Pigot, Acton Reynold, Acton-Round, Acton-Scott, Acton-Trussell, and Acton-Turville: for some of which see below.

ACTON, a town of Maine, U. S. near the headwaters of Salmon-falls river, 91 m. SW of Augusta. Pop. 1,401.-Also a town of Vermont, U. S., 18 m. NW of Brattleboro. Pop. 170.-Also a town of Massachusetts, 22 m. NW of Boston. Pop. 1,121. -Also a town of Lower Canada, on the Yamaska. ACTON-BEAUCHAMP, a p. and v. in Worcestershire. Area of the p. 1,600 acres. Pop. in 1841, 217. The v. is 3 m. SE of Bromyard.

ACTON-BURNELL, a p. and v. in Salop. Area of the p. including the chapelry of Acton-Pigot, 2,650 acres. Pop. 394. At the v., which is 73 m. S. of Shrewsbury, are some curious remains of the time of Edward I., in whose reign, in 1283, a parlia

ment met here.

ACTON-SCOTT, a parish in Salop. Area 930 acres. Pop. 204.

ACTON-TURVILLE, a parish in Gloucestershire. Area 940 acres. Pop. 311.

ACTO'PAN, a town and district of Mexico, 60 m. NNE of Mexico, on the road from Itzmiquílpan to Chico, at an elevation of 7,148 ft. The valley of A. is inhabited by Otomí Indians, and in the vicinity of the town is covered with rich crops of maize and barley. The mountain-ridge known as Los Organos de Actópan, rises 2,426 ft. above the level of the plain of A. [Ward.] Pop. of the district, 12,000. ACUL, or ST. THOMAS, a small seaport of Hayti, on the N coast, 8 m. SSW of Cape François now Cape Haytien.

ACULAPA, a town of Mexico, in the prov. of

Tabasco.

ACU'LCO, a v. of Mexico, on the NW confines of the depart. of Mexico, about 30 m. W of Tula, near the Cazadero river. On the 7th Nov., 1810, Hidalgo was defeated by the royalist general Calleja on the plains of A. as the Llanura del Cazadero is now called. With an army of 50,000 Indians, but armed principally with bows, clubs, and slings, Hidalgo had advanced from Valladolid through the pass of Las Cruces, to within sight of Mexico, when Calleja, by a march from Querétaro, threatened to place the insurgent forces between his troops and those of the viceroy Venegas. To avoid this danger, Hidalgo commenced an ill-planned retreat, in the course of which, after six days' march, he unexpectedly encountered Callejas, who giving instant battle, without allowing his Creoles time to falter, gained a decisive victory over the insurgents.- Ward's Mexico. -Quart. Rev. vol. xxx.

ADA, a district and v. in Abyssinia belonging to the Bayo Galla. It lies on the I. bank of the Great Inderes river, a tributary of the Jámma. Dr. Beke describes it as "a lovely, rich, level country."

ADA, a v. of Natolia, in the sanjak of Kójahílí, on the N. shore of the lake of Sabanjah. It is inhabited chiefly by Armenians.

ADA (BAHR-EL), a tributary of the Bahr-el-Abiad, or White Nile, which flows in a NE direction through the country of the Donga or Dinka, and joins the Nile on its 1. bank in about 10° 10' N lat.

It

ADABAI, a river of Abyssinia, in the district of Enori, formed by the junction of the Chácha with the Beresa in 9° 55′ N lat., and 39° 22′ E long. may be regarded as the head-branch of the Jamma. ADAGA, or ATA'KAH, the low northern point of the bay of Abu-Deraj, near the entrance of the bay of Suez. Betwixt this point and the opposite shore, the breadth is only 6 m., with a depth of 20 fath.

ADAIR (CAPE), on the W coast of Baffin's bay, lat. 71° 24′ N, long, 70° 48′ W.-Raper, 3d ed.

ADAIR, a central southern co. in Kentucky, U. S., watered chiefly by the Green river and its branches. Area 440 sq. m. Pop. in 1830, 8,220; in 1840, 8,466. Its capital is Columbia.-Also a co. in Missouri.

ADAIR'S HARBOUR, a good port, but with a narrow entrance, in Falkland sound; in S lat. 51° 36', W long. 59° 32'. It is sometimes known as Port Howard.

