A GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD, OR DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE. AA AA, or BOULDER-AA, one of the larger rivers of Livonia. It rises near Pebalk in the circle of Venden, and pursues a NE and then a NW course, for about 50 m., to Lips where it suddenly bends to the SW; it then flows through the most beautiful and fertile district of Livonia, and passing the towns of Volmar on the r. bank and Venden on the 1., falls into the gulf of Livonia at Zarnickaw, 12 m. NNE of Riga. During the spring-freshes much timber and fuel are conveyed down this river; but in other seasons the navigation is interrupted by rocks, rapids, and sandbanks. Its main tributary is the Schwartzbach, which, rising near Verro in the circle of Dorpat, and flowing SW, joins it on the r. bank near Adzel. By means of this stream, which has a firm bottom, a canal-known as the canal of Verro-has been established between Riga and the Peipús lake. By a single lock, the Schwartzbach is united with Lake Vagoula or Pskovskoé near Verro, which communicates by the Vo with the Peipus. AA AA, or GHULIGUENE-AA, a river of Russia, which, rising in the gov. of Wilna, and flowing in a westerly direction, forms the boundary between that gov. and Courland, and falls into the Baltic near the v. of Budindilihof, 30 m. S of Libau, after a course of 40 m. AA, or WESTERWOLDER-ÁA, a river of Groningen, formed by the junction of three streams, the first and most eastern of which, called the Ruyten-Aa, rises in the Zwarte-meer, a small lake on the south-eastern borders of the prov. of Drenthe, and the two others, known respectively as the Mussel-Aa and the Onstwolder-Aa, have their sources more to the N and W. The united streams pursue a northern course of about 35 m. to the Dollart-zee, into which the Aa flows at a point about 8 m. S of Emden. For the last 3 m. of its course, this river forms the boundary between Holland and Hanover. It may be regarded as forming one of the principal drains of that vast extent of marshy ground which, under the name of the Bourtanger-moor, stretches between the eastern borders of AA, or TREIDER-AA, a principal river of Cour-Drenthe and of Groningen and the river Ems.-There land, formed by the junction of the Memel and the Micha at Bauske. Flowing NW, through a low flat sandy country, it reaches Mitau, where it is crossed by a floating-bridge of loose planks. Near Shlok it turns abruptly to the NE, and, after running parallel to the shore of the gulf of Riga, falls into the sea about 7 m. NW of Riga, and "so near to the mouth of the Düna," says Granville, "that it mingles its waters with that river before it loses itself in the sea." The Aa is navigable to Bauske, nearly 100 m. from its mouth. In freshes it rises from 25 to 30 ft. above its ordinary level. AA, a river which, rising near Bourthes in the dep. of Pas-de-Calais, flows NE towards St Omer, after passing which it pursues a N by W course separating the dep. of Pas-de-Calais from that of Nord, passes Gravelines, and flows into the straits about 1 m. below that town after a course of about 50 m. It has been made navigable to St Omer, a distance of 18 m. At that town the canal of Neuf-Fossé connects it with the town of Aire; and at Aire it becomes connected by the Canal de la Lys with the river Lys. Farther down its course the Aa sends off on the 1. canal to Calais, and on the r. one to Furnes, and another to Dunkirk. These canals send off various branches; and the total extent of canal-navigation connected with the basin of the Aa is 176 kilometres or 110 miles nearly [Patria]. The A. is a languidly flowing stream, a great part of its lower course being through low marshy grounds. The traffic upon it chiefly consists in the transport of coal, peat, wood, and stone. a | is another Aa in the prov. of Groningen, which joins the Hunse at the town of Groningen. AA, or HOPSTER-AA, a small stream, which, rising in the Teutoburgerwald, near Tecklenburg in Westphalia, flows NNW into the Ems, on the r. bank, 4 m. S of Lingen in Hanover, after a course of 30 m. AA, or AADE, a river of North Brabant. It rises on the frontiers of Limburg; flows on the W side of Helmont to a point about 10 m. to the N of that town, where it abruptly turns WNW; and joining the Dommel at Bois-le-Duc, after a course of about 35 m. forms the Dieze. Its tributaries are the Ley, the Mierle, and the two Aas of Bakel and of Asten. By means of the two latter streams it forms the western drain of the great Peel marsh. The Sud-Wilhelm's canal runs nearly alongside of the Aa throughout its whole extent.