5. Juanpur,

6. Allahabad,

1,820 2,650

300,000
500,000

7. Banda,

8. Calpi or Bundelkund,

4,685

900,000

9. Futtehpore,

1.780

350,000

10. Cawnpore,

2,650

500,000

11. Etawah.

3,450

600,000

12. Furukabad,

13. Shajehanpore,

14. Saidabad,

1,850

350,000

AGRA, or AKBAR-ABAD, the principal city of the prov. of the same name, and one of the keys of Western India, is situated in N lat. 27° 11', E long. 77° 53′, 31 m. E by S from Bhurtpore, 137 m. SSE of Delhi, 950 m. from Calcutta, and 850 m. from Bombay. It rises in the form of a crescent on the r. or SW bank of the Jumna, here about half-a-mile broad. The houses are lofty, and substantially built; but the streets are inconveniently narrow: indeed, it has only one principal street, the others being small branches running from it at right angles. An extensive fortress surrounds the imperial palace of Akbar, now used as warehouses, offices, and barracks. The Moti Musjid, a beautiful mosque of white marble, is one of the principal ornaments of the city. The most remarkable monument of antiquity in the neighbourhood is the Taj-Mahal, erected by Shah-Jehan in honour of his sultana Nurjehan. It is situated on the banks of the Jumna, about 3 m. from the city, and enclosed within an area laid out as a garden, with fruit-trees, walks, and avenues, which is kept in excellent order by the British authorities. The surrounding country is a wild plain, broken into deep sandy ravines,-the picture of rudeness and desolation. The building itself is raised on an elevated terrace of white and yellow marble, having at its angles four tall minaAGRA (THE PROVINCE OF), is bounded on the N rets of the same material. It contains a central hall, by Delhi; on the E by Oude and Allahabad; on the about as large as the interior of the Radcliffe library S by Malwah; and on the W by Ajmere; measuring at Oxford, in which are the tombs of the emperor about 250 m. in length, by 180 m. in breadth. The and empress. Round this hall are a number of small principal portion of this prov. lies in the plains of the apartments. The walls, screens, and tombs are covJamna and the Ganges; and the richest portion of it ered with flowers and inscriptions in mosaic. "The is that which comprises the alluvial plains lying be- whole, whether seen inside or out, looks as if the tween these two rivers, and known by way of emi- scaffolding had not long been cleared away, and it nence as the Doab or country of the Two rivers.' was just fresh from the hands of the architect." Towards the N and E, the country is flat and open; [Sketches of India.]—A. carries on active commerce to the S of the Chumbul, and along the W frontier, with the eastern districts of Hindostan. In 1813 its it is better wooded, and more diversified by hill and revenue dues amounted to 922,157 rupees; in 1818 dale. The climate is temperate in the elevated dis- they exceeded the produce of the preceding year by tricts; but the hot winds to which Central India is 130,000 rupees; and this increase has continued prosubject are felt here with peculiar severity. From gressive. Its pop. was recently estimated at 96,597, of November to February the general temperature is whom 65,011 were Hindus, and 31,579 Mahommedans. cold, especially during the night, and the weather The houses were returned at 29,788. Once "inhaserene and dry.-Millet, wheat, and barley form the bited by people of all nations, and where are disprincipal grain-crops. Rice is little cultivated owing played the productions of every climate" [Ayeen Akto the deficiency of water. A considerable quantity hery, vol. ii., p. 40], A., though much fallen-off from of pulse is raised as a winter-crop; and mustard and its original splendour, is still a place of wealth and linseed are extensively grown for oil. The Doab importance. Bishop Heber, indeed, describes it as produces sugar of excellent quality, cotton, and in- a decayed city, "with little to attract attention bedigo. No minerals are wrought; but copper is said yond the picturesque mixture of houses, balconies, to exist here. The principal stone is a species of red projecting roofs, and groups of people in the Eastern sandstone of which the cities of Delhi and Agra are dress, which is common to all Indian towns." Yet it built. Marble exists in the neighbourhood of Futteh- is a place of great traffic; the lower part of every pore. Cattle of an inferior kind are reared in great house is a shop, and the bustle displaying itself in the numbers; but the horses are considered superior to bazaar indicates much commercial activity. It is inthose of Bengal. Game and fish are abundant. The habited by many rich natives, both Mussulman and principal article of manufacture is coarse cotton-cloth. Hindu; and a writer in the Asiatic Journal [vol. i., The pop. has been estimated at 6,000,000, the great 1833,] is of opinion that should steam-navigation ever mass of whom are Hindus. The Mahommedans are be introduced with effect upon the Ganges and Jumna, next in number, but bear a smaller proportion to the there is much probability that the seat of government Hindus, in this the ancient seat of their Indian rule, will be at some time removed from Calcutta to Agra. than they do in the more remote districts of Bengal. Doubtless the execution of the Great Trunk line of The natives are a handsomer and more robust race railway-which has been projected from Calcutta to than the Bengalese. Hindustani is the vernacular Allahabad; thence, according to one scheme, from language; but Persian is spoken by the higher classes; Cawnpore by Shekabad to Agra; and thence along and there are some traces of the earlier language of the r. bank of the Jumna to Delhi-would give a the country in a dialect called the Bruj, now nearly great stimulus to A., and enable it to maintain its extinct, which is spoken in the neighbourhood of A. pre-eminence among the cities of Upper India.-The chief towns besides Agra, the capital, are Al-There is a college at A. for the purposes of general var, Muttra or Mathura, Etawah, Calpi, Narwar, Kanoje, and Furukabad.