ADAJA, a river of Old Castile which rises near Villatora, 20 m. W of Avila, and flows eastwards to that town, whence it pursues a N by E course through a richly cultivated country, to its junction with the Eresma, a little to the S of the village of Valdestillar, at about 40 m. from its source. The united stream joins the Duero on its 1. bank.-Laborde.

ADA'LIA, a large and important city and sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, on the southern coast of Asia Minor, in N lat. 36° 52', and E long. 30° 45'. [Beaufort.] It is in the sanjak of Tekeh, and pashalik of Anátóli. Its site is remarkably fine; and its aspect from the sea, rising from the central point of a magnificent bay, in successive terraces on the slope and to the summit of a hill, encircled by a double wall with square towers every 50 yards, and surrounded by orange-groves and gardens, is very beautiful. To the N of the city, a flat but elevated country opens a considerable distance inland. Its pop. is estimated by Capt. Beaufort at 8,000; by Messrs. Spratt and Forbes at 13,000, of whom 3,000 are Greeks, but the Turkish language is universally spoken. A. is 12 hours WSW from Kassaba, and 8 hours W from Kulla. [Keppel.] There is a caravan-road from A. to Philadelphia across the Akdagh. These travellers concur in opinion with Colonel Leake that A. is the modern representative of the ancient Attaleia found

ACULEO, a beautiful lake of Chili, in the prov. of Santiago, 20 m. SSW of Santiago. It is about 9 m. in length, and 3 in breadth; and discharges itself into the Rio Maypù by a small stream flowing north-ed by Attalus Philadelphus; but Captain Beaufort wards. Its scenery is said to resemble that of the Lago Maggiore in Italy.-Graham's Chile.

and Dr. Cramer, following D'Anville and Strabo, regard it as occupying the site of the ancient Olbia, and place Attaleia at Laara 5 m. to the E of the modern A. The harbour is very small; but in summer the outer road presents excellent anchorage in 15 and 20 fathoms. The Turks generally call this place Antaliyah, pronounced Andália.-Leake's Journal.-Beaufort's Karamania.-Spratt and Forbes' Travels in Lycia.

ACU'SHAH, a petty state of Daghistán, under the nominal authority of the shamkhal of Tarkú. Its pop., a Lesghian tribe, has been estimated at 10,000. ACUTO (MONTE), a detached member of the Central Apennines, in the Neapolitan prov. of Capitanata. It rises about 6 m. W by N of Bovino, on the 1. bank of the Cervaro.-There is a hill of this name in the States-of-the-Church about 6 m. S by E ADA'LIA (GULF OF), a spacious bay of the Mediof Cesano; and another in the delegation of Frosi-terranean, the Pamphylian gulf of the ancients. none, 3 m. N. of Anagui; each of which gives name to a v. in its vicinity. ACWORTH, a town of New Hampshire, U. S., 46 m. W of Concord. Pop. 1,450.

ACY EN MULTIEN, a town of France, in the dep. of the Oise, 12 m. ESE of Senlis. Pop. 700. ADA. See ADDAH.

Its

western side is formed by Cape Khelidonia in E long, 30° 26', and its eastern by Cape Anamur, the southernmost point of Asia Minor, in E long. 32° 49′. Its shores are in general lofty and rugged. Off Cape Khelidonia-which is the termination of a side-branch of Mount Taurus-lie a cluster of 5 rugged islands, the Celidoni of the Italians. At 3 m. E by N from

the ancients. At Selinty, the rocky coast opens into a cultivated plain of 5 or 6 m. in breadth. Between this plain and Cape Anamur, a distance of 30 m., the rocky coast-ridge is interrupted by two ravines through which mountain-torrents find their way to the sea. The gulf of A. has been termed 'the Biscay of the Levant,' as a place of peculiarly dangerous navigation, especially in a strong SW gale. When also it is blowing hard from N or NE, the wind rushing down from the deep ravines of Mount Taurus and its offsets, from almost every point of the compass, produces something very like a whirlpool which nothing can resist.-Beaufort's Karamania.

ADALIA (OLD). See SIDE'.

ADAM (MOUNT), a lofty peak in Admiralty Range, on the great newly discovered Antarctic continent, in S lat. 71° 23', E long. 168° 56′.

