216

COAT OF ARMS-COBB

W. F. J.

COAT OF ARMS, in the middle ages, a coat | pleton are much esteemed. He died at Allworn by princes and great barons over their armor, ston, Massachusetts, on January 29, 1903. and descending to the knee. It was made of cloth of gold or silver, of fur or of velvet, and bore armorial insignia. The coat of arms in heraldry is a relic of the ancient armorial insignia, divested of the coat on which it used to be embroidered. See HERALDRY, Vol. XI, p. 608.

COAT OF MAIL, in the armor of the middle ages, a suit made of metal scales or rings, linked one within another. See ARMS AND ARMOR, Vol. II, p. 487.

COATZACOALCOS, a river of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico. It rises in the Sierra Madre, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico 130 miles S. E. of Vera Cruz. It is navigable for large vessels for 30 miles, and is interesting as part of a route which has been surveyed for an interoceanic canal. Its harbor is being fitted for large vessels.

COBB, COLLIER, educator, was born in Wayne County, North Carolina, on March 21, 1862, and was educated at Wake Forest College, the University of North Carolina, and Harvard University, being graduated from Harvard in 1889. He became a teacher in the public schools and lecturer, was an assistant on the U. S. Geological Survey at Harvard, and an instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He accompanied the Union Pacific R. R. expedition to the fossil fields of Wyoming in 1899. Since 1892 he has been professor of geology at the University of North Carolina. He has published a map of North Carolina, and has done much literary and editorial work.

W.F.J.

COBB, DARIUS, artist, twin brother of Cyrus Cobb (q. v.), was born at Malden, Mass., on August 6, 1834, and was educated in the public schools. He served through the Civil War as a member of the 44th Massachusetts regiment, and afterward devoted himself to art and art criticism. He has painted many portraits and landscapes, with marked success, but is best known for his large paintings of historical and scriptural scenes. He was for some years art critic of the Boston Trav eler, and has delivered many lectures on art topics. W.F.J.

COBB, HENRY IVES, an American architect; born in Brookline, Massachusetts, Aug. 19, 1859; descended on both sides from old New England colonial settlers; received his education in private schools, the Brookline High School, the Boston Institute of Technology and the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University. After spending some months with the architectural firm of Peabody and Stearns in Boston, he entered competitive drawings for the Union League Club House in Chicago, won the appointment, and at the request of the directors removed to Chicago to superintend its building, and thus became established there as an architect in 1882. Mr. Cobb has built many private residences, both city and suburban; those of Potter Palmer, R. R. Cable and Dr. McGill in Chicago being conspicuous among the former, and the Studebaker mansion at South Bend, Indiana, and the Country Club House at Lake Forest, Illinois, among the latter. The greater part of his time, however, has been devoted to public buildings, the Newberry Library, Yerkes Observatory, Chicago Historical Society, the Owings and Venetian office buildings, Kinzie Apartment House, the Chicago Athletic Association Building, Durand Art Institute at Northwestern University, Lake Forest, and several churches being among number.

the

similar

His most important work has been the building and construction of the Chicago University, upon a plan more extensive and complete than any group in the world. It consists of 46 buildings, composing four large quadrangles and covering four large city squares, and includes not only ranges of dormitories, but a gymnasium, library, chemical laboratory, observatories, chapel, administrative and recitation buildings, and all the other accessories of a liberally equipped university.

COBB, CYRUS, lawyer, sculptor, poet and musician, was born at Malden, Massachusetts, on August 6, 1834. He was the twin brother of Darius Cobb, younger brother of Sylvanus Cobb, Jr., the well-known author, and son of Sylvanus Cobb, the eminent Universalist clergyman. He was educated in Boston and studied art in America, declining to go to Europe for the purpose lest he should thus lose sympathy with American ideals. He studied law in Boston University, and practiced it for six years. In 1879 he devoted himself to sculpture, and produced a number of important works, both portrait busts and monumental statuary. Among them were a Among them were a heroic statue of Abbott Lawrence and a bust of Theodore Parker. He also painted several pictures. He was an accomplished musician and was frequently heard at concerts, and he wrote a At the time of the Columbian Exposition Mr. series of sonnets on the Masters of Art, which Cobb designed the Fisheries Building, with its have been published. He served in the Union myriad unique details, the East India and Indiana army in the Civil War, and afterward wrote a buildings, and Cairo Street. The Revue des Deux book entitled, The Veteran of the Grand Army, Mondes pronounced the Fisheries Building as being in vindication of the Grand Army of the Repub- "the most artistic, architecturally perfect, original lic, of which he was a devoted member. The design of the century." Soldiers' Monument at Cambridge, Massachusetts, was executed by him in 1869, largely as a labor of love, and it ranks among his best works of that class. His best-known painting is Warren COBB, HOWELL, an American statesman; born at the Old South, painted in 1880, though his in Jefferson County, Ga., Sept. 7, 1815. He portraits of Dr. A. P. Peabody and John Ap-graduated at Franklin College, Athens, Ga.,

