knowledged the Abessinian envoy, and despatched a grand embassy on their part to the court of their new ally. A few years afterwards we find the Abessinian monarch assisted by a force of 400 Portuguese in repelling the attacks of Ahmed Gran (com. monly called Mohammed Gragne), a powerful Mahommedan chief

who reigned in the kingdom of Harrar, situated E of the province during the subsistence of its relations with Portugal; but towards the end of the 16th century A. became less accessible to Europeans, the Turks having seized the ports of Suakim, Massowa, and Zeylà, and the Gallas making fierce inroads on the country The Jesuit, Paez or Payz, went to A. in 1603. He visited and described the source of the Bahr-el-Azrek or Abai; and acquired such influence at court that the emperor embraced the Roman Catholic religion. But he was soon forced to renounce it; and his son Fasil or Basilides expelled all the agents of the Propaganda from the country. In 1699, when the French physician Poncet, visited Abessinia, the court had been transferred to Gondar. In 1750, three Franciscans penetrated to that city, and acquired considerable influence at the court of Yasu or Joshua II, who reigned from 1729 to 1752. In 1770 Bruce visited Abessinia. Its next European visitor was Salt, in 1805, and again in 1809. It has since been visited by Gobat, Coinbes and Tamisier, Rochet d'Hericourt, the brothers d'Abbadie, Rüppell, Von Katte, Harris, Krapf, Isenberg, and Beke. It is to the rela

of Efat. Many Catholic missionaries obtained access to Abessinia

tions of these travellers-especially the last mentioned-that we

owe our present acquaintance with this country.

of San Salvador. It is the port of Sonsonate, but is merely an open bay without shelter. Lat. 13° 37′ N. ACAM. See AKIM.

ACAMAS (CAPE), or ST. EPIPHANI, or PIFANIO, a promontory forming the NW extremity of the island of Cyprus, on which there is a village of the same name. N lat. 35° 6', E long. 32° 16'. It bears from Cape Tranquillo, the S extremity of the island, ESE [E by S] nearly 74 leagues. It is sometimes known as Cape Salizano.

ACAMBARO, an Indian village of Mexico, in the prov. of Queretaro.

ACAMEA, an affluent of the Parima in Guayana. ACANCAN, a river of Venezuela, flowing NW into the Caroni river.

ACAPALA, a village of Mexico, in the prov. of
Tabasco, 45 m. N of Villa Hermosa."
ACAPONETA, a town of Mexico, in the prov. of
Xalisco, in N lat. 22° 34', W long. 105° 18'.

of Mexico, on a small bay of the Pacific; in N lat. ACAPULCO, or Los REYES, a city and seaport 16° 50′, W long. 99° 46′ [Humboldt]; W long. 99° 54' Authorities.] Ludolph's History of Ethiopia.-Bruce's [Capt. B. Hall]; 99° 50′ 44′′ or 5° 24′ E of San FranTravels, 7 vols. 8vo. Salt's Journal in Lord Valentia's cisco [Beechey]; 99° 52′ 15" [Belcher in 1837]; Fort Travels, 1809. 3 vols. 4to.-Salt's Voyage to Abys- San Diego 16° 50' 48" N, 99° 52′ W [Raper, 3d ed.]. sinia, 4to. 1814.-Gobat's Journal of a Three Years' Humboldt describes the bay as an immense basin, Residence in Abyssinia. 1834. 12mo.-Reise in Abys-excavated in granite rocks, and measuring nearly sinien, von Dr. E. Rüppell. 1838. 2 vols. 8vo.- 20,000 ft. in breadth from E to W; and pronounces Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf. 8vo. it one of the finest ports in the world. Captain Basil 1843.-Rochet, Voyage à Choa. 8vo. 1842.-D'Ab- Hall says of it: "It is the very beau ideal of a harbadie, in Bull. Geogr. de Paris.-Highlands of Ethio- bour. It is easy of access; very capacious; the water pia. By Major Harris. 1844. 3 vols. 8vo.-Abes- is not too deep; the holding-ground good; quite free sinien und die evangelische Mission, von C. W. Isenberg. from hidden dangers, and as secure as the basin in 2 vols. 12mo.-Beke's Papers in Geogr. Journ.; Edin. the centre of Portsmouth dockyard." From the inPhil. Journ.; Bull. Geog. de Paris, &c. terior of the harbour the sea cannot be discovered; and a stranger coming to the spot by land would imagine he was looking over a sequestered mountainlake. The bay has two entrances, on either side of the island Roqueta. That on the N side is known as the Boca Chica, or narrow entrance, its breadth not exceeding 1,000 ft. The other has a fair average breadth of 14 m., with from 24 to 33 fathoms water. In the following chart of the port of A., from Sir E. Belcher's Survey of 1837, A is the Boca Chicha; b Punta Grifo; C the city of A.; d the castle of San

ABZAC, a town of France, in the dep. of Charente, 6 m. N of Confolens. Pop. 1,126.

