to us the Experience of Ages; and introduces us to an acquaintance with the mighty and the illustrious Dead. It is the guide of the Statesman, and the favourite Study of the enlightened Scholar; it is a Beacon to warn us of Shoals and Quicksands; it is a Mirror in which we may behold the Fate of Nations; and it is a Book in which Princes and People may learn their Duty to themselves and to the whole of Mankind.

WORKS ON HISTORY.

GOLDSMITH'S Histories of England, Rome, and Greece, have long been popular Works; and New and Improved Editions of the Abridgments have been published by different Booksellers.-We may also mention Pinnock's Easy History of England, for the Use of Young Persons; Robinson's Ancient History; Guy's Works on Ancient, Modern, and British History; Bigland's Letters on Ancient and Modern History; and also his History of Europe. Besides these, there are many other small and useful Historical School Books, by various Authors. The larger Works on English History are those of Hume and Smollet, brought down nearly to the present Time.

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We must not omit to notice particularly, a Number of Excellent Books, printed for the Proprietors of Publications on Christian Principles, and published by Hamilton, Adams, and Co., London; and J. Y. Knight, Leeds; under the following Titles: "History in All Ages.”History of the Jews, in all Ages."—"Geography in all Ages."Christianity in all Ages."-" The Providence of God in all Ages."These Works contain a great Deal of most useful and valuable Information; and are well adapted either for Private Reading, or for Class Books in Public Schools.-They are written on truly "Christian Principles; " the Author every where acknowledging the FINGER OF GOD.

GEOGRAPHY is that Science which gives us a description of the Globe or Planet we inhabit; and makes us acquainted with its figure, magnitude, divisions, productions, inhabitants, &c., &c. It unfolds to our view the various empires, kingdoms, states, provinces, and islands that are upon its surface; describes the oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers by which they are watered; and gives us an account of the manners, customs, religion, and commerce of the people who inhabit them.

It also notices the remarkable mountains that are situated in various parts of the world; describes the seasons and climates of different countries; the animals which inhabit them; the lengths of the days and nights, and the times of their commencement, in different latitudes and longitudes; narrates the discoveries of Travellers and Navigators; and, it can only be properly studied in Schools, by the assistance of good Books, Maps, and Globes.

Without a knowledge of Geography, History cannot be clearly comprehended; we have but an imperfect idea of battles, sieges, and other remarkable occurrences, if we are ignorant of the place of action, or of the situation of that empire or kingdom in which they took place. Nay, we cannot understand even the pages of a common newspaper, without some knowledge of this Science.

To Mariners and Travellers, Geography is absolutely indispensable; and whoever is entirely ignorant of it, will cut but a very poor figure in company, as he must either be entirely silent on this subject, or betray his want of knowledge whenever he speaks about it. Thus we see how necessary it is that this Science should by no means be neglected in the EDUCATION OF YOUTH.

WORKS ON GEOGRAPHY.

GUTHRIE'S Geographical Grammar, and Pinkerton's Modern Geography, contain a Fund of Information on Geographical, Historical, and Chronological Subjects.-Pinkerton's Work has an Excellent Astronomical Introduction by the late Dr. Pond, Astronomer Royal.-We must also mention Brookes's Gazetteer, Walker's Gazetteer, Bourn's Gazetteer, Landmann's Gazetteer, The New London Gazetteer, Earnshaw's Pronouncing Gazetteer, Adams's Geographical History, Pye's Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Dr. S. Butler's Modern and Ancient Geography, and Lewis's Topography of Great Britain. Much Geographical Knowledge may be obtained by reading Voyages and Travels; they form a never ending Source of Amusement and Improvement.

On the Use of the Globes, we must notice Molineux, Butler, and Keith, all of whom have written excellent Works on this Subject.-The School Treatises on Geography, which we would recommend, are those of Keith, Goldsmith, John Guy, Joseph Guy, and John Hartley, all of which are good and useful Works; and well adapted for Learners.-We must likewise mention Ostell's General Atlas, Russel's General Atlas, Dr. S. Butler's Atlas of Modern Geography, and R. Buchanan's General Atlas, published by Boyd, of Edinburgh.

But, above all, we most strenuously recommend Johnson's School Room Maps, of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres; and of Europe, Asia, Africa, America, England, Scotland, Ireland, Canaan, and Pales tine. These Maps are admirably adapted for the Use of Schools; are mounted on canvass and rollers, and carefully coloured; measure four feet three inches by three feet six inches; and may be had, unvarnished, at Ten Shillings, or beautifully varnished, at Twelve Shillings each Map.—Or the whole Series, mounted in a case, on rollers, by which One Map can be exhibited at a Time, may be obtained at the moderate price of SIX GUINEAS.

CHRONOLOGY is the method of analizing time, by dividing it into larger or smaller periods, as centuries, years, months, weeks, days, &c. It also takes a view of the

calendars of different nations; compares them together; and settles such order and harmony among them, that the time when any remarkable event took place, may be precisely known.

It is impossible to read History with much pleasure and advantage, without some knowledge of Chronology; for by it we are enabled to ascertain the time of the rise, decline, and fall of empires, kingdoms, and states; the periods in which Men of Eminence have lived and flourished; the times when remarkable battles and sieges took place; and many other occurrences that are recorded in both ancient and modern History.-The Sciences of Chronology and Geography, may very properly be styled the Eyes and Keys of HISTORY.

WORKS ON CHRONOLOGY.

