CERUMEN-CEYLON 101 dence the certiorari has largely supplanted the | Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright. He was kept habeas corpus, especially since the abolishment of in honorable captivity as a prisoner of war, at imprisonment for debt. Its purpose there, as in Annapolis, Md., until the signing of the peace America, is to remove a case from a lower to a protocol on Aug. 12, 1898, when he was released, higher court, and the removal may be effected and on September 13th he sailed for Spain, where he either before or after the rendering of judgment received an enthusiastic welcome from the people. by the lower court. Either party to a cause may CERVIDE. See DEER, Vol. VII, pp. 22-24. sue out the writ, but there are certain limitations CERVIN, MONT, same as the MATTERHORN, of time, and provisions for security for costs. q. v., in these Supplements. The writ is also a right of the Crown in criminal prosecutions, to remove an indictment to the King's Bench. W.F.J. CERUMEN (Lat., deriv. of cera, wax), or ear-wax, a wax-like substance secreted by certain glands in the external auditory canal; acts as a lubricant; possesses a peculiarly bitter taste, which is supposed to prevent insects from entering the auditory canal. CERUSITE (PbCO), native carbonate of lead, a white crystalline mineral. ADMIRAL CERVERA. W.R.B. CERVERA Y TOPETE, DON PASCUAL, Conde de Jerez, Marques de Santa Ana, Spanish naval officer, born in Madrid in 1832. On his mother's side he comes from a stock whose name, Topete, has for generations been renowned in Spanish naval annals. His uncle, Admiral Topete, was one of Spain's naval heroes. From early childhood Cervera showed an inclination for a naval career, and he passed his examinations with ease, and gradually rose step by step until he reached the highest post in the Spanish navy. He won promotion under Prim in the war with Morocco in 1859-60, and subsequently did valuable service in the Philippines. In 1862 he was sent to Cochin China, as captain of a warship, and in 1868 to Peru. In 1870 he was sent to Cuba to take charge of the blockade, the "Ten Years' War" being then in progress. At one time he was naval attaché at Washington, where he learned to speak English fluently. Later he was Minister of Marine, and in 1887 he was made admiral. When the war with the United States broke out, Cervera was appointed admiral of a squadron which was ordered to cross the Atlantic. He reported officially that the squadron was in an utterly inefficient condition, and that to take it into Cuban waters would be to court certain destruction. He obeyed orders, however, and arrived in Santiago harbor, Cuba, May 19, 1898, where, seven days later, he was blockaded by a United States squadron. On July 3, Cervera, in obedience to positive orders from Captain-General Blanco at Havana, and in spite of his own belief that he was going to certain destruction, bravely left the harbor and attempted to get past the American blockading fleet. squadron, however, was overtaken and destroyed; his flagship, the Maria Teresa, took fire and was beached; and he himself, though wounded in the arm, jumped overboard and, with his son's assistance, made his way to a life-raft. He was taken on board the Gloucester, where he surrendered to His CÉSALPINO. See CESALPINUS, Vol. IV, p. 562. CESNOLA, LUIGI PALMA DI, archæologist, was born in Sardinia, Italy, on July 29, 1832, and served in the Sardinian army in 1849, and in the Crimean War. He came to America and served in the Civil War. When United States consul to Cyprus he brought to America a number of statues and other antiquities, which he placed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. He has been director of that museum since 1877, and has published a book descriptive of his researches in Cyprus. W.F. J. CESPEDES, CARLOS MANUEL DE, was a native of Cuba, but was educated in Spain, and rose to prominence as a lawyer and politician. He was involved in several revolutionary movements in Spain, and then returned to Cuba, where he put himself at the head of the Ten Years' Rebellion and was chosen president of the Cuban Republic. He is supposed to have been murdered in 1874. W.F.J. CESSPOOL, a cistern excavated to receive the soil from a water-closet, kitchen sink, etc., usually made to retain the solid matter and allow the liquid to escape. It should be lined with brick, ventilated and cleaned out regularly. W.R.B. CESTODA. See TAPE-WORMS, Vol. XXIII. CESTUI QUE TRUST, in law, is a person for whose use another holds the title to real or personal property. See TRUST, Vol. XXIII, pp. 633-637. CESTUS, a belt or girdle, worn by Greek and Roman women, placed between the "cingulum and the "zone.' The cestus of Venus was famed