ABZAL. See ABI-ZAL.

ACADIA, the name originally given by the French to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and, in the charter of Henry IV. of France, to the whole N American continent from the 40th to the 46th parallel of lat. The name is said to have been derived from that of the Shubenacadie, one of the principal rivers of Nova Scotia.

ACADIAN MOUNTAINS, a range on the N American continent, running to the E of N between N lat. 41° and 49°, and forming the eastern boundary of the Great N American plain. They have their northern termination in the peninsula of Gaspe at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Their total length is nearly 600 m., with a breadth varying from 70 to 150 m. On their eastern side, between them and the Atlantic, extends an undulating and hilly district varying from 50 to 80 m. in breadth. The most elevated points in this mountain-system occur in the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, which, in Mount Washington, attain an elevation of 6,428 ft., in Mount Adams 5,328 ft., and in Mount Jefferson 5,058 ft. In the Green mountains, in Vermont, another branch of the A. system, Mount Mansfield has an altitude of 4,279 ft., and Camel's Rump of 4,188 ft. above sealevel. But perhaps still loftier summits connected with this great mountain-system may yet be discovered in the ranges running off into high parallels on the NE.

ACADIE, a district of Lower Canada, stretching along the W side of the river St. John and the N frontier of the state of New York. It is about 22 m. in length, by 20 in breadth; and has a superficial area of 240 sq. m. The pop., chiefly of French descent, is nearly 12,000. Besides the Montreal river, which intersects it, it is watered by La Tortue and La Colle.

ACAJUTLA, a harbour of Guatimala, to the SW

Diego; e the Piedras Blancas or White rocks; f Point Guitarron; g Point Bruja; h Port Marques; I the Great entrance; k the Roqueta.

The city of Acapulco owes all its importance to its harbour, and to being the nearest port to Mexico city. Humboldt estimated the resident population at 4.000, chiefly people of colour, Chinese, Mulattoes, and Negroes. It stands on a bay on the W side of the roadstead, the, N horn of which is formed by a small promontory surmounted by the formidable fortress of San Diego. A. is an unhealthy place from the combination of heat and moisture in the atmosphere, and its being surrounded by lofty moun|tains; and it does not seem well-situated for com

merce. The passage from A. to Lima is long and 5 eparchies or subdivisions of Acarnania, Missolonghi, difficult; while that from Guyaquil to A. frequently Naupactos, Agrinion, and Kallidrome; but in July occupies five weeks. Captain Hall sailed from Pa- | 1838, this arrangement was superseded, and A. now nama to A.—a distance of 1,495 m.-in 30 days, forms one of the 24 departments of Greece, with and it may be accomplished by steamers in 166 Karbasera or Karbasari, on a bay of the same name, hours; but it is only from December to May inclusive, in the SE extremity of the gulf of Arta, as its capihe says, that it is advisable to navigate this coast. tal. Its other towns are Dragomestre on a bay of the The interior transit from A. to the city of Mexico, Ionian sea; Vonitza on the gulf of Arta; Azio, from which it is distant 183 m. SSW, is also difficult, supposed by some to mark the site of the ancient being conducted across a rugged and barren country Actium; Karpenitya, and Ambrakia. All these by a mule-track ascending 7,500 ft. in the total dis- towns consist of little more than a few ill-built huts. tance between the two cities. But for this laborious The interior of A. is little known and its ancient land-carriage-which is still more arduous between geography presents many debatable points. Vera Cruz and Mexico-the flour of Mexico could shores of the gulf of Arta are generally swampy. compete with that of North America in the British The hills in its vicinity, on the A. side, are roundmarket. Yet A. once conducted a considerable topped and barren. Olives and myrtles are promiforeign trade, particularly with Manilla, as all are nent features in the natural vegetation of the country. aware who have read Anson's voyages. Its exports Cultivation appears to be confined to the neighbourare silver, cochineal, indigo, and skins. The net hood of the towns. Coal and sulphur exist within proceeds of the customs at A. in 1841 was only this territory. 7,193 dollars, or about £1,620.