ADAMAHO'NNI (MOUNT), a mountain of Tigré in Abyssinia, in the district of Eballi, 30 m. SSW of Sókota.-Beke.

ADAMELLO (MONTE), a summit of the western chain of the Tyrolese Alps, 10 m. W of Trent, in N lat. 46° 7', E long. 10° 29'. Altitude, as ascertained by trigonometrical operation, 11,075 ft.

ADAM-KHAN-KA-MAREE, a v. in Sinde, 50 m. NE of Shikarpur, 12 m. from the 1. bank of the Indus, in a low alluvial tract of country which is under water during the inundations of the river.

ADAMOWA, an unexplored district of Sudan, in about N lat. 8° 50′, E long. 13° 12', through which the Shary or Chadda is supposed to flow.

ADAMPEE, a district of W Africa, on the Gold coast, lying between the Rio Volta on the E, and the Ningo river, which divides it from the Inkrau territory, on the W. On the N it is bounded by the Aquapim territory. The Danish forts of Ningo on the E, and Addah on the W, nearly mark the extent of the Adampee coast, which is throughout low; but about 8 leagues inland is a high rugged range, called the Crobo hills.

this cape is another high but rugged island called Grambusa, the Crambusa of Strabo. To the N of this, at Adratchán bay, white cliffs rise perpendicularly from the sea to the height of 600 or 700 ft., and behind them towers the majestic peak of Adratchan, the ancient Mons Phonicus. At about 4 m. N from Adratchan point, a small river, which flows round the northern foot of the mountains, enters the sea, between two rocky cliffs, at a v. called Deliktash, i. e. 'the Pierced rock,' which perhaps marks the site of the ancient Olympus. About 2 m. northwards from this v., on the side of a wooded hill, a bright and unintermitting flame issues from a volcanic aperture called Yanar, which is probably the phenomenon to which Pliny [ii. 110. c. 28] alludes when he says, "Mount Chimæra, near Phaselis, emits an unceasing flame that burns day and night." "It is nothing more," say Messrs. Spratt and Forbes, "than a stream of inflammable gas issuing from a crevice such as is seen in several places among the Apennines." The coast to the N of Deliktash is composed of a black crumbling species of rock, and clothed with fir-trees. A group of small islands, called by the Turks and Greeks, the Three islands, lies 5 m. NE by E from Deliktash; and opposite to them, about 5 m. inshore, the magnificent Takhtalu, the Mons Solyma of the ancients, and the extremity of a range running 70 m. to the northward to the main range of the Taurus, rises to the height of 7,800 ft. above sea-level. On a small peninsula at the foot of this mountain, the remains of the ancient Phaselis have been traced in the modern v. of Tekróvá. Between this and Cape Avova in N lat. 36° 35', E long. 30° 38', a belt of large pines borders the shore for several miles. From Cape Avova, a chain of mountains, the ancient Climax, extends along the shore northwards, rising in regular gradation, peak over peak, as they recede from the shore: hence their name. Alexander led in person one division of his army into the Pamphylian plain by the narrow road at the foot of these cliffs. The small uninhabited island of Rashat is separated from this ADAMS, a county of Pennsylvania, U. S., watered bold shore by a narrow channel; and at the distance by tributaries of the Susquehanna and the Potomac. of 7 m. NE by E, lies the port of Adalia, the shore Area 528 sq. m. Pop. in 1840, 23,044. Capital, onwards to the city-described in the preceding ar- Gettysburg. Also a co. of Mississippi, U. S. Area ticle-being mostly a steep gravelly beach. To the 440 sq. m. Pop. 19,434, of whom 14,241 were slaves. E of the city extends a broad and elevated plain, Capital, Natchez.-Also a co. of Ohio, U. S., on the terminating in abrupt cliffs which overhang the sea, Ohio. Area 550 sq. m. Pop. 13,183. Capital, West "not in consequence of their base having crumbled Union.-Also a co. of Iowa, U. S., watered by the away, but from their summit projecting in a lip which St. Mary's and the Wabash. Area 336 sq. m. Pop. consists of parallel laminæ, each jutting out beyond 2,264. Capital, Decatur.-Also a co. of Illinois, U. S. its inferior layer, as if water had been continually Area 768 sq. m. Capital, Quincy. Pop. 14,476. flowing over them, and continually forming fresh ac- ADAMS, a town of Massachusetts, U. S., 20 m. cretions." Over these calcareous cliffs, between Ada-N of Pittsfield, 40 E of Albany, on the Hoosack river. lia and Laara, several streams, the different mouths Pop. 3,703.-There is a natural bridge of rock, in a of the Catarrhastes, now precipitate themselves. To body of white marble or limestone, over the Hudson's the E of Laara, the coast is low and sandy, and in-brook near this town. It is 12 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, tersected by several rivers, amongst which the Ces- and 60 ft. above the surface of the stream.-Saddletius has a breadth at its mouth of 300 ft., and the back mountain in the vicinity has an alt. of 3,600 ft. Kópusú or ancient Eurymedon of 420 ft., but both above sea-level. are rendered inaccessible to boats drawing more than one foot of water by bars at their mouths. Broad, swampy, alluvial plains, covered with coarse grass, here extend for some miles behind the belt of sand hills which skirt the shore; and the mountains lie far inland. A few miles beyond is Sidé, or Eski Adalia, i. e. Old Adaliah, which is in E long. 31° 25', at the mouth of the Marravgat, the ancient Melas; and to the E of this the shore continues low and sandy to Cape Karaburnu. Further on, in E long. 31° 49′, is Cape Ptolemais, whence to Alaya, a distance of 11 m. SE by E, the coast is straight and bold. At Alaya, or Alaiyeh, the barren ridge of Taurus comes down upon the shore in inaccessible cliffs of compact ADAMS (POINT), the southern point of land at white limestone of from 500 to 600 ft. in height, and the mouth of the Columbia, on the Pacific. It is a here begins the rugged coast of the Cilicia Aspera of | low thinly wooded cape, in Ñ lat. 46° 12′, W long. 124