-Another and smaller stream of the same name joins the Merk at Breda in this prov. AA, or ENGELBERGER-AA, a stream, in the cant. of Unterwalden. It rises in the cant. of Uri, at the western foot of the Surenen pass, at an elevation of 6,500 ft. above sea-level; flows along the northern base of the Titlisberg; passes Engelberg, and pursues a N course, passing Wolfenschiess, and to the E of Stanz; and falls into the lake of Luzern at the v. of Buochs. This stream receives numerous tributary mountain torrents, including the picturesque Dätschbach, and the waters of the Trubsee, a small lake situated on the Jochberg at an elevation of 7,160 ft. above sea-level. AA, or SARNER-AA, another stream of Unterwalden, forming the drain of the western portion of that cant. as the Engelberger-Aa of the eastern. It is sues from the lake of Lungern on the Brunig, at an elevation of 2,500 ft. above sea-level, and flows NE by N, through the lake of Sarnen, and past Alpnach, to the SW extremity of the lake of Luzern.-Its principal tributary is the Melch or Melbach, which, flowing through the Melchthal, falls into it on the r. bank, soon after issuing from Lake Sarnen. AA, a stream, which, issuing from the Baldekersee in the cant. of Luzern, enters the cant. of Aargau, and flows through the Hallwylsee, whence it pursues a N by W course past Lenzburg, to the Aar, which it joins on the r. bank 6 m. below Aarau. Besides the above-enumerated rivers, there are numerous minor streams bearing the name Aa, with or without a prefix, in Saxony, Westphalia, Holland, Denmark, Switzerland, Iceland, and other parts of Europe. The word-which occurs under various forms in different languages-has the general signifi. cation of running water, a stream, a river. Thus we have ab, ach, aach, au, and aw, bearing these meanings in Celtic and Old German; ea in Anglo-Saxon; aa or aae in Danish and Icelandic; eau in French; and even aw, abi, and ab in the Persian and some other Oriental dialects. The frequent occurrence of these various modifications of the same word in the names of rivers is abundantly testified in the opening pages of this Gazetteer. AACH, a town of Baden, in the circle of Constanz, on a steep hill, between Stockach and Engen, near the Rudolfszeller-Aach, a small stream, which rises 4 m. N of Engen, at 2,720 ft. above sea-level, and flows, by a S and SE course, into that arm of the lake of Constanz called the Untersee near the v. of Rudolfszell.-Besides the R. Aach, there are other two rivers in Baden bearing the name of Aach. One of these, the Stockacher or Stockach, rises in some marshes on the Nellenburger hills, and flows in a S and SE course, past Stockach, into the Ueberlinger arm of the lake of Constanz, on the borders of which it spreads over an extensive marsh. The other, the Seefelder-Aach, rises near Linz, and flows into the same arm of the lake a little to the NW of Meersburg. Besides the Aachs now described, there are numerous small streams bearing this name-or as it is frequently written Ach throughout the German states, which our limits will not allow us to particularize. 72 machines with 77,704 spindles were at work in this gov. The tanneries of the district are also of importance; and coal and iron-mines are wrought within it. The Rhenish railway from Cologne, by Duren, to Aix-la-Chapelle, and from the latter place to the Rhenish frontiers, intersects this gov. AAGERUP, a town in Sieland, at the S extremity of the Isefiord, 33 m. W of Copenhagen, on the road to Callundborg. AAHUUS, or AHAUS, a circle of the gov. of Munster, in the prov. of Westphalia, on the Aa, a tributary of the Yssel. Area 200 sq. m. Pop. in 1836, 38,830. In 1815, the sovereignty of this district, yielding a revenue of about 16,000 florins, or £1,350, was ceded to the king of Prussia.-The chief town of the same name, formerly the residence and property of the prince of Salm-Kyrburg, but which passed by treaty of 8th Oct. 1825 to the Salm-Salm line, is 25 m. WNW of Munster. It has some linen and tobacco manufactures. Pop. in 1842, 1,730. AAIN. See AIN. AALBORG-pronounced Olborg, aa in Danish being sounded like oa in our word oar-a Danish diocese, bailiwick, and town.