He was selected by the United States government as architect of the new Federal building in Chicago.

in

1834, and was admitted to the bar in 1836. From publications, which include the following: An Essay 1837 to 1840 he was solicitor-general of the west-on Intuitive Morals (1855); Religious Duty (1857); ern circuit. In 1843 he was elected to the House Pursuits of Women (1863); Cities of the Past (1863); of Representatives in Washington, in which, by Broken Lights (1864); Italics (1864); Studies, Ethical three successive elections, he sat until 1850. and Social (1865); Hours of Work and Play (1867); While a Jacksonian regarding the federal union, Drawing Lights (1868); Alone, to the Alone (1871); he was also a firm believer in the guaranteed Darwinism in Morals (1872); Hopes of the Human rights of the several States. In 1849 he was Race (1874-80); Re-Echoes (1876); False Beasts and elected Speaker of the House in the Thirty-First True (1875); Duties of Women (1880); The Peak in Congress. He was influential in securing the Darien (1881); A Faithless World (1885); The ScienCompromise of 1850, and was elected governor of tific Spirit of the Age (1888); The Modern Rack Georgia by the Union party. In 1855 he was (1889); The Friend of Man (1890). again sent to Congress, and in 1856 actively supported Buchanan, who, on his election, appointed him Secretary of the Treasury. He resigned this office, Dec. 10, 1860, and on Feb. 4, 1861, was chosen chairman of the Confederate Congress which met at Montgomery, Ala. He took little active part in the affairs of the Civil War, and died in New York city, Oct. 9, 1868. E.E.T. COBB, SYLVANUS, clergyman, was born at Norway, Maine, in July, 1799, and was educated for the ministry. He identified himself with the Universalist Church, and for many years was one of its foremost members, having several important pastoral charges in Massachusetts. He was the editor of the Christian Freeman for twenty years, and was one of the leaders in the temperance and anti-slavery movements of his time. He was the author of several books, including explanatory notes to the New Testament. He died on October 31, 1866. W. F. J.

COBB, SYLVANUS, JR., author, son of Sylvanus Cobb and brother of Cyrus and Darius Cobb, was born at Waterville, Maine, in 1823. He became the editor of various periodicals, including The Rechabite and The New England Washingtonian, but is best known for his stories, published in the New York Ledger and in book form. He wrote a memoir of his father, published with the latter's autobiography. He died on July 20, 1887.

W. F. J.

COBBE, FRANCES POWER, an English writer and leader in reform movements, daughter of Charles Cobbe, a lieutenant in the Nineteenth Light Dragoons, who fought at Assaye, was born at Newbridge House, County Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 4, 1822; and was educated at Brighton. Miss Cobbe was attracted by the radical Unitarian and rationalistic views of Theodore Parker during the brilliant career of that clergyman in the closing years of his life and labor, and adopted his views in a great measure, so much so that all her writings will be found to be tinged with that minister's views of matters pertaining to the mental and spiritual part of man. A general trend of thought, which took its rise from the writings and public utterances of Theodore Parker, may be discovered running through nearly all her

FRANCES POWER COBBE.

In addition to these, Miss Cobbe wrote and issued a great number of less pretentious works in the form of pamphlets, in the interest of various reforms to which she was devoting herself, among which may be mentioned The Workhouse as a Hospital (1861); Friendless Girls, and How to Help Them (1861), which was an account of the original Preventive Mission at Bristol; Female Education (1862), a plea for the granting of university degrees to women; and a large number of pamphlets and leaflets opposed to vivisection, against which practice she was opposed strongly and uttered some of her strongest protests.

To further her work in the line of reform, Miss Cobbe originated a scheme of labor in ragged schools, and afterward a system for befriending young servants, the latter since being worked by the Metropolitan Association, founded for that purpose. She also did much work for the relief of destitute incurables.

