"Art. 6. It is understood that the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, from whatever quarter they may arrive, whether from the ocean or the interior of the continent, shall for ever enjoy the right of navigating freely, and without any hinderance whatever, all the rivers and streams which, in their course towards the Pacific ocean, may cross the line of demarcation upon the line of coast described in Art. 3 of the present convention."

their names are, the Koniagi, Kenayzi, Tschugatski, Ugalachmiuti, and Koliugi. The most northern part of the peninsula of Alashka, and the isle of Kodiak, belongs to the Koniagi. A great inland lake, more than 80 m. long, by 36 m. broad, called Lake Cheligoff, communicates with Bristol bay by means of the river Igtschiagick. The Kenayzi inhabit the western coast of Cook's inlet, or the Kenaiskaia Guba. The Rada factory, visited by Vancouver, is That part of the American continent comprehend- situated here, in N lat. 61° 8'; and notwithstanding ed under the name of Russian America, is generally the rigour of the climate, grain thrives well on the of a very alpine and sterile character. The celebrated banks of Cook's river. The Tschugatski inhabit the mountain of St. Elias, which is probably a volcanic coast between Cook's inlet and the head of Prince peak, is calculated to have an elevation of 2,775 | William's sound, or Tschugatskaia Guba. There are toises, or 17,742 ft.; and La Perouse estimated the three small factories and three small forts in this range of mountains which terminates at Cross sound district,-Fort Alexander, near the mouth of Port to be upwards of 10,000 feet in elevation. The pri- Chatham,--the forts of the Turk's island, or Green mitive mountains of granite, or slate, in some places island of Vancouver,--and Tehalea, or Hinchinbrook rise immediately from the sea, and have their sum- island. The Ugalachmiuti extend from Prince Wilmits constantly covered with snow. Malte Brun liam's sound to Behring's bay, or the bay of Jackutal. thus describes the general appearance of this region:- The factory of St. Simon is near Cape Suckling, the "Above a range of hills covered with pines and birch, Cape Elie of the Russians. The Koliugi inhabit the rise naked mountains crowned with enormous masses mountainous country of New Norfolk and the northof ice; these often detach themselves, and roll down ern part of New Cornwall. The proximity of mouninto the vallies below, which they entirely fill up, or tains covered with eternal snow, and the extent of into the rivers and bays, where, remaining without the American continent in the latitude of 58°, render melting, they rise in banks of crystal. When such a the climate of this part of New Norfolk, and the mass falls, the crashing forests are torn up by the country of Ugalachmiuti, excessively cold and iniroots and scattered to a distance,-the echoes resound mical to vegetation. A mountainous belt runs along along the shores with the noise of thunder,-the sea the whole coast from the head of Cook's inlet in N lat. rises up in foam,-ships experience a violent concus- 60°, to the SE point of the gulf of Georgia in N lat. sion, and the affrighted navigator witnesses, almost 49°, where this belt joins the chain that traverses the in the middle of the ocean, a renewal of those terrific district of the Lower Columbia. The most conspiscenes which sometimes spread such devastation in cuous summits of this chain are Mount St. Elias, alpine regions. Between the foot of the mountains visible 60 leagues distance on sea; and Mount Fairand the sea extends a strip of of low land, the soil of weather. which is almost everywhere a black and marshy earth, only calculated for producing coarse though numerous mosses, short grasses, a few vaccinias, and other little plants. Some of these marshes, on the side of the hills, retain the water like a sponge, while their verdure makes them appear to be solid ground; but in attempting to pass them the traveller sinks up to the mid-leg. Nevertheless, the pine-tree acquires a great size upon these gloomy rocks. Next to the fir, the most common species of tree is that of the alder; but in many places the vegetation is confined to dwarf trees and shrubs. Upon no coast has there been remarked such rapid encroachments of the sea upon the land: the trunks of trees which had been cut down by European navigators, have been found and recognised after a lapse of ten years, sunk in the water, with the earth which supported them."