in mythology. A similar name, though of different origin, was given to the boxing-gloves worn by classic prize-fighters. W.F.J. CETEOSAURUS OR CETIOSAURUS, a genus of large dinosaurian reptiles belonging to the Lower Lias. It reached 50 feet in length. CETEWAYO OR CETSHWAYO, a Zulu king, noted for his resistance to the British in 1879. On Jan. 22 he surprised and massacred the 24th regiment at Isandula, and attacked Rorke's Drift; was defeated by Lord Chelmsford at Ulundi, on July 4th, and was captured and sent to England; was restored to part of his dominions in 1882, but in 1883 his subjects drove him out; gave himself up to the British, who kept him until his death, Feb. 8, 1884. See ZULULAND, Vol. XXIV, p. 868. CEYLON. (See CEYLON, Vol. V.) Area, 25,365 sq. miles; pop. (1901), 3,576,990; capital, Colombo, pop. (1901), 158,093. Until recently the chief production for export was coffee, but now more attention is paid to tea, cinchona, cocoanut and other palms. There are 298 miles of railway in operation. The revenue for 1900 was 27,325,930 rupees, the expendi 102 very small. CEZIMBRA-CHADWICK W.F.J. CHAD OR CEADDA, SAINT, born in Northumbria, became a pupil of St. Aidan at Lindisfarne, and in 666 became Bishop of York. Doubt having been cast on the validity of his consecration, he withdrew in 669, but was immediately made Bishop of Mercia, fixing the see at Litchfield, where his shrine was placed, and the city is He died in 672. He full of memorials of him. became patron saint of medicinal springs; and his canonical day is March 2d. ture 28,948,925 rupees. There are 826, 147 acres of and performed many great services for astronom. pasture-land, and under cultivation 2,331,948 acres, ical science. of which 753,872 are devoted to rice and other grains; 19,023 to coffee; 424,856 to tea; 864,296 to cocoanutpalms; 39,486 to Palmyra palms; 749 to chincona; 11,127 to tobacco; and 46,117 to cinnamon. The live-stock of the island in 1898 included 4,127 horses, 1,310,447 cattle, 163,987 goats, and 83,620 sheep. Plumbago is a valuable mining product, and in 1898 there were 1,692 plumbago-mines. In 1891, the product of the pearl-fisheries was valued at 960,000 rupees. Since then the value has been In 1900, the imports were 122,339,758 rupees, and the exports, 108,926,257 rupees. CEZIMBRA, a town in Estremadura province, Portugal, on the Bay of Setubal, 18 miles S. of Lisbon. It has active fisheries. Pop. about 3,700. CHABANEAU, JEAN-EUGÈNE-CAMILLE, French philologist; born at Nontron, in Dordogne, March 4, 1831; while in the postal department, became interested in the study of dialects, and attracted such attention by his writings that in 1879 he was appointed professor of the French language in the middle ages at Montpellier. He wrote a Grammar of the Peasantry; Unpublished Poems of the Troubadours of Périgord; Provincialisms, etc. CHABAS, FRANÇOIS-JOSEPH, French Egyptologist; born Jan. 2, 1817, at Briançon; died at Versailles, May 17, 1882. At first engaged in commerce, he became a linguist; but it was not until 1851 that he began the study of hieroglyphics, the first results of which appeared in 1856, followed by a series of invaluable books and papers on two important periods-the conquest of Egypt by the Hyksos, and the time of their expulsion. He wrote Les Pasteurs en Egypte (1868); Histoire de la XIX Dynastie et Spécialement des Temps de l'Exode (1873); and Etudes sur l'Antiquité Historique d'après les Sources Egyptiennes (2d ed. 1873). In 1873-77 he edited L'Égyptologie. CHABRIER, ALEXIS EMMANUEL, a French symphonist and composer; born at Ambert, Jan. 18, 1841. Studied law at Paris, and was clerk in the Ministry of the Interior. His operetta, l'Etoile, was produced in 1871. Gwendoline was given at Brussels in 1886. L'Roi Malgré Lui was presented at the Opera Comique. He left much unfinished work at his death in Sept. 13, 1894. R.C.A. CHACABUCO, Chile, a town on the Colina in the Andean foothills, 25 miles N. of Santiago by rail, near the mountain pass of the same name, where the republicans defeated the Spanish troops Feb. 12, 1817. C.L.S. CHACHAPOYAS, a town in Amazonas department, Peru, on the Utcubamba, 220 miles N. of Lima. It is the see of a bishop, and is well laid out and kept. Elevation, 7,600 feet. In the district is an ancient Indian burial-place, with richly sculptured gates. Population, about 5,000. CHAD, TCHAD OR TSAD, a fresh-water lake in central northern Africa, 1,200 feet above sea-level, forming the border of French_Sudan with British Northern Nigeria and German Northern Kamerum. It is about 100 miles long E. to W. with a maximum width of 80 miles; its area varies according to seasons from 5,000 to 18,000 square miles, with a depth of from 8 to 15 feet. Its