Miss Cobbe traveled extensively in Egypt, Palestine, Greece and Italy, and afterward settled down to hard work in London again, and did editorial writing on The Echo and later on The Standard, and afterward contributed largely to Quarterly Review, Fraser's Magazine, and a number of newspapers and other periodicals. During this time she was engaged in promoting the Aggravated Assaults Act of 1878 whereby wives whose husbands have been convicted of violent assaults upon them are enabled to obtain separation orders.

In 1880-81 she delivered a course of lectures on The Duties of Women, which were published and circulated largely in America as well as Great Britain, and, in addition, have been translated into Danish, French and Italian. In the latter year she founded the Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection, of which she was the secretary for 15 years, and the late Lord Shaftesbury was the president. Died April 5, 1904.

COBBOLD, THOMAS SPENCER, an English authority on parasitic worms; born at Ipswich, England, in 1828; died March 20, 1886. He studied medicine at Edinburgh and lectured in London on botany, zoölogy, comparative anatomy, geology and helminthology, in connection with various hospitals and colleges. He wrote Entozoa (1864); Tapeworms (1866); and Parasites (1879); besides numerous other works on kindred subjects.

COBET, CARL GABRIEL, a Dutch philologist; born in 1813, in Paris; died at Leyden, Oct. 26, 1889. In 1847 he became professor of Greek at the University of Leyden and in 1876 was made foreign

218

COBLESKILL-COCCULUS INDICUS

associate of the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. Among his principal works are Oratio de Arte Interpretandi, editions of the Greek classics, and writings on the comic poet Plato, and on Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Xenophon. COBLESKILL, a village of Schoharie County, central-eastern New York, on the Delaware and Hudson railroad and on Cobleskill Creek, 45 miles W. of Albany. It contains a variety of manufactories. In the near vicinity are extensive quarries of building-stone, and three miles to the east are mineral springs. Population 1900, 2,327.

COB-NUT, the name of some of the largest and finest cultivated varieties of the hazel-nut. Also the name of the fruit of the tree Omphalea triandra of the West Indies. The fruit, when the embryo is extracted, is pleasant and wholesome. See HAZEL, Vol. XI, p. 490. W.R.B. COBOURG, Ontario, the seat of Northumberland County, a port of entry on Lake Ontario, and on the Grand Trunk railway, 72 miles E. of Toronto. It has an active lake trade and some manufactures. Victoria (Methodist) University was founded here in 1842. Pop., 4,239. C.L.S. COBURG. See SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA, Vol. XXIX, p. 13.

The history of cocaine is a short one, but its strength as a drug and a poison places it in the front. rank of drugs as the most deadly. So benign is its influence that few who begin its use suspect its power until the "cocaine habit" is formed and the victim is rapidly becoming a wreck. Its distinctive feature is due to hyperæmia of the nerve-centers; but as the effect is transient, reaction sets in with ever-increasing power, until the habit is fully formed, and the victim is in the clutches of a terrible adversary, with very little chance of hope for safety. As a stimulant it is regarded justly as far more powerful, rapid and baneful in its effects than any other known drug.

Beginning with 1885, when crude cocaine was first made in Peru, vast quantities were sent to the United States and to Europe. The advantages of exporting the crude alkaloid rather than the leaves proved many and important. The principal source of sup ply for the United States is by the way of Hamburg.

COCANADA, a seaport and headquarters of Godavari district, Madras, southern India, 315 miles N. of Madras. It exports cotton, oil-seeds, sugar, rice and cigars. Population, 28,856.

COCCEJI, HEINRICH FREIHERR VON, German jurist; born at Bremen in 1644; died in 1719. He studied jurisprudence and philosophy in Leyden, and in 1672 was made professor of the law of nations at Heidelberg, and the following year was

Oder. His work on German civil law, Juris Publici Prudentia (1695), was almost universally used as an academical text-book for this branch of jurisprudence.

COCCEJI, SAMUEL VON, German jurist, and chancellor of Prussia under Frederick the Great; a son of the preceding; born at Heidelberg in 1679; died in 1755. His code of laws, Codex Frideri cianus, was prepared by direction of Frederick and adopted for the kingdom. He died while chan cellor.

COCCO, COCCOA ROOT OR EDDOES, the corms (underground stems) of plants of the genera Colocasia and Caladium, of the family Aracea, na tives of the West Indies and tropical America. The corm forms the principal food of many of the inhabitants, its taste being very much like that of potatoes.