The zillah or district of A. has a computed area of 3,500 sq. m. according to Martin, but of 4,500 sq. m. according to Hamilton, of which not more than onehalf was under cultivation in 1813.

education. In 1843, being the 20th year of its existence, this institution was attended by 495 students, of whom 281 were studying English; 322 Hindostani; and 177 Persian. Of that number 371 were Hindus by birth; 100 Mahommedans; and 24 Christians. [Statist. Journal, vol. viii., p. 119.]—A., origin

ally a mere village, owed its imperial rank to Sakun- | dar Lodi, who, in the 16th cent., made it the capital of his dominions, under the name of Badulghur. It fell into the hands of Madhadji Sindhiah, and remained in the possession of the Mahrattas until 1803, when, after a short but animated resistance, it surrendered to the British. It is now the provincial seat of government. It is called by the Hindus, Parasu Rama; and is held by them in great veneration as the place of an avatar or incarnation of Vishnu. It is likewise celebrated as the birth-place of Abul Fayal, the prime minister of Akbar.

The principal roads and dawk stations concentrating upon A. are those from Cawnpore, by Mynparge, westwards to Jeypur, and from Gwalior northwards to Delhi-The following table of distances from A., in British miles, was calculated by Major Rennell:

Ajmere,
Allahabad,

Amedabad,

217

230
296

Hardwur,

Hydrabad, by Elichpur, 806

534

by Nagpur,

835

Arcot,

1,160

Juggernaut,

793

Lahore,

517

Benares,

879

Bombay, by Burhampur, 848

Masulipatam,

831

-, by Amedabad, 858

Mirzapur,

346

Cabul,

976

Murshedabad,

826

Golconda,
Gwalior,
AGRA, a v. in Sinde, 55 m. N of Sehwan, near the
W bank of the Indus.

AGRA'-DA'GH, a "great and massive mountain" [Chesney] of Asiatic Turkey, in the Taurus chain, rising to the N of Marash and E of Bostan, and running in a direction nearly SW and NE. It consists of tertiary sandstone and limestone.

A'GRÁFA, a district of Albania, on the W side of Mount Pindus, or the Agrafiotic range as it is sometimes called, close on the northern frontier of Greece. The v. of A. is 16 m. SSW of Fanári.

of Elis, near the junction of the Ladon with the P'eneus.-Leake.

AGREDA, a town of Spain, in the prov. of Soria, 25 m. ENE of Soria. Pop. 3,000. It occupies an elevated site on the N side of the Sierra Moncayo. AGRE VE (ST.), a small town of France, in the dep. of Ardêche, 23 m. WSW of Tournon. AGRI. See ACRI.

AGRIA. See EGER.
AGRIB. See AGARIB.

AGRI-DAGH. See ARARAT.

AGRIGAN, or GRIGAN, one of the Ladrone islands in the North Pacific. It lies to the S of the island of Assumption; and appears to be a cluster of volcanic rocks. AGRIGENTUM. See GIRGENTI.

AGRILIO, a town of Greece, on the S side of the bay of Livadostro, 13 m. NE of Corinth.

AGRILOVUNI, a v. of Greece, in the dep. of Messenia, at the foot of Mount Tetrázi.