-The diocese comprehends the northern part of the peninsula of Jutland, the Lymfiord and its islands, and the isle of Lessoë; and is situated between 56° 34′ and 57° 44′ N lat., and 8° 12′ and 10° 41' E long. Its area is about 1,700 sq. m., or 2,600 including the surface of the Lymfiord. The pop. in 1769 was estimated at 80,882; it is now 144,000. It contains 10 towns, 3 burghs, and 113 parishes; and is divided into the 3 bailiwicks of Aalborg, Hiörring, and Thisted. The chief towns are Säbye, Hiörring, Skagen, Thisted, Frederikshafn or Fladstrand, Ottebye, and Nyekiöbing. This portion AACHEN-now frequently written ACHEN,-one of Denmark consists of a large plain traversed by a of the five governments or administrative districts ridge of hills terminating in the promontory of Skainto which the prov. of the Rhine and Cleves is di- gen. The western shores are covered with moving vided. It has the circle of Cleves on the NE; those sands, and the interior presents little more than a of Dusseldorf and Cologne on the E; that of Cob- succession of marshes, forests, and lakes. During a lentz on the SE; Treves on the S; and the kingdom violent storm which occurred in 1825 the sea broke of Belgium on the W.--Its superficies is 1,634 sq. m. through the low dunes or sandhills which divide the The surface presents tracts of mountainous rocky W extremity of the Lymfiord from the ocean on the land interspersed with fertile valleys, hills and plains, W of Jutland, and thus converted the greater portion and rising gently towards the S. Its principal of that dio. into an island. In the NE, and along the stream is the Roer, which, rising within its bounda- eastern coast, considerable elevations occur, among ries, traverses it from S to N in its progress towards which the Himmelsberg attains an alt. of 1,278 ft. the Meuse. Besides the city of Aix-la-Chapelle, this The air is humid, and the climate severe, but suffigov. contains the western portion of the duchy of cient corn is raised for the home consumption. Wood Juliers; portions of the duchies of Limburg and is scarce; peat forms the principal article of fuel. The Luxemburg, the county of Blankenheim and Gerol-fisheries on the W coast are productive; and the stein, the lordship of Reifferscheid, and the district of Malmedy. It is subdivided into 11 circles, viz. Erkelens, Heinsberg, Geilenkirchen, Juliers, Düren, Aix (town), Aix (country), Eupen, Montjoie, Schleiden, and Malmedy. The pop. in 1831 was returned at 351,157; and at the close of 1840, at 385,388, of whom 370,322 were Catholics, and 12,699 Protestants. In a period of 21 years, from 1816 to 1837, the in- The town of Aalborg, the capital of the bailiwick, crease of pop. in this gov. was 214 per cent. In and residence of the diocesan bailie and of the bishop, 1834, the number of elementary schools was 478, is situated upon the S side of the channel joining the attended by 26,394 boys, and 22,622 girls; of middle Lümfiord with the sea, in N lat. 57° 2′, E long. 9° 55'. schools, 6 attended by 154 boys, and 409 girls. In It is an old town, and, after Copenhagen and Odensee, density of pop. A. appears to hold the fifth place the most opulent in Denmark. Pop. in 1834, 7,048; amongst the Prussian gov.-The important manufac-on Feb. 1, 1840, 7,500 [ Weimar Almanach, 1844]. Its tures are cottons and fine woollens; indeed this gov. may be regarded as the principal seat of the woollen manufactures of Western Germany. In 1837, of 181 wool-spinning machines, with 107,269 spindles, being the total number within the Rhenish provinces, Lymfiord furnishes annually upwards of 120,000 tons of herrings. The articles of export are corn, fish, herrings, salted provisions, wool, cattle, and butter. The bailiwick of Aalborg comprehends the eastern part of the diocese, on both sides of the Lymfiord; and its area exceeds one-half of the whole land-surface of the dio. It is divided into eight herrads. manufactures consist of silk-stuffs, fire-arms, soap, fish-oil, and brandy. The harbour-which lies 5 leagues from the Kattegat-is deep and safe, but the entrance of the channel is difficult, especially with an E wind, and cannot be effected by vessels drawing more than 10 feet of water. From 400 to 500 ships AALUM-LIMARISH, or LAHM-AL-HIMAR, a rearrive annually, and about 100 coasters and fishing-markable hill on the E coast of the gulf of Sidra, in boats belong to it. In 1835, 8 British ships of a total N lat. 30° 34', E long. 19° 53', overlooking a very extonnage of 962 tons entered this port; in 1837, 2 =201 tensive tract of country. To the S of this hill a chain tons; in 1839, none. Upwards of 110,000 tons of of lakes and swamps extends 2 days SE; to seaward grain, and 60,000 tons of herrings, are annually ex- lies an island, 1 m. in length, called Gara.