ADAMS, a town in Jefferson co., New York, U. S., 162 m. NW of Albany, on Sandy creek. Pop. 2,966. -Also a township of Ohio, U. S., on the N side of the Tuscarawas. Pop. 838.-Also a township in the same state, 5 m. W of Cambridge. Pop. 867.-In this state are several other townships of the same name, one of which is on the Muskingum, another on Green creek, another on Sunfish creek, another 3 m. from Greenville, another 10 m. NW of Urbanna.-The name Adams is indeed of very frequent occurrence in the topography of the U. S.; but the above list indicates the more important places bearing this favourite appellation.

Leinster. Area of the p. 8,134 acres. Pop. 2,037, chiefly Catholics.

ADAMSVILLE, the name of several small townships and villages in the United States, none of which are of sufficient importance to merit a special notice here.

ADAMUZ, a small town of Spain, in the prov. of Cordova, on the great road from Cordova to Ciudad Real, 4 m. N of the Guadalquivir. It is celebrated for its bees and honey.

ADAM'S BRIDGE, a bank-called by the Hindús Rama's bridge-which, commencing at the Wend of the island of Manár, a dependency of Ceylon, runs about 30 m. in a NW direction to the island of Ramisseram. ADANA'D, a town of Malabar, in the division of It is about a quarter of a mile in breadth, and consists Shirmád, 25 m. SSE of Calicut, inhabited by a class entirely of sand partly above and partly below water. of Brahmans called Namburis, and the place of resiOn each side, at 2 or 3 m. distance, is 6 fathoms dence of their chief, the Alvangheri Tamburakul. water. There are three main openings or channels ADANAH, a pashalik, sanjak, and city of Kaacross the bank: one near Manar island, called the ramania. The pashalik is bounded on the N. by Tal-Manar passage; the second 8 m. to the W; and the Taurus range; on the E by Marash, and the the third, 11 m. from the island of Ramisseram, term- Almadagh mountains which separate it from Syria; ed the Tanny-Coody passage.-Major Sim's Report. on the S by the bay of Iskenderun and the Medi ADAM'S ISLE, or ROA PUA, one of the Marque-terranean; and on the W by the pashalik of Itshilli, sas, in the S Pacific. Lat. 9° 20′ S, long. 140o 6′ W. to which it had become gradually attached as a ADAM'S PEAK, a lofty mountain in the interior dependent district previous to its being wrested of Ceylon, about 45 m. E by S of Colombo, in 6° 52′ from the Porte by the victorious arms of Ibrahim N lat., and 80° 29′ E long., in the prov. of Saffragan, Pasha in 1839. It is divided into the three sanjaks and separated from the mountains which intersect the of Sís, Adanah, and Tarsús, and nearly corresponds Kandian territory by a tract of low country. The with the ancient Cilicia campestris. The pop. conSinghalese call it Hamalell [Knox] or perhaps Hem- sists of Anatoliotes, Turcomans, and Khurds. It is aleh, i. e. the Abode of Snow.' In Sanscrit it bears watered by the Seïhún, and the Jeïhún. Between the name of Samonilla. It is of a conical form, and these rivers extends a rich and fertile plain in which to ships approaching the island from the westward, cotton and the sugar-cane are successfully cultivated. forms an important landmark. The road by which During the peninsular war the British troops drew a it is ascended is steep, and in some places dangerous, large proportion of their corn from this district via -the pilgrims frequenting it requiring the aid of iron Malta. It supplies Syria with wool, and raises cotchains fixed in the rock to drag themselves up its ton to the extent of 22,000 cantars, valued at 1,000 precipitous sides. The area on its summit is a flat piastres per cantar. The forests present white and oblong 72 feet in length, and 54 in breadth; and was yellow pines of fine growth, yellow and green in 1815 surrounded by a wall 5 feet high. Within straight-grained oaks, and beech of close-grained this