Sir Isaac Newton, Sir John Marsham, Archbishop Usher, Dr. John Blair, Professor Playfair, and several others have written largely on the Subject of Chronology; but the best School Treatise with which we are acquainted, is Dr. Valpy's "Poetical Chronology of Ancient and English History."-W. Butler's Work entitled, "Chronological, Biographical, and Historical Exercises," also possesses great Merit; and is well adapted for the Improvement of Youth.-"The Tablet of Memory," shewing every Memorable Event in History, from the Earliest Period, to the Present Time, is likewise an excellent little Volume, containing a Fund of Information, on almost EVERY SUBJECT.-We also strongly recommend J. Haydn's Dictionary of Dates, and Universal Reference, as a Book of much Labour and great Merit.

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BIOGRAPHY records the Lives and Characters of Eminent Men, both of ancient and modern times; and may be justly called the Science of Life and Manners. teaches from Example; and is, therefore, well calculated to enlarge and improve our minds. It places before us the actions of Good Men, that we may imitate them; and it serves as a beacon to point out the rocks and sands upon which thousands have perished.

Biography appears to lay open the secret springs of Human Nature; and places before our eyes, not only the dispositions and characters; but also the actions of Kings, Princes, Statesmen, Warriors, Orators, Poets, Painters, Musicians, Philosophers, Mathematicians, and Divines.

By it we are informed of the inordinate ambition of Alexander and Cæsar; of the cruelties of Tiberius and Nero; of the legislative talents of Solon and Lycurgus; of the philosophy of Socrates and Plato; of the poetic talents

of Homer and Virgil; of the eloquence of Demosthenes and Cicero; of the skill of Diophantus and Euclid; of the medical attainments of Hippocrates and Boerhaave; of the discoveries of Linnæus and Pliny; and of the Works of the celebrated painters, Titian, Rubens, and Van Dyck.

We are likewise made acquainted with the christian fortitude of Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer; with the deep penetration of Locke, Newton, and Boyle; with the critical powers of Addison, Johnson, and Blair; with the poetic fire of Milton, Dryden, Shakspeare, Thomson, and Pope; with the political abilities of Burke, Fox, and Pitt; with the hazardous voyages of Columbus, Anson, and Cook; and with the dangerous travels of Bruce, Campbell, and Park.

Biography also acquaints us with the musical talents of Handel, Mozart, and Haydn; with the architectural skill of Wren, Jones, and Rennie; with the fame of the celebrated painters Reynolds, Lawrence, and West; with the naval and military achievements of Duncan, Nelson, and Wellington; and with the abilities, courage, fortitude, perseverance, and discoveries of so many great and illustrious Characters, that we cannot here, even mention their Names.

Hence, we see that the Reading of Biographical Books affords a grand source of pleasure, amusement, and improvement to Persons of every rank and condition, from the King or the Queen upon the Throne, to the humblest Subject; and we, therefore, strongly and particularly recommend such Works to the Notice of BRITISH YOUTH.

WORKS ON BIOGRAPHY.

The following Works on Biography, we confidently recommend to our Young Readers, who will find in them abundance of Information, Amusement, and Improvement:-namely, Mavor's British Nepos; Mavor's Plutarch's Lives; Jones's Biographical Dictionary; Watkins's Biographical Dictionary, and his Biographical Anecdotes; Lempriere's Universal Biography; British Plutarch, by Archdeacon Wrangham; and Plutarch's Lives, by Archdeacon Wrangham.-Besides these, there are many other Works both of General Biography and of Single Lives; but those we have mentioned will be found quite sufficient for the generality of YOUNG PERSONS.

NATURAL HISTORY describes the productions of Nature; and it is divided into Three Grand Departments, called the Animal, the Vegetable, and the Mineral Kingdoms.

The first comprehends every thing that has life, as Man,

beasts, birds, fishes, reptiles, worms, insects, &c., and is called Zoology; the second describes all the different kinds of trees, plants, herbs, fruits, flowers, &c., and is known by the name of Botany; and the third treats of all ores, metals, and minerals that are dug out of the earth, and is denominated Mineralogy.

The greatest Princes and Philosophers have not deemed the study of Natural History unworthy of their attention.— Solomon, as the Scripture informs us, "Spake of Trees, from the Cedar Tree that is in Lebanon, even to the Hyssop that springeth out of the Wall; he spake also of beasts, and of fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes." "And, there came of all the people, to hear the Wisdom of Solomon, from all kings of the earth, which had heard of his Wisdom."

It is of the utmost importance to exhibit to the Youthful Mind, a view of the Wonderful Works of God, in order to inspire exalted notions of his Divine Essence, Attributes, and Agency, in the formation and disposition of the Universe. This study is also pleasing, easy, and entertaining; and appears congenial to the natural disposition of Man, in every Stage of Life; but it is more particularly improving to Young Persons, as it lays open to their Views, the Wonderful and Extensive Field of Nature.

Few things can be more pleasing and improving to Youth, than to acquire a knowledge of the nature, properties, habits, and instincts of the Animal World; to become acquainted with the various properties and uses of trees, plants, and herbs, particularly as they are applied to building, dyeing, and medicine; to learn the values, qualities, and powers of all ores, metals, and minerals; to be informed of the different Countries in which they are found; and to be instructed concerning their various applications in the Practical Affairs of Life."

WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

ARISTOTLE, Pliny, Linnæus, Buffon, Goldsmith, Mavor, Bigland, Bingley, Akin, Thornton, and many others, have written copiously on the Subjects of Natural History.

Goldsmith's History of the Earth, and Animated Nature, in Six Volumes, octavo, is a valuable Work; and several New and Improved Editions, have lately been published, one of which is Edited by Dr. Turton, F.L.S.; and another by Captain Thomas Brown, F.L.S.The Abridgment of Goldsmith's Work, and Mavor's and Bigland's Works, are very useful School Books.-Dr. Thornton's Family Herbal is also a very useful and a valuable Work.