-Beechey. ported from A. In 1843, 7,148 quarters of barley AAMADT, or AAMODT, a town in the bailiwick of and 600 of oats were exported, in Danish bottoms, to Hedemarken, on the r. bank of the Glommen, 75 m. Great Britain [Parl. Paper]. There are five fairs NNE of Christiania. Pop. 2,729.—Gaspari. held here in the course of the year, of which the principal is that of Pentecost. A. is a privileged port for the importation of foreign woollens and cottons [Commercial Tariff ], and a post-route is being established [1847] between it and Frederikshafn. The town is surrounded by ditches, and divided into four quarters. Among the principal buildings are the castle, the residence of the bailie, the cathedral, the episcopal palace erected in 1684 and containing a library of 10,000 volumes, an exchange, an hospital, a schoolof-navigation, and an academy founded in 1553. A. is said to derive its name from the number of eels which are caught in the neighbourhood, the word signifying cel-town. It was devastated by fire in 1530. In 1613 it was taken by the Swedes. Having been given back at the peace of Bromsebroo, it was retaken by the Swedes in 1658, and again restored at the peace of Roskild. AALBUCH, a mountain of Würtemberg, in the circle of the Jaxt; or rather an elevated table-land on the r. bank of the Brenz, and separated by that river from the Hardtfeld; 60 sq. m. in extent; whose highest point, in N lat. 48° 44', E long. 9° 58', reaches 2,345 ft. above the sea, and whose limits may be regarded as lying between Aalen on the N, Heidenheim on the SE, and Weisenstein on the SW. It belongs to the system of the Suabian Alps. AALBURG, a large and well-built v., 1 m. N by W of Heusden, near the left bank of the Meuse. AAMARA, a v. and mount in Nubia, in Beled-esSudan, on the E bank of the Nile, in lat. 20° 42′ N. It is surrounded by a large and only partially cultivated plain [Bowring's Report on Egypt, p. 203.]— There is a small port of the same name on the coast of Tripoli, in a bay formed by Cape Rameda. AANSTOOT, or OTTERLOO, a large v. of Holland, in the prov. of Guelderland, 9 m. NW of Arnheim. AAR. See ARROE. AAR,-sometimes written AARE,-a considerable river in Switzerland, next in size to the Rhine and the Rhone in that country, and the only large r. exclusively Swiss. It has its three principal sources in the glaciers of the Grimsel, Schreckhorn, and FinsterAarhorn, in the cant. of Berne, at an elevation of 6,000 ft. above sea-level. Its source is thus described by Coxe. "In less than half-an-hour [from a hut on the Grimsel] we entered a small plain skirted by high mountains, and entirely closed by a rugged chain of Alps, over which tower the Finster-Aar and Lauter-Aarhorns, and at whose feet stretches a glacier so entirely covered with earth and stones as to bear at a small distance the appearance of a sandhill. From this glacier issues 'a torrent roaring loud' of troubled waters, which is the source of the Lower Aar, and joins in a few hundred paces, another stream, called the Upper Aar, that falls from the Zinkeberg: the union of these torrents forms the Aar, which rushes with great impetuosity over enormous fragments of rock."-[Travels in Switz.]—Meyer, who visited the sources of the Aar in 1812, describes the glacier which gives birth to the Aar as being divided into two parts by a hill,-the higher portion towards the S giving birth to the upper and principal branch of the Aar, and the lower towards the N to the lower branch. It flows through the vale of Ober and Unter Hasli: passes Meyringen; traverses, with a strong current, the lakes of Brienz and Thun, becoming navigable on issuing from the latter, 1,875 ft. above sealevel; passes the towns of Thun, Bern, Aarberg, Buren, Soleure, Aarau, and Brug; and flows into the AALEN, a bailiwick of Würtemberg, in the circle of the Jaxt, situated from 1,200 to 2,200 ft. above the sea, with an area of 80 sq. m. Pop. in 1833, 20,931. It contains one town, one burgh, and 190 villages and hamlets. It is watered by the Kocher, which flows through it from S to NW; and produces vines, fruits, and cattle, but little grain. It includes the barony of Fugger-Nordendorf, with a pop. of 700.