COBURG PENINSULA, the most northerly part of South Australia, west of the Gulf of Carpentaria. It runs northwest toward Melville Island, from which it is divided by Dundas Strait.appointed to a similar office at Frankfort-on-theCOCAINE, a vegetable alkaloid (C1Ha1NOʻ) obtained from the leaves of the coca (or cuca, for which see CuCA, Vol. VI, p. 605), a small shrub growing in the mountains of Peru and Bolivia, but cultivated, after its wonderful properties became known, in other parts of South America. The principal source of the diug as a commercial product, at the present day, is the province of Yuncas, in Bolivia. The leaves from which the drug is obtained are green, about two inches long, the blossoms white and the berries red. The annual product is estimated at forty million pounds. The leaves, when macerated and treated with pure wine, produce one of the finest stimulants ever tried by persons exhausted by excessive mental work or emotional excitement. Many attempts have been made in times past, by chemists, to extract the medicinal and chemical properties of the plant, but no success was reached until within late years, when an alkaloid was isolated which proved a thorough local anesthetic, and to which was given the name cocaine. The drug of commerce forms colorless transparent prisms, is odorless and has a bitter taste. It is only sparingly soluble in water, but freely soluble in ether, and is used as a local anaesthetic. As such it has proved especially valuable in operations on the more delicate organs of the body, as the eye, etc. Two percentage of cocaine added to ordinary cacao butterpencils converts the latter into a remedy which gives almost instant relief to a chafed or irritated skin, to insect-bites, etc. In 1889 cocaine was made artificially from benzoil-ecgonin by introducing into it the methyl group. Whether the new production Whether the new production possesses special therapeutic properties has not been ascertained, at least not announced.

COCCOMILLA OR COCOMILLA (Prunus coccomilia), a deciduous shrub of the plum family Drupacea, a native of Calabria. The bark is

used as a cure in intermittent fevers. W.R.B.

COCCOSTEUS, a genus of fossil fishes, peculiar to the Devonian measures, of the suborder Placodermi, order Ganoidei. About seven species have been described. been described. See ICHTHYOLOGY, Vol. XII, p. 724.

COCCULUS INDICUS, the very poisonous fruit of Anamirta cocculus, of the tropical family Menis permacea, a family of climbing plants, rich in bitter and poisonous properties. A. cocculus is a native of the East Indies; the poisonous principle of the fruits (also called "grains of paradise") is called picrotoxin. It is used largely in medicine, in certain ointments, and sometimes in malt liquors, to

COCCUS-COCK-FIGHTING

219

which it gives bitter and intoxicating but very dan- | LORD, AND THOMAS, distinguished naval officers. Se、 gerous properties. See ADULTERATION, Vol. I, p. | DUNDONALD, Vol. VII, pp. 465 et seq.

152.

COCCUS, a genus of insects of the order Hemip-| tera, suborder Homoptera, the type of a family, Coccida, allied to the Aphis. They are very numerous, and are attached to particular plants, on the juices of which they feed, often producing much mischief by the flow and loss of sap which their punctures occasion. This family contains some species which are of great value, particularly for the beautiful dyes which they yield. Among them are COCHINEAL (Vol. VI, p. 89) and KERMES (Vol. XIV, p. 51).

COCCYX. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 720. COCHABAMBA, a central department of Bolivia, containing extensive plateaus. The climate is equable and healthful, and its fertile valleys render it the richest and most picturesque district of the republic. It was formerly known as the granary of Peru. Agriculture and cattle-raising are the chief occupations. Area, 21,430 square miles; population, about 360, 220. The capital, Cochabamba, has a population variously estimated, as no official census has been taken of recent years, from 25,000 to 30,000.

COCHIN-CHINA, the most southern province of French Indo-China, bordered northeast by the territory of Moïs, northwest by Cambodia, south and east by the Chinese Sea, and by the Gulf of Siam in the west. (See COCHIN-CHINA, Vol. VI, pp. 85-89.) The area is 23, 160 square miles, and the population is estimated at (1899) 2,323,499, of whom 4,451 are Europeans, 2,054,831 Annamites, 183, 000 Cambodians, 65,000 Chinese, and the remainder Malays and Malabrians. French Cochin-China was incorporated with French Indo-China in 1887, and the whole divided into 21 arrondissements and 4 provinces; viz., Salgon, Vinh-Long, Mytho and Bassac. There are 5,660 French troops in Cochin-China, besides about 2,800 Annamite soldiers. The imports (1899) amounted to 66,234,008 francs, and the exports to 109, 178,828 francs, of which 70 per cent was rice. The annual revenue and expenditure are balanced at about 41⁄2 million piastres. Railroads and telegraph lines have been introduced especially in the province of Saigon. There were, in 1892, 51 miles of railroad and 1,840 miles of telegraph line.