principal feeder is the Shari, and its outlet the Bahr-el-Ghazal. C.L.S. CHADBOURNE, PAUL ANSEL, educator, was born at North Berwick, Maine, on October 21, 1823, and was educated at Williams College. After his graduation in 1848 he was made a tutor in the college, for five years, and then was elected professor of botany and chemistry. In 1859 he was made professor of the same branches in Bowdoin College, filling both places at the same time. In 1867 he was elected president of the University of Wisconsin and also professor of metaphysics, and did an admirable work for that institution for three years, when ill health forced him to resign. In 1872 he became president of Williams College, and for nine years directed its affairs with distinguished ability and success. At the same time he took much interest in public and political affairs, being a delegate to the national Republican convention of 1876 and chairman of the Massachusetts state Republican convention of 1880. He was gifted with fine scholarship, great executive ability, and never-failing tact and common sense. the author of several books, chief among them being Natural Theology and Instinct in Men and Animals. He died in New York City on Febru ary 23, 1883. He was W. F. J. CHADRON, a city, the capital of Dawes Co., Neb., on the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley railroad. The government has its land-office for the district-Dawes, Sheridan, and Sioux counties -here, it is also the site of Chadron Academy. It was founded in 1885, and has 5 churches, an academy, a high school, 3 newspaper offices, 4 banks, a packing-house, roller-mills, a foundry, brick-yards, sawmills, a creamery, and marble and broom factories. Iron, lead, silver, coal, gypsum, and excellent marble are found here. Population 1900, 1,665. CHADWICK, SIR EDWIN, a social reformer; CHACORNAC, JEAN, a french astronomer born at Manchester, England, Jan. 24, 1801; died at who discovered the minor planets or asteroids East Sheen, near London, July 5, 1890. He studied Phocœa in 1853 Polyhymnia in 1854, Leda and law and was called to the bar in 1830. He early deLætitia in 1850, and Olympia in 1860. He pre-voted his attention to questions of social, sanitary, pared the star charts of the Observatory of Paris, and political science, and was, by Lord Grey's govern CHACO. See GRAN CHACO, Vol. XI, p. 42. CHADWICK-CHALAZOGAMY ment, appointed an assistant commissioner to inquire into the operation of the poor-laws. His report (1833) laid the foundation of the later systems of government inspection. In 1834 he was made secretary of the Poor Law Board. His report on interments in towns (1843) laid the foundation of later legislation on the subject. He brought about the sanitary commission and the creation of the office of registrar-general. R.C.A. CHADWICK, FRENCH ENSOR, American naval officer, was born in West Virginia in 1844. On Sept. 28, 1861, he was appointed from that state cadet to the Naval Academy, but the Civil War demanding the services of naval officers, he entered the navy two months later (November 28th) as midshipman, serving later as acting volunteer lieutenant. In 1865-66 he was attached to the steam-sloop Susquehanna, of the Brazil squadron, becoming ensign in 1866. In 1866-67 he was assigned to the steam-sloop Juniata, of the South Atlantic squadron, and was promoted to be master Dec. 1, 1866. He was next assigned to the steam-sloop Tuscarora, of the South Pacific 'squadron, 1868–70, being commissioned as lieutenant-commander Dec. 18, 1868. In 1870-72 he was with the Guerrière on the European station. From 1880 to 1882 he was on special lighthouse duty. In 1882-88 he was naval attaché in London, being promoted to be commander Sept. 27, 1884. While in command of the Yorktown, when her steering-gear broke during a terrible storm off the Azores, Feb. 13, 1889, he showed his seamanlike qualities by bringing his vessel safely through the tempest, with only a sea-anchor made of a boat filled with water to hold her to her bearing. In 1892-93 he was chief intelligence officer; in 1893-95 chief of the Bureau of Equipment, with the rank of commodore; and on Nov. 7, 1897, he was made captain. During the war with Spain (April-August, 1898), he was in command of the first-class armored cruiser New York, Admiral Sampson's flagship, and did excellent service in the blockade of Havana (April-May), the bombardment of the forts at San Juan, Puerto Rico (May 12), and the blockade of Santiago (May-July). CHADWICK, GEORGE WHITEFIELD, musician, was born at Lowell, Mass., on Nov 13, 1854, and studied music in Germany. He has composed a number of overtures, symphonies, and choral and orchestral works, and one opera, Judith. He wrote the dedicatory ode for the Columbian World's Fair, and is now director of the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. w.F.J. CHADWICK, JOHN WHITE, preacher, author and critic, was born at Marblehead, Mass., on October 19, 1840, and was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard Divinity School. He has been pastor of a Unitarian church in Brooklyn, New York, since 1864, and has contributed much to current and permanent literature in prose and poetry, and in the form of literary and art criticism. Died Dec. 11. 