AGRIMEY, a town of Western Africa, in the kingdom of Dahomey; in N lat. 70° 7'.

AGRIS, a com. and v. of France, in the dep. of La Charente. Pop. 1,389.

AGROPOLI, a town of Naples, in the Principato Citra, at the mouth of a small river falling into the gulf of Salerno, 8 m. NE by N of Cape Licosa.

AGSBOUK, or ALAVERDI, a mountain-ridge betwixt Tiflis and Ararat, 2 m. S of Sametzk. Alt. 5,780 ft. above sea-level. The N side is clothed with thick forests; the S side is without a tree.-Parrot.

AGTELEK, a town of Hungary, 6 m. E of Gümör. In the neighbourhood is the celebrated stalactite cave of Boradla.

AGUA (CAPE), a steep headland of Spain, on the coast of Murcia, between Cartagena and Cape Pálos, a league W of Escombrera islet.

AGUA (VOLCANO DE), a gigantic mountain in Guatemala, to the S of Antigua or Old Guatemala. It is of a conical figure of graceful outline, its base extending over nearly all the western part of the valley of Guatemala. Stephens estimates its alt. at 14,450 ft. above sea-level; but as the height of the plain of Guatemala is only 1,800 ft. above sea-level, it is perhaps higher from the level of its base than any other mountain in America. Around the base are culti

to the top. On the summit there is a crater-like hollow measuring about 140 by 120 yards. It has received its present appellation from its occasionally emitting torrents of cold water from its northern side. On the SE is the volcanic mountain of Pacaya; and towards the W is that of Guatemala.—Juarros.-Stephens.-Thompson.

AGRAFUS, or AGRAFUSI, a small town and canton in the NW part of the island of Corfu. AGRAKHAN, or AGRAGANSKI (GULF OF), an in-vated fields, and a belt of forest and verdure extends let of the Caspian, on the coast of Daghestan, having its opening between the mouth of the Terek on the NW and Cape Agrakhan on the SE, and extending in a SSW direction 25 m. Cape Agrakhan is in N lat. 43° 36', E long. 47° 50′, 85 m. N of Derbend. A chain of islets runs out from it in a NNE direction. Of these the principal one is called Tchetchen or Chitcheena. A small river, bearing the same name as the gulf, discharges itself at its head; and on the eastern side of it, not far from the embouchure of the A., Peter the Great established a port in 1722, and erected a fort for its protection; but this establishment was destroyed in 1735.

AGRAM, a town of Austria, the capital of Croatia, near the 1. bank of the Save, 35 m. SSW of Warasdin, in N lat. 45° 49'. Pop. reckoned in 1815 at 17,266, but stated by Möller, in 1840, at only 11,290. The ban or governor of Croatia, the bishop, the chancellor, and the military commandants of Croatia and Slavonia have their head-quarters in this city. The surrounding district, forming the county of Agram, is watered by the Save, the Lonya, and the Krapina. It produces grain, tobacco, timber, and fruit. On a superficial area of 108 sq. m., it had a pop. of 183,968, in 1815.

AGRAMUNT, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 25 m. ENE from Lerida, 12 m. NW from Cervera, on the Sio, a tributary of the Segre. Pop. 3,000. AGRAPI'DHO-KORI, a v. of Greece, in the dep.

AGUA ANIMA, or AUGUSTA, a river in the island of Cuba, which flows into Puerto Guantanamo bay, after a course of 30 m. from NW to SE.

AGUA BLANCA, a v. of Venezuela, between Araure and San Carlos, on a small stream of the same name, a branch of the Cogede.

AGUA-BRANCA, a mountain-ridge of Brazil, in the prov. of Pernambuco, 7 leagues from the Paulo Affonso fall of the San Francisco. It is covered with wild and luxuriant forests.-Henderson.

AGUACATE, or AGUA-CATTA', a range of mountains in Guatemala, rising above the town of Caldera, in the prov. of Costa Rica. It is supposed to contain immense mineral wealth; and there are several gold mines in operation upon it, the produce of which is taken to San José and Cartago, and thence to the shores of the Pacific.

AGUACATENANGO, or CONCEPCION GUEGUET-` ENANGO, a town and district of Guatemala, in the prov. of Totonicapan. The district forms the western part of the prov. The town is in N lat. 15° 40′; 33 leagues NNW from Guatemala.