ACAQUIRY, a town of Hindostan, in the prov. of Balaghaut, 36 m. NW of Adoni.

AČARA', a river of Brazil, in the prov. of Pará, running in a N by W course into the estuary of the Para a few miles above the town of Para. It is in the lower portion of its course "a quiet narrow river, winding among comparatively lofty banks, and through large and well-cultivated plantations." The Mojú to the W makes a common estuary with the A.

ACARABISI, a river of British Guayana, which, rising in N lat. 7° 20′, flows in a SW course, through a swampy district, into the Cuyuni, in 6° 54', a few miles to the W. of Haiowa, at a point 260 ft. above sea-level. Schomburgk.

ACARAGUA, or ACARIGUA, a town of Venezuela, in the prov. of Apure, near the Claro or Cojeda river on the road from Varinas to Puerto Cabello, 105 m. NE by N of Varinas, in N lat. 8° 40′, W long. 68° 57'. ACARAY, or ACARAGA, a river of Paraguay, flowing by a SE course into the Parana.

ACARI, a small river of Peru, in the prov. of Arequipa, rising on the W side of the Andes, and falling into the sea in S lat. 15° 25', W long. 75° 10′.-There is a town of the same name on its r. bank.

ACARIOS, a small island in the Grecian archipelago, 9 m. É of Naxos.

ACARNA'NIA, an ancient division of Northern Greece; and a department of the modern kingdom of Greece, having boundaries nearly coincident with those of the ancient A. The modern prov. of A. is bounded on the N by the Ambracian gulf, commonly known as the gulf of Arta, and by Turkey. The boundary line with Turkey intersects the low sandy promontory of La Punta, so as to leave the fort of La Punta, which commands the entrance of the gulf to Turkey; and, from the E shore of La Punta traversing the gulf of Arta in a NE direction, giving the island of Kefalo and the group called Vouvalu to Greece, and skirting the coast-line at the NE corner of the gulf. It then runs ENE to the Doubsa river; and thence to the summit of the ridge called Chelóna [alt. 6,312 ft. Baker], whence it is carried along an undulating ridge of bare rock to the summit of Mount Gabrovo [alt. 6,479 ft. Baker], from which it descends to the Aspropotamos, which forms the boundary of Acarnania throughout its whole length on the E and SE to its mouth; separating it from the prov. of Eurytania, Trichonia, and Ætolia. On the SW and W, A. is bounded along a coast-line of about 75 m. by that part of the Mediterranean known to ancient writers as the Ionian sea. Its superficial area is 5.59 new Greek sq. m. or 215 English sq. m. The pop. in 1840 was 25,083. A royal decree, in April 1833, united A. and Etolia in one nomarchy, and the

The

ACASAGUATLAN, or ACASABASTLAN, a town of Guatemala, in the district and on a river of the same name, which here joins the Motagua; 45 m. E of New Guatemala; in N lat. 14° 58', W long. 89° 40'. The neighbourhood produces sarsaparilla, cocoa, and cassia. The district of Acasaguatlan, or Zacapa, is the western part of the old division of Chiquimula.

ACASATHULA, a seaport of Nicaragua, on a point of land forming a bay in the Pacific ocean, 12 m. W of Nicaragua.

ACASHE, a town of Nubia, on the r. bank of the Nile, in N lat. 21° 5', E long. 30° 52'.

ACASSA, a river of French Guayana in the prov. of Cayenne, falling into the Atlantic at the estuary of the Oyapok, near Cape Orange.

ACASSA. See AKASSA.

ACASTER-MALBIS, a p. and township of England, in the E and W ridings of Yorkshire, partly in the wapentake of Ouse and Derwent, partly in the ainsty of York city. The township is 5 m. S by W of York. Pop. in 1841, 322.

ACASTER-SELBY, a township in the parish of Stillingfleet, in the W riding of York, 7 m. NW from York. Pop. 188.

ACASUCHTITLAN, a town of Mexico, in the prov. of Puebla; 50 m. N from La Puebla de los Angelos.

ACASUMPET, a town in the Carnatic, on the coast a few miles N of Pondicherry.