1904. W.F.J. CHÆREMON, a Greek dramatist who lived at Athens about 380 B. C. The fragments of his writings were published by Bartsh in 1843. CHÆETODON, a genus of small, brightly 103 colored fishes inhabiting tropic seas, and having scales on the spiny fin-rays. R.W.C. CHAFER, a common name for scarabæid beetles, which, either in perfect or larval state, are destructive to plants, particularly those which devour the wood, bark, or roots of trees. The word chafer is seldom used alone, but generally with some prefix, as rose-chafer, bark-chafer, etc. CHAFFEE, ADNA ROMANZA, soldier; was born at Orwell, Ohio, on April 14, 1842, and was educated in the public schools. He entered the army in July, 1861, was promoted for gallantry at Gettysburg and at Dinwiddie C. H., becoming a captain in March, 1865. He was twice promoted for gallantry in operations against the Indians in Texas and Arizona, becoming lieutenantcolonel in 1890. He entered the Spanish war in 1898 as brigadier-general of volunteers, commanded a brigade at Santiago, and became majorgeneral of volunteers and chief of staff in Cuba. He was commander of the United States forces in the international expedition to Pekin in 1900 for the rescue of the legations from the Boxer rebellion, was made a major-general of the regular army on February 5, 1901, was appointed commander of the Division of the Philippines and military governor on July 4, 1901, and on September 30, 1902, was put in command of the Department of the East, at New York. W.F. J. CHAFFEE, JEROME BUNTY, capitalist; was born in New York state on April 17, 1825. He went to Colorado and amassed a fortune in mining and other enterprises. He was a member of the territorial legislature for a number of years, then a delegate in Congress, and on the admission of Colorado as a state in 1876 he was chosen one of its Senators, serving until 1879. He died on March 9, 1886. W.F.J. CHAGOS ISLANDS, an archipelago and administrative dependency of British Mauritius, S. of the Laccadive and Maldive islands in the Indian Ocean; area, 150 sq. m. Diego Garcia, on which is an imperial coaling station, and Peros Banhos, are the largest of the groups and export cocoanuts, oil and coral. Pop., 1,200. C.L.S. CHAIN-MAIL OR CHAIN-ARMOR, an armor much used in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, consisting of hammered iron links connected into the form of a garment. It was much more flexible and convenient than one formed of steel or brass plates, but was less fitted to bear the thrust of the lance. See ARMS AND ARMOR, Vol. II, p. 487. CHAINS. See CABLE, Vol. IV, p. 552; MECHANICS, Vol. XV, pp. 746-751. CHAIN-SHOT, an obsolete kind of ammunition chiefly used in naval warfare, consisting of two balls, or hollow hemispheres connected with a short chain fired collectively from the gun. Now superseded by grapeshot. W.R.B. CHALAZOGAMY, a term in botany applied to those cases in which the pollen-tube does not enter the ovule through the micropyle (the usual entrance), but penetrates the ovule at the chalaza (q. v.). This was first discovered in Casuarina, an Australian genus, but has since been found to 104 CHALCEDONY-CHAMBERLAIN occur in species of Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Cory- | made Prefect of Lyons by Gambetta in 1871, and lus and Juglans, all of which are amentaceous plants. Treub, the original discoverer, considered chalazogamy so important as to form the basis of classification, dividing Angiosperms into two groups: (1) Chalazogams (including Casuarina), and (2) Porogams (including all other Angiosperms). The discovery of chalazogamy, however, in many other species, has thrown discredit upon it as a basis of classification. CHALCEDONY, a variety of quartz which constitutes the principal part of many agates, and is generally translucent. It is much used in jewelry and ornaments of all sorts. It occurs in old lavas and trap-rocks, and is found in all parts of the world where these exist. See AGATE, Vol. I, p. | 248; MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 405. CHALCEDONYX, a name given to agates formed of cacholong, or a white opaque chalcedony, alternating with a grayish translucent chalcedony. CHALCHUITE, the "chalchihuitl," a green variety of turquoise from Mexico, also found in the Los Cerillos Mountains in New Mexico. It is a hydrous phosphate of aluminum colored by a copper compound. Some authorities regard the stone as the jade of the ancient Mexicans analogous to the feitsui jade of the Chinese. w.R.B. CHALCIDIDÆ, a small family of short-tongued lizards, natives of tropical America. ARDS, Vol. XIV, p. 739. See Liz CHALCIS, a city of Eubia. See EUBIA, Vol. VIII, p. 568. CHALCOCONDYLES, DEMETRIOS, a writer in modern Greek. See GREECE, Vol. XI, p. 133. CHALDER OR CHALDRÓN, an English dry measure formerly used for any dry goods, but now confined exclusively to coal and coke. It was of uncertain quantity formerly, varying from 60 to 70 bushels. To-day it varies in value from 2,500 to 3,000 pounds. In the terms of the old system it was equal to 12 quarters Winchester measure, or 16 bolls. CHALDEA. See BABYLONIA, Vol. III, pp. 159 et seq. CHALDEE, a language. See ARAMAIC LANGUAGE, Vol. II, p. 269. CHALEUR OR CHALEURS BAY, Canada, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, extends westward nearly 100 miles with a maximum width of 25 miles between the shores of New Brunswick and Quebec. Its name signifies "bay of heat"; the -sea of fish Indian name Ecketaun Nemaachidescribes a lucrative characteristic. C.L.S. CHALICE, an ancient name for an ordinary drinking-cup, but now only applied to the cup in which the wine of the holy sacrament is administered. See PLATE, Vol. XIX, pp. 196, 197. CHALLEMEL-LACOUR, PAUL ARMAND, statesman; was born at Avranches, France, on May 10, 1827, and received a liberal education. He became a lecturer on philosophy in Paris, but in 1851-54 was banished by Louis Napoleon be cause of his liberal principles. On his return to France he became a journalist and politician, was soon after entered the Chamber of Deputies, where CHALLENGER EXPEDITION. See See MINERAL CHAM, the pseudonym assumed by the caricaturist, Amédée de Noé; born at Paris, April 26, 1819; died there, Sept. 6, 1879. He studied art under Delaroche, and soon acquired a great reputation as a skillful and witty delineator of the humorous side of Parisian life. In 1834 he began his famous connection with the Charivari, in which paper and in the Journal des Pélerinages he continued to delight his fellow-citizens until close upon his death. Two collections of his sketches have been published, Douze Années Comiques and Les Folies Parisiennes. CHAMÆROPS, a genus of palms of wide habitat of which one species, Chamaerops humilis, being the only palm indigenous to Europe. It is sometimes called the Palmetto and is so hardy that a specimen has lived in Edinburgh for over 40 years with only a protection of matting in winter. It has very valuable commercial uses. The leaves in tropic regions are used as thatch, and the fiber is exported to be made into hats, brooms, paper, cordage, oilcloth and carpets. W.R.B. CHAMALHARI, a peak of the Himalayas, 23,944 feet high, between Tibet and Bhutan, 140 miles E. of Mount Everest. CHAMBERLAIN, DANIEL HENRY, soldier and politician, was born at West Brookfield, Massachusetts, on June 23, 1835, and was educated at Yale College (1862) and Harvard Law School (1863). In the last two years of the Civil War he served as an officer of a Massachusetts negro regiment. After the war he settled in South Carolina as a cotton planter and identified himself with the politics of that state, as a Republican. He was a member of its constitutional convention in 1868, and was elected attorney-general. In 1874 he was elected governor of the state, and in 1876 he was re-elected for a second term. In the latter year, however, the result of the election in South Carolina was contested, and after holding office for three months Mr. Chamberlain resigned and engaged in law practice in New York. W.F.J. CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH, was born in London, England, in July, 1836, and was educated at University College School. In early life he entered the screw-manufacturing establishment of JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN. CHAMBERLAIN-CHAMBERS W.F.J. 105 his father at Birmingham, and remained in it un- | dia; in 1856, adjutant-general of the Bengal til 1874, meantime amassing a fortune. He be- division; lieutenant-general in 1872; commandercame interested in local in-chief of the Madras army in 1875; general in politics at Birmingham, 1877. He retired in 1886. Died in Feb., 1902. as a radical reformer, and CHAMBERLIN, THOMAS CROWDER, geoloin 1868 was a town gist, was born at Mattoon, Illinois, on September councilor, and in 1873-25, 1843, and was educated at Beloit College and 76 mayor of Birming- the University of Michigan. He has filled variham. In