-The town of Aalen-formerly one of the free towns of the empire-is situated upon the Kocher, and its tributary the Aal, 73 m. S of Ellwangen, in N lat. 48° 47', E long. 10° l'[Worl's map]; at 1,430 ft. above the sea. It has some linen and cotton manufactories, and brass foundries. There are forests and large iron-mines in the neighbourhood. Pop. in 1833, 2,720 chiefly Lu-Rhine on its south bank, nearly opposite to Waldshut, therans. AALSMEER, a v. on the E shore of the lake of Haerlem, 74 m. SW of Amsterdam. Pop. 1,976. It is surrounded by extensive orchards and market-gardens. AALST. See ALOST. AALST, a v. in N Brabant, 3 m. N by W of Heusden. Pop. 650.-There is another v. of the same name in the same prov. 4 m. S of Eindhoven. AALSUND, a small fishing v. and port of Norway on the Sundmoer or strait which separates the island of Norvöe from that of Aspöe. It was founded in 1824, and in 1833 had a pop. of 315. It is beautifully situated amidst rocky scenery, and is generally visited by steamers on the coasting-voyage from Trondhiem to Bergen, in lat. 61° 10' N. AALTEN, a town in the district of Zutphen, in Guelderland, on a branch of the Old Yssel, SW of Bredevoort. Pop. 3,524. AALTERE, AELTRE, or ALTRE, a town in the prov. of E. Flanders, 14 m. SE of Bruges, and the same distance NW of Ghent, at an equidistant point on the railroad between these cities, and 27 m. from Ostend. Pop. 4,678. The surrounding country is tame and featureless. after a course of about 150 m., the first half from SE to NW as far as its junction with the Saane, when it turns abruptly to the NE. At its embouchure it vies in size and rapidity with the great river in which it loses its name; and its waters, which are of a silvery hue, are for a long way distinguished from those of the Rhine, which are of a sea-green colour [Core]. At Handek, 9 m. from its source, it forms a beautiful cascade 100 ft. [Murray's Hand-book says 200 ft.the Encyclopedie Moderne [Paris 1846] 50 metres o 164 English ft.-the Penny Cyclop., xix. p. 459, following Coxe, 150 ft.] in height. In its lower course it receives seven tributaries on its right, the chief of which are the Emm, the Reuss, and the Limmat; and five from the left, including the Saane and the Simmin. In fact, this river is the great drain of all the waters of the northern chain of the high Alps, from Gadmenflüh on the E to the Dent-de-Jaman, in the Canton-de-Vaud on the W,- -a range of 70 m., comprising the well-known lofty peaks of the FinsterAarhorn, Jungfrau, the Eiger, Gemmi, &c. Its elevation above sea-level at Handek is 4,783 ft; at Hasli-em-Grund 2,083 ft; at Meyringen 2,024 ft; at Berne 1,725 ft; and at Aarberg 1,506 ft. Betwixt Thun and its embouchure its breadth varies from 100 to 600 ft. At Brug it is only 75 ft. AAR, a small river of Germany in the principality of Waldeck, rising 3 m. E of Winterberg, and falling into the Eder on its left bank, 3 m. N of Frankenberg, after a general SE course of 16 m.-Also a small river in the duchy of Nassau, which, rising in the Taunus, pursues a N by E course through the Aargrund, a fertile wheat-district, and falls into the Lahn at Dietz. AARAFAT. See ARAFAT. AARAU, or ARAU, the chief town of the cant. of Aargau. It is situated upon a hill, on the r. bank of the Aar-here 500 ft. wide-at an elevation of 1,210 ft. above sea-level; 204 m. ESE of Basle, and the same distance W of Zurich; in N lat. 47° 23', and E long. 8° 2. It is a large and well-built town, with a pop. of 4,500, of whom about a twentieth part are Catholics. It has a good public library, a Protestant church. the high cantonal school, a mechanics' institution, and an orphan-house. Its manufactures of ribands, cutlery, and silk and cotton goods, are considerable; and it possesses or recently possessed a vitriol-work and cannon-foundry. A covered bridge here unites the two sides of the river. Coal and iron are found in the neighbourhood.