area is a mass of rock bearing the slight but dis- quality. Ibrahim Pasha, while in possession of the tinct impress of a gigantic foot, 5 ft. 33 in. long, by country, transported a vast quantity of fine timber 2 ft. 5 in. wide, which the Catholics maintain to be from this district to Egypt. Gazelles, foxes, hares, the foot-mark of St. Thomas, while the Mussulmans jerboas, and ground-squirrels abound in the plains of have a tradition that Adam, when driven out of Para- A. The revenue collected in this pashalik in 1835 dise, alighted upon this spot and left this mark while was returned along with the revenues of Syriaexpiating his crime by standing on one foot till his sin which amounted to a grand total of £640,000—at was forgiven. [Heber.] The natives affirm it to be 3,883,796 piastres, or £36,900, the principal branch that of Buddha who, after 999 metamorphoses, rose being that of the appalti and customs, which amountfrom this spot to heaven; while the Hindus claim it ed to 2,130,086 p., while the next branch, the mal as a memorial of their god Siva. It is surrounded by miri grain and village tax, raised 788,665 p.-The city a rim of copper, ornamented by a few gems or per- of A. rises on a gentle declivity, on the N bank of haps coloured beads. A small wooden temple 12 ft. the Seïhún, sometimes called the Adana, 25 m. above in length, 9 in width, and 4 in height, defends it its mouth, in N. lat. 37°; 8 hours, or 28 m. ENE of from the action of the weather. [Ceylon Gazette, 1815.] Tarsus. It is a large and well-built place, with a The entrée to this temple is reserved for the disciples pop. of nearly 20,000 [Bowring] Turks and Turcoof Buddha, numbers of whom from Ceylon, Pegu, Siam, mans. On all sides it is surrounded with oliveand Malacca, annually visit this sacred place. The grounds and vineyards; and beyond these extends principal rocks of the mountain are gneiss of a very a plain of exuberant fertility. Part of the ancient fine grain, quartz, felspar, and hornblende. Its height walls are yet extant; and a bridge across the riverhas been greatly overestimated, having been even here 325 feet wide [Ainsworth]-is said to have been carried so high as 15,000 ft. In Hamilton's Gazetteer built by Justinian. The commerce of A., which was it is stated at 6,152 ft. Its perpendicular elevation, considered in 1839 the third town in Syria [Ainsworth], by trigonometrical measurement, appears to be 7,379 is considerable, and was reported by Mr. Consul Barker ft., which is 947 ft. less than that of Pedrotallagalla in 1839 to offer "a great field for speculations of every in the same range. Other observations make it 6,680 kind," though considerably impeded by the quaranft. The course of the Kalu-Ganga, a river which has tine regulations, particularly those which Ibrahim its source at the foot of the mountain, affords the Pasha had established at the Gólek-bóghaz, or pass best line of route to and from it. From the v. of through the Bulghár-Tágh, through which the proRatuapoora, the road follows for a short distance the ductions of Anatolia must be transported. Mr. Ainsline of the Kalu-Ganga, and then suddenly ascends worth reports the Seïhún to be practicable to small in so rapid a manner as to render the task to reach steamers as far as A., but its commerce is at present the peak one of no ordinary difficulty. From its conducted via Tarsus and its port Mersin.—Âdanah summit the view is magnificent, especially westwards. marks the site of the ancient Bathna. Under the -Asiatic Journal, No. 138.-Fraser's Trig. Survey. Syrian kings, it was known as Antiochia ad Sarum. ADAMSTHAL, a mining town of Moravia, on The bishop of A. had a seat in the councils of Nicea the Zwittawa river, 9 m. NNE of Brünn. Pop. 500. and Chalcedon. In 1832 it fell into the grasp of ADAMSTOWN, a p. and v. in co. Wexford, Ibrahim Pasha, but by the treaty of 15 July 1840 it

