Ozone Layer Protection: Country Incremental CostsKenneth King, Mohan Munasinghe World Bank Publications, 1. 1. 1995. - 108 страница Evaluates the frameworks established in various countries to finance the incremental costs of phasing out ozone-depleting substances. The Multilateral Fund and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) were established to assist developing countries in financing the incremental costs of phasing out ozone-depleting substances. Both the Fund and the GEF require a strategic framework for the activities they finance to demonstrate that overall phaseout of these substances will be accomplished. The framework, known as the "country program," establishes a national strategy and program of proposed activities. This paper describes the country programs in general and reviews the work and results of key analysts who carried out these programs in the former Czechoslovakia, Egypt, India, Jordan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, and Zimbabwe. |
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accelerated phaseout actions aerosol air conditioning assumed assumptions average annual growth baseline calculated carbon tetrachloride cash flows chemical chlorofluorocarbons constraints consumers control options costs of ODS country incremental costs Country Program crore Czechoslovakia developing countries discount rate domestic benefits domestic refrigerators early replacement costs Egypt emissions equipment foam forced early replacement Global Environment Facility halon HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon ICF Incorporated important included incremental operating costs incurred India industry manufacturers ment methodology methyl chloroform million Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund net present value non-ODS ODS consumption ODS demand ODS phaseout ODS substitutes ODSs optimization Ozone-Depleting Substances percent phaseout costs phaseout date phaseout scenario phaseout schedule phaseout strategy Phasing Out Ozone-Depleting plants premature retirements present value production recharge recycling reduction refrigeration and air retrofits servicing solvent studies Table technologies Thailand tion tons Tunisia unconstrained demand unit abatement costs user sector World Bank Zimbabwe