, so that the Egyptian expedi-low the city of Shushter in Khúzistán. It passes tions often found it difficult to trace its channel. Khasamabad, and rejoins the Karún at Bund-i-Kir, The mass of waters, even in the dry season, proves 30 m. below Shushter. It is in great part an artificial the immense extent of the basin of the river, and of cut or canal, of nearly 50 m. in length, with 12 ft. of the vast number of head-streams from which it must water, and a breadth of from 60 to 120 yards. It is almost incessantly be fed. Below the junction of supplied from the Karún by means of a bund or dam the Sobat and Bahr-el-Ghazal, the inhabitants of drawn across that river at Shushter, and is doubtless the 1. bank of the Bahr-el-Abiad are Shilluks, and of identical with the Nahri-Masrúkán of Abú-l-Tulá.— the r. bank Dinkas, which latter race continues along | Selby and Layard, in Geog. Journ., vols. xiv. and xvi.

ABIDA (JEBEL), a volcanic mountain of Abyssinia, in the Mudaito territory, in about 10° 9' N lat., and 41° E long. Kirk, who estimates its height at about 4,000 ft. above the plain, says, this mountain, with that of Aiyalo or Azalo, about 10 m. to the NW, "forms the centre of an extensive volcanic tract, from which sheets of lava have descended from all sides to the plain, forming a field of volcanic matter about 30 m. in diameter, studded with small cones, each showing a distinct crater."-Geog. Journ., vol. xii. p. 231.

ABI-DIZ, or DIZFU'L, a stream of Khuzistan, a tributary of the Karún, into which it flows, on the r. bank, at Bund-i-Kir, in N lat. 31° 49', opposite the junction of the southern extremity of the Abi-Gargar branch with the Karún.

ABI-ELWAND. See HOLWAN.