|

was again restored to the Porte.- Kinneir's Asia | precipitous rock which forms the banks of the A. Minor.-Ainsworth in Geog. Journ. vol. x.- Bowring's Report on Syria.-Beaufort's Karamania. ADANAQUE, or ADINAKEWY [Fraser], a fine v. of Irak-Arabi, in the pashalik of Bagdad, near the Dialak, at the foot of the Hâmrine hills.

Also a p. in Kent, 5 m. NW of Maidstone. Area 920 acres. Pop. 208.-Also a p. and v. in Surrey. Area of p. 3,210 acres. Pop. 580. The archbishop of Canterbury has a seat annexed to his see here. The v. is 14 m. from London, and within 2 m. of the Croydon railway.

ADDINGTON (CAPE), a headland on the W coast of Prince of Wales's island, in N. lat. 55° 27', W long. 133° 48'.

ADDINGTON (GREAT), a p. in Northamptonshire, 34 m. SW of Thrapston. Area 1,230 acres. Pop. 266.

ADDINGTON (LITTLE), a p. in Northamptonshire, 4 m. SW of Thrapston. Area 1,170 acres. Pop. 299.

ADDISCOMBE, a hamlet in the p. of Croydon, Surrey, 1 m. NE of Croydon. A military college for educating cadets for the East India company's service, has been established here. There are 14 professors and teachers connected with the college, and from 130 to 150 students.

ADDISON, a co. of Vermont, U. S., on Lake Champlain. Area 700 sq. m. Pop. 23,583. It is watered chiefly by Otter creek, which is navigable to Vergennes. Its capital is Middlebury.-Also a town of Maine, U. S., 138 m. E by N. of Augusta. Pop. 1,053.-Also a town of Vermont, U. S., 72 m. W of Montpelier. Pop. 1,232.-Also a town of New York, U. S., 227 m. W by S of Albany. Pop. 1,920. -Also a town of Pennsylvania on the Youghiogheny, Pop. 1,301.—Also a town of Ohio, U. S., ou the Ohio, above Gallipolis. Pop. 692.

ADDLE, a p. and v. in the W. R. of Yorkshire. Area 6,350 acres. Pop. 1,219. It is 4 m. NW of Leeds.

ADDLESTROP, a p. in Gloucestershire. Area 1,320 acres. Pop. 200.

ADDLETHORPE, a p. in Lincolnshire. Area 1,170 acres. Pop. 238. It is 73 m. ESE of Alford.

ADDOO(ATOLL), of the Maldive group, in S lat. 0° 41'. It is about 10 m. in length, and lies to the S of Suadiva atoll, the Equatorial channel between them being 46 m. broad, and presenting one small islet nearly midway called Phuwa Moloku.