From 67 to 64° 10′, along the eastern shore of Behring's straits, the Russian settlements are mere huts frequented by Siberian hunters. The principal posts, reckoning from N to S along this district, are Kigiltach, Leglelachtoke, Tugulin, Netschick, Tschinigriun, Chibalech, Topar, Pintepala, Agulichan, Chavani, and Nugran, near Cape Rodney. These habitations are from 90 to 120 m. distant from the huts of the Tshoutshes of the Asiatic continent. Behring's straits, which separates them, is filled with desert islands, the most northern of which is called Imaglin. South of Norton sound, to Cape Malowodan, (Littlewater,) there are no Russian establishments, but there are a great number of huts belonging to the natives collected along the shore, between 63° 20′ and 60° 5′ N lat. Bristol bay of Captain Cook, on the north of the peninsula of Alashka, is called by the Russians Kamisezkaia Guba: they preserve none of the British names given by Cook and Vancouver, in their charts, north of 55° N lat. From Bristol bay to New Cornwall, the coast is inhabited by five tribes, forming as many great territorial divisions;

Beyond the island of Quadra, to the NW, is the entrance of Queen Charlotte's sound, communicating with the coast by a great number of inlets, bays, and islands. These last, denominated Queen Charlotte's islands, extend from 51° 42′ to 54° 18′ N lat., and from 129° 54' to 133° 18' W long., and are named Washington isles by American navigators. Dixon's inlet separates these islands on the NW from the archipelago of the Prince of Wales. The principal island, denominated Prince of Wales' island by Vancouver, and Isla de Ulloa by the Spaniards, is the most western of the group, and of large extent. Port Buccarelli, on its western coast, is a fine haven, surrounded by seven volcanoes which continually throw up flames and ashes. This port lies in 55° 24′ N lat. Immediately to the north entrance are King George's islands, and the archipelago of Pitt. At the NE extremity of this group, Cross sound penetrates far into the continent. At the entrance of Prince William's sound are three small islands denominated Montague, Hinchinbrooke, and Kav's islands. The Aleutian islands extend from the SW point of the peninsula of Alashka, between the parallels of 51° 40′ and 55° N lat., dividing the sea of Behring, as it is sometimes called, from the great Northern ocean. These islands are divided into three groups: the Aleutians, properly so called,-the Andreanof islands, and the Lisii, or Fox islands, sometimes also called Kawalang. Malte Brun says, "they constitute one single and unique chain; and might be compared to the piles of an immense bridge which has formerly been thrown across from continent to continent." They describe between Kamtschatka in Asia, and the promontory of Alashka in America, an arc of a circle which almost joins the two lands together.

The whole population of the north-west coast, together with its islands, from the entrance of Juan de Fuca to Cross sound, is supposed not to exceed 10,000 persons. The Russian colonies in the north-west of

AMHARA, one of the great divisions of Abyssinia, | to 87° without rain. The wild animals are the elecomprising all the territory on the northern side of phant, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, buffalo, bison, deer, the upper basin of the Blue Nile; and extending to and various species of monkeys. The pop. of this that of the Tacazze, which divides it from Tigré on prov. has rapidly increased since it was ceded to the the E and N. The district forms a high table-land, British; and probably has now reached 50,000, of crossed by numerous mountain-chains, in many dis- whom about 2,000, nearly all Burmans and Talains, tricts extremely abrupt and almost impassable, and are in the town of Amherst, which is situated near presenting towards the northern extremity of the the mouth of the Saluen, on a high cliff, forming the Samen range, the highest summits in Abyssinia. last point of land which may be regarded as the bank The intercommunication of some localities is stated of the river. by Alvarez to be limited to a single pass, easily defensible by gates. In the province of Amhara properly so called, in the SE of the district now described, is the famous valley of Amba-Geshen, in which the children of the royal family of Abyssinia were formerly immured. In the centre of the district is the large Lake Zana, Tzana, or Dembea, containing several islands, on the largest of which is a monastery, described as surrounded by lemon, orange, and citron trees, in luxuriant fruitage. This lake, which has an alt. of 6,110 ft. above sea-level, although it occupies the lowest part of A., abounds with hippopotami, and contains several islands the greater number of which are inhabited. In Bruce's map it is laid down as 60 m. in length, and 35 m. broad; but its dimensions vary greatly with the season. The plains, which are generally well-cultivated, produce wheat, maize, barley, sugar-canes, peaches, pomegranates, figs, and black grapes. Mines of copper, tin, and lead, exist in various districts. The men of this district are reputed the handsomest, and are said to form the finest troops in the empire.-The Amharic language, a Shemitic dialect, has its name from this province, where it is said to be spoken in the greatest purity. -See article ABYSSINIA.