ACASZTO, a town of Lower Hungary, between the Danube and the Theiss; 15 m. NE by N from Kalocza.

ACATEPEC, an Indian settlement in New Mexico, occupying a spacious valley, and containing 860 Indian families. There are several other small settlements bearing the same name in Mexico.

--

ACATLAN, a town of Mexico, in the prov. of Puebla, on the Tucad; 70 m. S of La Puebla de los Angelos. Also the name of several settlements in New Mexico, chiefly occupied by Indian families.

ACAWAN, a town on the western borders of Fezzan; in N lat. 28° 14', E long. 11° 27'.

ACAXUTLA, or ACAJUTLA, a small harbour or open bay in Guatimala, on the Pacific, 8 m. SW of Sonsonate.

ACAY, a town of La Plata, on the head-branch of the Guachipos river flowing along the E side of the cordillera De los Valles.

ACAYUCAN, a district of Mexico, in the prov. of Vera Cruz, near the coast of the Mexican gulf, containing about 300 Indian families. Its capital, of the same name, lies W of the river Coazacoalco, about 120 m. SE from Vera Cruz.

ACCABA. See AKABAH.

ACCABA, or AKABAH, a village of Nubia, on the

caravan route between Berber and Es-suan, in N lat. | and pulse, and a few miles inland it is excellent. 20° 50', E long. 34° 10'. The Danes have established a coffee-plantation. The people are a more quiet and orderly race than the Fantees and other neighbours; which is doubtless in a great measure to be imputed to the freer intercourse which they enjoy with Europeans. They have a language peculiar to themselves, and not understood by any other nation on the coast, which favours the idea that they came originally from the E.

ACESINES. See CHENAB.

ACHAIA PALAIS, a v. of Greece, in the above

ACEYTE (SIERRAS DE), a range of high peaks dep. 4 hours SW of Patras. rising inland near the gulf of Venezuela.

ACH. See AACH and ACK.

ACH, a river of Bavaria, in Ober-baiern, which passing Reil joins the Inn, on its 1. bank, below Gars. -Also another river of Bavaria, in the circle of the Danube, which rising to the SW of Augsburg, and passing Mühlhausen, after running about 35 m. parallel with the Lech, forms a junction with that river on its r. bank, a few miles above its confluence with the Danube.

ACHA. See ACHEN.

ACHA, a mountain on the borders of New Mexico. ACHACHACHE, a town of Bolivia, in the prov. of La Paz, on the N bank of a river which rises in the Cordillera de Acama, and runs into the E side of the Titicaca lake. Lat. 16° 3' S.-Pentland. ACHAGUAS, an Indian tribe of New Granada, inhabiting the

plains of the Cazanare and the Meta.

ACHAL, or ACHEL, a town in the prov. of Limbourg, 24 m. WNW of Roermunde.

ACHAL-KALAK. See AKHAL-KALAK. ACHALZEK. See AKHALZIKHE. ACHARKOI, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Romelia, NW of Keshan, on a small stream which flows into the gulf of Enos. Lat. 40° 53′ N. ACHAR-SU. See AKHARSU.

ACHAS, or PUENTE ARCAS, a village of Spain, in the prov. of Galicia, 12 m. ESE of Vigo. ACHASTIL LOCH, a small inlet on the coast of Knapdale, in Argyllshire.

ACHAU, a town of Austria, in the circle of the Lower Enns, near the fall of the Medlingerbachs into the Badnerbach. Pop. 646.