tan appropriated to himself the most considerable maritime towns of the Adelians, so that all their ports, except Zeila, were in the hands of the Turks, and are now held by the pasha of Egypt, under whom the dólah of Mokhá nominates the emir of Zeila.-The interior of A. is little known to Europeans. Mr. C. F. Rochet describes the whole country as composed of an upheaved volcanic formation, in few places susceptible of cultivation. There are a great number of extant volcanoes; but none at present in a state of activity. In some places beds of lava from 130 to 140 ft. thick are met with. Towards the SE the whole coast is a desert; from Tajurra to the kingdom of Shoa, a distance of 129 leagues, the country can be traversed only when the rains have filled the natural reservoirs met with on the road. In this tract of country M. Rochet met with numerous thermal springs whose temperature varied from 151° to the boiling-point. But in some parts of the country, the soil, composed of rich black earth washed down by torrents from Abessinia, is extremely luxuriant; and produces wheat, barley, and millet, in abundance, besides giving support to numerous flocks and herds. It seldom rains in A.; but the soil is irrigated by many rivers and canals. The climate is intensely hot, feverish, unhealthy, and generally fatal to strangers. We are informed by Hamilton and Barthema, that there is a species of sheep in A. which is entirely white, with the head of a brilliant black, and very small ears. The common sheep of A. have their neck swollen by a kind of dewlap hanging down to the ground, which demonstrates the identity of the species with the ram upon ancient marbles, and proves that this species exists in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some of these sheep are remarkable for the size of their tails, which occasionally weigh 25 pounds; and their wool is almost as hard as the bristles of a hog. The animal kingdom here numbers various species of antelopes and gazelles, besides wild asses, ostriches, lions, panthers, hyenas, elephants, hippopotami, zebras, and an infinite number of birds. The principal articles of commerce of A. are gold-dust, ivory, frankincense, and slaves, which are exchanged for the merchandise of Arabia and the Indies. The inhabitants are chiefly nomadic tribes, whose sole occupation is tending flocks, diversified occasionally with plundering forays. They call themselves Affär. The Arabs call them Adáyil or Danákil; but they appear to have a much closer connexion with their neighbours the Gallas, than with the tribes to the N. Their most powerful tribe are the Mudaitos or Mudaitu, who occupy the tract between Aussa and Cape Beïlul. Next to them are the Debenik Wéma, then the Adali Bukharto, and Dinsarra. Their women are industrious, but slovenly in dress, frequently wearing nothing but a strip of cloth round their loins. In war they elect a ras or chief; at other times a majority of votes in the council of the tribe decides their movements. The chief town is Aussa, or Houssa, 25 leagues SSW from Tajurra. Zeila is a town of 500 souls, and chiefly composed of reed and wood houses. Tajurra, or Tajurrah, in N lat. 11° 58', has a better harbour than Zeila, but is itself a mere village. It has its own sultan, who trades with Hodeidah, Mokhá, and Aden.

AĎEBAREA, a rugged sterile district of Abessinia, in the prov. of Samen, on the Lamalmon range. ADEL, or ADA'L, a district of Eastern Africa, bounded on the N by the country of the AssaboGallas; on the E by the Red sea, the Straits of Babel-mandeb, and the Indian ocean; on the S by the Somauli and Harrar territories; and on the W by the country of the Galla and Angote in Abessinia. Its extent is undetermined; but though not exactly ascertained, it may be regarded as lying between the parallels of 10° 30′ and 12° 30′ N lat., and 42° and 43° 20' E long. This kingdom or state is sometimes called Zeila, from the sea-port of that name. It is said to have been first erected into a separate kingdom, about the beginning of the 16th cent. by Salatru, a prince of Abessinia, who, having escaped from the prison in which the royal family, according to the custom of that country, was confined, took refuge in Adel, then an Abessinian province,-and marrying the daughter of the king of Zeila, became the independent sovereign of these united kingdoms. The-M. C. F. Rochet.—MM. Isenberg and Krapf. kings of A. were for a long time the most formidable ADELAIDE, the capital of the province of South enemies with whom the monarchs of Abessinia had Australia, on the eastern side of Gulf St. Vincent, in to contend. Their mutual jealousy of each other's S lat. 34° 57', E long. 138° 43'. It was founded in power was heightened by the rancour of religious 1835; and is built on both banks, but chiefly on the zeal; and the wars in which the two nations were 1. of a small stream coming from a point about 6 m. almost perpetually engaged, were marked with every to the NE, called the Torrens, commanding a view of atrocity which might be expected from the rivalship an extensive plain reaching down to the sea. Landward and enthusiasm of savages. For their zeal in the cause it is backed by a beautifully wooded country extending of the prophet, the kings of Adel were in great favour for about 6 m. to the base of the first range of hills with the Porte, to whom they were tributary. The sul-which are capped by a high wooded one called Mount