-The treaty which terminated the war between the Protestant and Catholic cantons, in 1712, was concluded here; and here, too, were held the general congresses of the cantons in 1797-8. | come navigable in it. The Aar, increased by small streams, here receives the Reuss and the Limmat below Brugg, and joins the Rhine on its 1. bank opposite Waldshut. The soil to the 1. of the Aar is clayey, and difficult to cultivate; on the r. it is light and fertile; and A. must be regarded as one of the most fertile of the Swiss cantons, exporting a surplus produce to the neighbouring cantons in the shape of wheat, fruit, and vegetables. Vineyards are numerous, but the wine is of inferior quality. The forests-which oc cupy about one-fifth of the cant.-abound in game, particularly boars and stags. In some places ironstone, and coal, turf, and masses of granite detached probably from the High Alps, occur. Several communes possess sulphurous and mineral springs, of which those of Baden and Schintznach are the most celebrated. Saline springs exist near Oberhofen, Erlinsbach, and in some other places.-Commerce is active and little encumbered with fiscal regulations. A. exports-chiefly through the entrepots of Basle, Zurich, and Geneva-grain, fat cattle, cheese, fruits, cotton-goods white and printed, hosiery, thread, ribands, flowered silks, silk-handkerchiefs, straw-hats and bonnets, leather, cutlery, iron-ore, and sulphuric acid. When Mr. Bowring drew up his 'Report on the Commerce and Manufactures of Switzerland,' in 1836, there existed above 200 power-looms in this cant. and their number was rapidly increasing. The AARBERG, or ARBERG, a town on a rocky pro- most extensive of the manufactures is that of cotton; montory nearly surrounded by the Aar, in the cant next to it in importance is silk. The chief imports of Bern, on the road from Bern to Neufchatel, and are printed cloths, raw cotton and cotton-twist, raw from Lausanne to Soleure. The counts of Neufcha-silk, hemp and flax, tobacco, colonial productions, tel sold it, in 1379, to Bern. A. is "a clean little wine, iron, paper, and salt. An active transit-trade town" [Inglis], and an active commercial place, and formerly existed in this cant. by reason of its geograowes its prosperity to the great roads from Basle, So-phical position between France, Austria, Germany, leure, Neufchatel, and Lausanne, which concentrate Italy, and Piedmont; but this has greatly diminished at this point. Distance from Bern 9 m. NW. Pop. 864. AARBURG, or ARBURG, a v. and fortified chateau in the cant. of Aargau, at the junction of the Wigger and Aar, 7 m. SW of Aarau. Pop. 1,500. This is the only fortified place in the Swiss confederation, and the federal arsenal is maintained here. The Aar is here crossed by a suspension bridge 184 ft. in length. There is a copper foundry in the town and the cotton manufacture is carried on in it to a small extent. It was from this place that Michael Du Crêt, while confined as a state-prisoner in the castle in 1754, measured the elevation of some points of the Alps. AARDENBURG, or ARDENBORG, a small town in the prov. of Sieland, 3 m. SSE of Sluys, 84 ENE of Bruges. N lat. 51° 16'. Pop. 1,400. AARDEY, a name given to the W extremity of the mountain-range intersecting the southern part of Prussian Westphalia, of which the E part is known as the Haar or Haarstrang.- Ungewitter. AARE. See AAR. AARE'DH (EL). See NEJD-el-’Arid. AARGAARD, a v. on the W coast of Norway, in about N lat. 64° 20′, the point where the northern road ends, and travellers embark for the North Cape. AARGAU, or ARGOVIE, anciently ARGOVIA, a cant. of Switzerland, situated between 47° 10′ and 47° 36' N lat., and 7° 55′ and 8° 25′ E long. It is bounded on the N by the Rhine, which separates it from Baden; on the E by the cantons of Zurich and Zug; on the W by those of Bern, Soleure, and Basle; and on the S by Luzern. Its average length is about 21 m.; its breadth 19; its superficies, according to the Almanack de Gotha,' 503 sq. m.-The mountains of A. rise from 1,600 to 1,900 ft. above the level of the Aar, or nearly 3,000 ft. above the sea, and are the eastern extremity of the Jura which extends through the northern portion of this cant. It is well-watered, as four of the chief rivers of Switzerland unite and be of late years.-The cant. is divided into 11 districts, viz. Aarau the chief place, Baden, Bremgarten, Brugg, Kulm, Lauffenburg, Lenzburg, Muri, Rheinfelden, Zofingen, and Zurzach; and these are subdivided into 48 circles.-The pop. which was returned to the confederation in 1803, at 144,095, at the close of the year 1836 amounted to 182,755, of whom 5,965 were citizens of other cantons of the confederation, and 1,798 were foreigners. It would thus appear that in point of density of population, A. holds the sixth place in the Swiss confederacy.