AMHERST, a province of Tenasserim; bounded on the N by Birmah and Siam; on the E by a lofty range of unexplored mountains which divide Tenasserim from Siam; on the S by the prov. of Tavoy; and on the W by the bay of Bengal. Its general appearance is that of a vast alluvial plain, partially enclosed by the high mountain-range referred to, and having its surface broken by a double line of hills from 200 to 800 ft. in height, forming in some parts a narrow continuous chain, in others exhibiting sharp precipitous eminences of singular and picturesque aspect. These are principally of limestone formation; but along the course of the Saluen, which divides this prov. from Birmah on the W, there runs a sandstone ridge of from 200 to 300 ft. in height, from Moelmyne or Muelmein to its embouchure. In addition to the magnificent Saluen, which has a course of nearly 1,000 m., descending from the frontiers of China, the Ataran and the Gyne rivers water this prov.; and these three rivers form, by their junction opposite Muelmein, an estuary of from 1 to 2 m. in breadth, with a depth sufficient for vessels of several hundred tons burden. About 3,000 sq. m. are periodically inundated and fertilized like the Delta of Egypt by the overflowing of these rivers in this prov. [Parl. Rep.] The banks of the Saluen, from the town of Amherst up to Muelmein-a distance of 25 or 30 m. by the windings of the river, though only 9 m. in direct distance-present an uninterrupted line of jungle; and the horizon is bounded by forest-clad hills running parallel with the stream, and from 1 to 5 or 6 m. distant. The greater part of the surface presents an interminable wilderness of forest and jungle. The chief characteristic of the climate is the extreme length and severity of the wet season: rain begins to fall in April, and continues with little intermission till October, yet the climate can hardly be considered unhealthy. During the months of August and September, while rain continues constant at Muelmein, the thermometer ranges from 73° to 78°; or from 85°

AMHERST, a district of Cumberland prov. in Van Diemen's Land, stretching along the r. or W side of the Clyde river.-Also an island in Arctic America, off the N coast of Melville peninsula, in N lat. 69° 40', W long. 83° 30'.-Also the most southernly of the Magdalen group in the gulf of St. Lawrence.--Also an island in Lake Ontario, SW of Kingston, in N lat. 44° 5'.-Also a township in Nova Scotia, in Cumberland co. Area 26,750 acres. Its principal village of the same name is situated near the isthmus which separates Chignecto bay, in the bay of Fundy, from Northumberland strait.-Also a township in Hancock co. state of Maine, U. S. Pop. 196.-Also the cap. of Hillsborough co. New Hampshire, 30 m. S of Concord, on the Souhegan, a branch of the Merrimac. Pop. 1,565.-Also a township in Hampshire co. Massachusetts, 7 m. E by N of Northampton, 82 m. W of Boston; in N lat. 42° 22′ 15′′, W long. 72° 31′ 28′′. [Amer. Alm.] Pop. 2,550. It is the seat of Amherst college, founded in 1821.-Also a township in Erie co. New York, 10 m. NE of Buffalo. Pop. 2,451.-Also a township in Lorain co. Ohio, 8 m. W of Elyria. Pop. 1,184.-Also a central co. of Virginia, on the N side of James river. Area 418 sq. m. Pop. in 1840, 12,576, of whom 5,577 were slaves. Tobacco is the chief produce of the district.

AMHERSTBURGH, a town of Upper Canada, in Essex co., on the E side of Detroit river, 3 m. above its entrance into Lake Erie, 269 m. by land from Toronto. It has a fluctuating pop. of about 1,500. Its harbour is good, with anchorage in 34 fath.; and during the late war it was a frontier post and naval depot. It is celebrated for the manufacture of a fine and durable straw-plait. In its vicinity is a large settlement of Huron Indians.

AMHERST ISLES, a group off the SW end of Corea, in N lat. 34° 30', E long. 126°.