the latter ous professorships, was president of the University office he earned a great of Wisconsin in 1887-92, and since 1892 has been reputation for adminis- at the head of the department of geology of the trative ability, and for University of Chicago. He was geologist of the his success in improving Peary Arctic relief expedition in 1894. the city in all respects. He set the example for practically all the municipal reforms which have since been effected in English cities. He entered the House of Commons from Birmingham in 1876, and soon made his mark there. In 1880 he was president of the Board of Trade, with a seat in the Cabinet. He was regarded as a leader of the extreme radicals, and was credited with some extreme doctrines concerning the "ransom" of property. He advocated taxation reforms, free schools, and local self-government. At the beginning of 1886 he was president of the Local Government Board in the Cabinet, but in March resigned his place because of his disagreement with Mr. Gladstone's Irish home rule plans. Thereafter for several years he was the most effective leader of the "Liberal Unionists" who had seceded from the Liberal party because of opposition to Home Rule. In 1887 he visited America as a commissioner, appointed by Lord Salisbury, to settle the fishery dispute between the United States and Canada. In 1891, upon the accession of Lord Hartington to the House of Lords as Duke of Devonshire, Mr. Chamberlain became leader of the Liberal Unionists in the House of Commons, and in 1895 he became Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1903 he voluntarily retired from the Cabinet in order to be more free to conduct a great campaign for tariff reform. He has frequently written important review articles on political, social and industrial topics. CHAMBERS, private rooms attached to most of the courts, in which the judges and chief clerks transact a large amount of judicial business. Counsel attend in chambers only in matters which are not required to be done in open court. W.F.J. CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE, soldier and educator, was born at Bangor, Maine, on September 8, 1828, and was educated at Bowdoin College. He was professor of modern languages at Bowdoin from 1855 to 1862, served in the Civil War as major-general of volunteers, fought in twenty-six battles and was six times. wounded, in 1865 resumed his professorship at Bowdoin, was governor of Maine from 1867 to 1871, and from 1871 to 1883 was president of Bowdoin College. He was United States Commissioner of Education at the Paris Exposition of 1900, and has written a number of books. CHAMBERS, JULIUS, journalist and author; was born at Bellefontaine, Ohio, on November 21, 1850, and was graduated from Cornell University in 1870. He studied law, and then became a newspaper writer. In 1872 he discovered Elk Lake, Minn., which he claimed to be the source of the Mississippi River. He was managing editor of the New York Herald in 1886-89, first editor of the Paris edition of that paper, and managing editor of the New York World in 1889-91. He has written a number of books and more than a hundred short stories. W.F.J. CHAMBERS, ROBERT WILLIAM, an American author; born in New York in 1865, the son of a prominent member of the New York bar. In 1885 he went to Paris to study art, exhibiting in the Salon of 1889, and in eight years spent in Europe gathering the material for his future works. His Red Republic, a vivid, realistic, and in some ways the most valuable, account of the Commune that has been written, was one of the results of his visit to Europe. His first story, In the Quarter, was published in 1894, followed by The King in Yellow, a collection of remarkable short stories issued in the same year. Their power and originality was unmistakable. A vein of weirdness running through them all challenged attention and caused some of the critics to call him a decadent. came A King and a Few Dukes and The Maker of Moons, the latter a collection of eight remarkable short stories. The Red Republic and The Ashes of Empire (1898), coming after these, established Mr. Chambers's position as a writer of fiction of considerable merit. Then CHAMBERS, TALBOT W., clergyman; born in Carlisle, Pa., Feb. 25, 1819; was graduated at Rutgers College in 1834, and studied theology there and at Princeton; became pastor of the Second Reformed Church at Somerville, N. J., in 1839; and from 1849 until his death was one of the pastors of the Collegiate Church, New York city. He was president of the Western division of the Reformed churches; a trustee of Princeton and Rutgers Colleges; and a member of the American Bible Revision committee. His publications include Memoir of Theodore Frc |