-The government is a representative republic, at the head of which are two burgomasters annually chosen by the great council. The military force consists of 15,000 men, and its contingent to the federal army is 2,410 men. The revenues drawn from various sources amount to about £44,000, one half of which is derived from state-property. The debt has sometimes amounted to half-ayear's revenue. In January 1840, 3 journals out of the 51 published in the confederation, were published in this cant. [Stat. Jour. iv. p. 129]. The reformed church in A. is composed of 48 parishes and 2 deaneries, under the inspection of an ecclesiastical council. The Protestants of this communion were estimated in 1837, at 79,800; the Catholics at 71,400. The Jews-in number 1,700-have the free exercise of their religion in the communes of Endingen and Lengnau.-Every district of 120 children must have at least one primary and one superior school; and in every circle, or for every 15,000 or 20,000 souls, there are from five to six secondary schools. In 1833, the children attending school in this cant. were 1 in 5 of the population. A. takes its name from the river Aar with the adjunct of gau, signifying a province or district. In the 5th cent. it made gundians, it subsequently came under the dominion of the part of Germany. Conquered by Gondebald, king of the BarMerovingian dynasty of the French kings; and, in the latter half of the 9th cent., in the reign of Charles the Fat, it was cent. it was subject to the house of Hapsburg. It afterwards seized upon by Rudolf of Startlinguin. In the 11th and 12th became annexed to the cant, of Bern; and in 1418 was guaranteed to that cant, which held it till 1798, when, under French influence, it was made an independent cant., but of small dimensions, containing only 200 sq. m., and 66,800 inhabitants. In 1803, it was raised to an equality with the largest cantons, by the acquisition of the whole of Baden and the Frickthal, and was made a member of the Swiss confederation. AARHORN. See FINSTER-AARHORN. AARHUUS, a Danish dio., situated between 55° 51′ and 56° 42′ N lat., and 9° 10′ and 11° E long., comprehending the bailiwicks of Aarhuus and Randers in the peninsula of Jütland, and the islands of Anholt, Hielm, Knoben, Nordves'rev, and Endelave. Its area amounts to nearly 1,400 sq. m., and is more diversified than any other part of Jütland. The Gudenaa is the principal river. The chief lakes are the Kolind, the Mossöe, and the Juelsöe.-This district exports wheat, wool, horses, cattle, butter, skins, tallow, salted pork, wax, and honey. There are 7 towns and 304 parishes in the dio., with a pop. of about 90,000. The chief ports are Aarhuus, Horsens, Randers, and Ebeltoft.-The other principal towns are Mariager, Hobroe, Skanderborg and Greenaae. -The bailiwick of Aarhuus comprises the SW part of the dio. Its area is nearly one-half of the whole; and it contains 2 towns, 134 parishes, and 45,000 inhabitants. its deep colour" [Irby and Mangles]. Mount Hor is a AARONSBURG, a post v. in Centre-county, Pennsylvania, U. S., on one of the highest branches of Penn's creek, 89 m. NW of Harrisburg, and 204 m. from Washington. Pop. in 1840, 450. AARSCHÖT. See AERSCHOT. AARWANGEN, a large v. on the r. bank of the Aar, in the cant. of Bern, 10 m. ENE of Soleure. Cattle-fairs are held here. It was sold in 1432, by the last baron of Grunenberg, to Bern. Pop. 1,900. AAS, a fortress in the gov. of Aggerhuus, 13 m. S. of Christiania on the road to Moss.-There are several v. of this name in Norway, and in Iceland. AAS, a town in the dep. of Basses-Pyrenées, arrond. of Oleron. There are some mineral wells here, and mines of iron and lead. AASGAARDSTRAND, a v. of Norway, in the district of Jarlsberg-Laurvig, on the gulf of Christiania. Pop. in 1833, 423. AASNEE, a v. and pass in the Afghanistan prov. of Hurrund. The v. lies on the road from Vung to Hurrund, in N lat. 29° 13′. AASHWAH, a town of Khuzistan, on the route from Bassa to Hawiza, 40 m. SE of Kornah. AASTRUP, the most northern herrad or district of N Jutland, in the bailiwick of Aalborg.-Also the name of several small villages in Jutland. AATYL, a Druse v. in the Hauran of Syria, 54 m. SSE of Damascus. It exhibits numerous remains of ancient grandeur. Pop. 250.-Robinson. 