AMIATA, a mountain of Tuscany, in the distric of Sienna, 14 m. SE of Montalcino. Alt. 1,770 metres, or 5,805 ft., above sea-level. It appears to be of volcanic formation.

AMIATKA, the largest of the Andreanof group, in the Aleutian archipelago; in N lat. 51° 35'. AMIAYN, a town of Birmah, on the 1. bank of the Ningti, 30 m. above its confluence with the Irawadi. AMICARE, a river of Columbia, flowing into the Caroni, opposite Guri, 80 m. SE of Angostura.

AMICU, or AMUCU, a lake of South America in Cumana, the El Dorado, or "great lake with auriferous banks" of former geographers. In 1836, Mr. Schomburgk having ascended the Ripununi, some distance beyond the frontiers of British Guayana, entered a small creek, by which he approached the river Pirara, and soon found himself on the shores of the lake Amicu, not above a league in length, and disclosing only a few pools of water amid the dense mass of rushes. Its elevation above sea-level is 520 ft. The Pirara, issuing from the lake on its northern side, is received by the Mahu, which, joining the Takoto, flows into the Rio Branco. Such is the insignificant character of Lake Amicu in the dry season; but after the rains it presents another aspect. The creeks of the Ripununi then join the Pirara, establishing a communication between the rivers of Guayana and those which flow into the Amazon; the

country around is flooded to an immense extent; and the hillocks of mould disseminated over the barren plains, and continually increased by decaying vegetation, with their tufts of trees, appear like so many islands in a vast sea. Such is the famous lake of El Dorado, supposed, at the time of M. von Humboldt's return from America, to be at least 40 leagues long, and now reduced to a circumference of not more than 2 or 3 leagues.

AMICULDUNGAMA, a town of Hindostan in the Mysore, 12 m. NW of Bangalore.

of her conquests the islands of Ceylon and Trinidad; and the harbour of the cape of Good Hope remained open to her ships. France regained her colonies; and the Arowari was made the boundary of her possessions in Guayana, on the side towards Brazil. The republic of the Seven Islands was acknowledged; and Malta was restored to the order of the same name. Spain and the Batavian republic also regained their colonial possessions, with the exception of Ceylon and Trinidad. The French were to evacuate Rome and Naples, together with Elba. The house of Orange was to be indemnified; and the status quo ante bellum guaranteed to the Porte. During the brief continuance of peace, the first consul fitted out an expedition against St. Domingo, and wished to place French consuls in all the ports of Ireland. He also annexed Piedmont to France; made himself president of the Italian republic; framed a new constitution for Switzerland, and marched a force into that country to support it; while by keeping a French army in Holland he rendered its independence a mere shadow. On the other hand, Great Britain declined evacuating Egypt and Malta, maintaining that France had committed various acts of aggrandizement in violation of the treaty. On the 10th of May, 1803, the British court demanded, as conditions on which alone all new differences could be reconciled, indemnification for the king of Sardinia, who had been expelled from the continent,-restitution of the island of Lampedosa,-and the evacuation of the Batavian and Helvetian republics by the French troops. These conditions the French refused; whereupon England declared war, May 17, 1803.

The total length of the A. and Boulogne railway is 76 m. It is entirely executed with the exception [in Nov. 1849] of some 37,500,000 francs, or about £19,500 per mile. There are 10 stasmall works at Abbeville. The expenses of its construction were tions on the line; and the distance is performed in 3 hours, or 26 m. an hour including stoppages.