ACHEEN, or ACHEN, an independent state, forming the NW portion of the island of Sumatra, and the only part of that island that has yet risen to such im ACHAIA, or ACHÆA, an ancient and a modern divi-portance as to become the subject of history. It comsion of that part of Greece known as the Peloponne-prises the whole of the northern extremity of the sus or Morea. The ancient A. extended along the island; and extends in a SE direction about 60 m. S coast of the gulfs of Patras and of Corinth, from the from Cape Acheen to Cape Diamond on the N coast; Araxus promontory, the modern Cape Papa or Baba, and to Barus on the S, comprehending the chieftainon the W, to near the Sythas river in the territory of cies of Pedir and Sinkel. Its pop. has been estimated Sicyon on the E. On the S it was bounded by at 2,000,000; but this is altogether conjecture. It is the mountains of Arcadia and Elis. Within these intersected by a range of mountains, which, beginning limits was contained a small but important territory at Cape Acheen, runs towards the SE, where it joins whose inhabitants acted a distinguished part in the the mountains of Sampanow. The principal bays are history of Greece. Early writers frequently apply the Back bay to the E of Acheen, and the bay of the name Achaia to all Greece; and after the Ro- Leaga. The principal rivers are the Sinkel, whose man conquest it was given to all the Peloponnesus source is in the central range of mountains, and which with a large portion of Northern Greece: the whole has a SE course; the river Analabu, and the Acheen of Greece being divided by a decree of the Roman which falls into the sea near the capital, where it senate into the two provinces of Macedonia, in which divides into several branches. The climate of A. is Thessaly and perhaps Acarnania was included, and salubrious, the temperature being moderated by the Achaia. The modern A. has been made pretty sea-breeze. The soil is light but fertile; and marshes nearly identical in boundaries and extent with that of and woods are not so numerous or extensive in this the ancient prov. in its palmy days. In 1833 Achaia quarter as in other parts of Sumatra. Its important and Elis formed one of the ten nomarchies into productions are pepper, rice, cotton, sugar, coffee, gumwhich the kingdom of Greece was divided; and was benzoin, and camphor. Cultivation is said to be more subdivided into the four eparchies of Ægialia, Calav- general than in other parts of the island. Cattle and rita, Patras, and Elis. But in 1838, in the new and a small species of horse are reared for exportation. existing arrangement of territorial divisions, the two Elephants, which are numerous, are employed as eparchies of Ægialia and Patras were formed into the domestic animals. There are rich mines of gold and department of Achaia, while the other two were erected copper. Those which have been worked near Mucki, into the department of Elis, thereby reducing A. to to the E of Soulou, are reported to be of great value. nearly its ancient limits. It is now bounded on the E Though the commercial importance of A. has greatly by the department of Corinth; on the S by the depart- declined within the last century, it still carries on a ments of Cyllenia and Elis; on the W by Elis and considerable trading intercourse with the Telinga the Ionian gulf. Its superficial area is 590 sq. m. Its coast of Hindostan. The principal articles of comchief towns are Patras, and Bosteitza or Vostitza, the merce are gold, pepper, betel-nut, sulphur, camphor, ancient Egium, both situated on the coast, at a dis- benzoin, and raw silk. Of gold alone 10,000 ounces tance of 25 m. Its pop. in 1840 was 33,190. A were at one time annually exported from this state; mountain-chain, the Panakaikon, beginning at Pa- while the pepper-crop of 1823 amounted to from 100,000 tras, divides into two principal branches, one of which to 120,000 piculs, of 1374 lbs. each. The imports consist stretches along the coast to Sicyon where it unites of Bengal opium, European manufactures, salt, and with a branch of the Cyllene, while the other runs iron. In former times the sultan monopolized the southward dividing Elis from Achaia. Forests of principal trade of the country. The chief commercial oak and pine clothe these mountains. Along the towns are Acheen, Pedir, and Samalanga, on the N coast extensive unhealthy marshes occur. The rivers coast, and Analabu, Sinkel, and Taruman, on the S of A. are all necessarily of a short and northern coast. The current money consists of a small piece course, in summer nearly dry; in winter, from the of gold marked with Arabic characters, and named melting of the snow on the Arcadian mountains, más: piasters and rupees are often met with, but turbulent torrents rush into the gulf. Beginning at payments are generally made with gold dust.—The the E extremity of the territory there is the Akrata Acheenese differ considerably from the inhabitants or Sakratas, a shallow but rapid river. To the W of of the other districts of Sumatra. In person they are this river is the Bouraikos or Calavrita; and pro- taller, stouter, and of darker complexion; in disposiceeding westwards we cross in succession the Selinos, tion they are represented as more active and industhe Phoenix, the Soria, the Selemnos, the Melikori- trious, more sagacious and penetrating. The men kia, the Glaukos or Leuka, and the Kamenitza. The have recently adopted the European jacket of blue or productions of the district are cotton, wool, silk, oil, black cloth, and sometimes embroidered with fine cheese, wax, wine, currants, figs, almonds, citrons, corn, gold thread; but the genuine Acheenese dress is a millet, and tobacco.-Dodwell, Sir W. Gell, Strong, &c. jacket or frock, somewhat similar to a shirt without a