66 AAZY (EL), A'sı, or Assi, the modern name of the river Orontes. It is called El A'si, that is, 'the rebel,' " from its refusing," says Abulfeda, "to water the fields without being compelled by means of water-wheels." But Rosenmuller suggests that the Arabic name may be a corruption of its ancient Greek name Arios. The city of Aarhuus, the capital of the above bishopric and bailiwick, is situated on a plain between the Kattegat and a small lake whose outlet forms a port recently much improved, in N lat. 56° 9', E long. 10° 12'. [Danish chart, 1840.] It is not fortified, but is surrounded by a stone-wall. It contains 3 public squares, 34 streets, 3 churches, a college, an hospital, and a town-house. The cathedral, which was begun in 1201, is 150 paces long, and 96 broad. The manufactures of A. consist of refined sugar, tobacco, leather, spirits, and linen. The chief article of export is corn, of which from 60,000 to 100,000 tons are annually exported. In 1843, 6,942 quarters of barley, 1,089 of oats, and 253 of wheat were exported, in 17 Danish bottoms, from this port to great Britain [Parl. Paper]. The harbour is small, and only admits vessels of 7 feet draught. The shipping amounts to 46 vessels. The principal foreign trade is with the West Indies. There are three fairs held here annually. Aarhuus is the chief point of communication between North Jütland and the island of Sieland, at Callundborg, to which packet-boats sail daily from A., and whence a road leads 50 m. due east to Copenhagen. | Pop., in 1834, 6,765; on 1st Feb. 1840, 7,800. The old town of Aarhuus was situated 2 m. to the W of the present town.-Eric Pontoppidan, bishop of Ber-bians, scattered throughout Nubia, and between the gen, well-known for his Natural History of Norway, was born here in 1698. AARL-AN-DER-VEEN, a town of S Holland, 12 m. SE of Leyden. Pop. 2,247. AARLE, a v. of N Brabant, 3 m. NW of Helmont. Pop. 1,100. A half-yearly cattle-fair is held here. AAROE, a small Danish island, situated in the Little Belt, between Funen and the coast of Sleswig, and belonging to the dio. of Hadersleben. It has an area of nearly 2 sq. m. Its centre is in N lat. 55° 15' 30". This island must not be confounded with the larger island of Arroe, which is 23 m. to the SE. AARON (HILL OF) [Arab. JEBEL HARU'N], a lofty mountain-ridge of Arabia Petræa, in the district of Sherah or Seir, 15 m. SW of Shóbek. On its highest and most rugged pinnacle-called by the Arabs Nebi Haron-is a small building supposed by the natives to enclose the tomb of Aaron; and there seems no reason to doubt that this is the Mount Hor mentioned in Num. xxxiii. 38. "The dark ridge of Mount Hor appears to be altogether composed of a sort of sparry flint, broken into masses, and seamed with wide crevices, with scarcely any verdure to vary ABAASIE, a town of the Gold coast of Africa, in the Fantee territory, 30 m. NE of Anamaboe. ABABA, the Turkish name of the Salambria or Peneus river. ABABAS, a native tribe of Brazil, inhabiting the forests to the S of the Cordillera Geral intersected by the three head-branches of the Curumbiara r. which falls into the Rio Guapore in S lat. 13° 15', W long. 62° 30', on the western limit of Matto-Grosso. ABA'BDEH, ABABDE, or ABABIDEH, a people of Eastern Africa, the descendants of the ancient Nu borders of the valley of the Nile and the Red sea, but located chiefly from the latitude of 23° to the western border of Lower Egypt. The principal tribes are found in the parallel of Kosaïr, and at Derau and Redesíyeh, nearly opposite Edfu; and bear the names of El Fokará, El Meleïkab, and El As-habat. Three of their hordes, the Benwásýel, Mahazí, and Howeïtat, have pushed farther northwards, and located themselves on the confines of Lower Egypt; and a number have settled in Upper Nubia, along the great road to Sennaar. Wilkinson says, the Ababdeh appear to be aborigines of the country, and are Arabs only in habit" [vol. ii. p. 386]. They are smalllimbed, but well-formed. Their complexion is very dark, approaching nearly to black; their features, however, are more European than Negro. They frequently intermarry with the Nubians. Burckhardt represents them as cruel, perfidious, and superstitious. "No oath," says he, "binds an Ababde." They speak the Arabic language, are fond of music and poetry, and practise a kind of Pyrrhic dance. They can bring a force of from 1,500 to 2,000 men into the field. Their arms are a light spear, round shield, |