AMIENS, an arrondissement, canton, commune, and city of France, in the dep. of the Somme. The arrond. has an area of 184,018 hectares; and comprises the 10 cant. of Amiens, Conti, Corbie, Hornoy, Molliens-Vidame, Oisemont, Picquigny, Poix, Sains, and Villers-Bocage. Pop. in 1831, 178,409; in 1846, 188,232. The cant., comprising 12 com., had a pop. in 1831 of 52,037.-The city is situated on the Somme, at an alt. of 400 ft. above sea-level, on the road from Boulogne to Paris, 50 m. SE of Abbeville, and 75 m. NE from Paris; by railway, 91 m. from Paris, and 75 m. from Boulogne; in N lat. 49° 53′ 43′′, E long. 2° 18' 12". It is well-built; and is intersected by several branches of the Somme, which afford valuable water-power to the numerous manufactories in and around the city. A boulevard occupies the site of the ancient ramparts, but the old citadel is still entire on the r. bank of the Somme. The principal buildings are the town-house, the college, the corn-market, and the cathedral. The latter building is one of the noblest Gothic edifices in Europe. Its entire length is 442 ft.; and its vault is half as high again as the roof of Westminster abbey. A. is the see of a bishop, who is a suffragan of Rheims, and whose diocese comprises the dep. of the Somme. It is also the seat of a cour royale, a tribunal of commerce, a school of medicine, and a royal college which numbered 300 pupils in 1839; and possesses several normal AMIGNY-ROUY,a commune and village of France, schools, a public library of 45,000 vols., and a bota- in the dep. of Aisne, cant. of Chauny. Pop. 1,498. nical garden. The weaving of cotton-velvet, and AMILGAMBO, a town of La Plata, on a branch spinning of cotton and woollen yarns, form the of the Angualasta, 35 m. NE of Rioja de la Nueva. principal manufactures of the place. The cotton AMILGOT, a village in Sinde, 20 m. E of Shikarmanufacture, first introduced in 1765, now gives em-pur, near the r. bank of the Indus, over which there ployment to 18,000 persons.-A. was anciently the is here a ferry. capital of Picardy. In the time of Julius Cæsar it was called Samarobriva, and was the capital of the Ambiani, whence its present name may be derived. Cæsar convened a general meeting of the Gauls here; and here Valentinian proclaimed his son Gratian by the title of Augustus. About the middle of the 5th cent the Romans were expelled by Clodion, and Morovée was proclaimed king, in whose reign A. was besieged by Atilla. Clovis conferred A. upon Clotaire; and it formed part of the dominions of the Crown until the decline of the house of Charlemagne, when it came to be governed by counts of its own. In 1185, Philip of Alsace, Lord of Amiens, by his marriage with Isabella of Vermandois, ceded the town to Philip Augustus. In 1435, with other towns of the Somme, it was mortgaged by Charles VII. to Philip of Borgoyne, but was redeemed by Louis XI. in 1463. Two years later, it was ceded by the treaty of Saint Maur to Charlerois; but was soon reannexed to the dominions of Louis. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1597. Many important political negotiations have been conducted in A. Among these may be mentioned that in which Louis IX. was umpire in the dispute between Henry III. of England and his barons; and that of King John, relative to negotiations for the payment of his ransom, and for the reformation of abuses which had arisen during his captivity. A definitive treaty of 23 articles was concluded at A. between Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Batavian republic, March 25, 1802. Britain retained

AMILLY-SAINT-FIRMIN, a com. of France, in the dep. of Loiret, cant. of Montargis. Pop. 1,618. AMILORA, a river of Brazil, in Para, flowing by a N course into the Madeira, in S lat. 6° 48′.

AMILPAS (CUAUTLA), a town of Mexico, situated upon a branch of the Rio de los Balsas, in a fertile and highly cultivated plain. It is celebrated for its heroic defence in the war of the Revolution, under Morelos, who maintained himself in it for several months against the Spanish general Calleja.

AMILPAS (ZACUALPAM), a town of Mexico, 30 m. E of the above, finely situated at the southern base of Popocatepetl, in a plain whose general level is about 5,000 ft. above the sea.

AMIRÁNTES (LES), a collection of eleven small islets, in the Indian ocean, forming the SW part of the Seychelles. They are mere masses of coral mixed with sand, united together by a bank of sand and coral, and rising very little higher than the level of the sea. They are without water, and only frequented in the turtle-fishery season. The most northerly, L'islot Africain, is in S lat. 4° 59', E long. 53° 32'; the most southerly, l'Isle des Neuf, in S lat. 6° 12', E long. 53° 14'. They are distant 840 m. NNW W from the Mauritius. They were ceded with the Seychelles to Britain in 1814.

AMISSA, a river of Africa, on the Gold coast, flowing into the ocean in N lat. 5° 3', W long. 0° 40′. AMITE, a county in the SW of the state of Mississippi, U. S. Area 900 sq. m. Pop. in 1840, 9,511,