COCHITUATE LAKE is a small body of water in Natick township, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, about 18 miles west of Boston. It was the source of the first municipal water supply of Boston, but, covering an area of less than 70 acres, long ago proved inadequate.

W.F.J.

COCHRANE, ALEXANDER DUNDAS Ross WISHART BAILLIE, a British author; born in November, 1816; died in London, Feb. 15, 1890. He was a member of Parliament in 1841-46, in 1847-52, in 1859-68, and in 1870-80. He succeeded to the peerage as first Baron Lamington in 1880. He was long known to society as Baillie-Cochrane, a writer poetry, and author of Young Italy. He recently published in Blackwood's Magazine, In the Days of

of

the Dandies.

COCHRANE, ALEXANDER THOMAS, ADMIRAL,

COCKBURN, SIR ALEXANDER JAMES EDMUND, an English jurist; born Dec. 24, 1802; died in London, Nov. 20, 1880. He was graduated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1829; was called to the bar and became queen's counsel in 1831. He first attracted public attention by his brilliant pleadings before Parliamentary committees. He was elected to Parliament as a Liberal from Southampton in 1847; was appointed solicitor-general in 1851, retaining the position until 1856; chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1856, and England's Lord Chief Justice in 1859, holding office until his death. He was knighted in 1850, and was the British representative at the "Alabama case" arbitration at Geneva in 1871-72. He dissented from the award of the arbitrators for legal reasons, holding that in the case of the Florida and that of the Shenandoah the responsibility of the government had not been proved. As a barrister he conducted many famous cases. He prosecuted Palmer, the Rugeley poisoner, and as a judge presided over the trial of the Wainwright murder case and the trial of Arthur Orton for perjury. His charge in this last occupied twenty days in delivery, and was a model of lucid statement of evidence.

COCKCHAFER (Melolontha vulgaris). See COLEOPTERA, Vol. VI, p. 119.

COCKER, a species of spaniel, small in size, with a heavy and generally wavy or curly coat, used for starting up game. See Spaniel, under DoG, Vol. VII, p. 285.

W.F.J.

COCKERILL, JOHN, an English manufacturer, and one of the greatest influences in commerce; born in Lancashire, England, Aug. 3, 1790; died at Warsaw, June 19, 1840. He was the son of William Cockerill, an inventor and machinist, who, in 1807, settled at Liège, in Belgium. John, with an elder brother, succeeded to his father's business in 1812; established a woolen factory in Berlin in 1815; in 1817 founded the famous works at Seraing, and invested heavily in various enterprises in all parts of Europe. His statue was erected at Seraing in 1871.

COCKERILL, JOHN A., an American journalist; born in Locustgrove, O., Dec. 5, 1845; died at Cairo, Egypt, April 10, 1896. He served in the Union army during the Civil War as a drummer. After the war he engaged in newspaper-work at Dayton, Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; went to the scene of the RussoTurkish war as special correspondent for the Cincinnati Enquirer. Upon his return to America in 1870, he, with Silas Hutchins, started the Washing ton Post; took the editorship of the St. Louis PostDispatch in 1879; became managing editor of the New York World; in 1891 purchased the Commercial Advertiser; and in 1894 became a member of the editorial staff of the New York Herald. He was on foreign duty for the Herald at the time of his death.

COCK-FIGHTING, a barbarous sport common among both the Greeks and Romans, as it still is common in India, the Malay countries and Spanish America. It flourished for fully six centuries in England, the cockpit at Whitehall having been erected and patronized by royalty. It is now pro

hay, and forms an important part in almost all the best pastures, as it is much relished by cattle. It thrives on most kinds of soil and in situations too shady for many other grasses. It is cultivated ex tensively in America, where it is known as "orchard. grass."

hibited by statute both in England and the United | North America and elsewhere. It is valuable for States. The game-fowl is the favorite breed of fighting-cocks, and much art is displayed in the training of cocks and in trimming and preparing the cock for the combat. Young cocks are called stags, and are considered at their best when two years of age and from 3% to 41⁄2 pounds in weight. When prepared for battle their natural spurs are usually reinforced by steel spurs from two to three inches in length. Strange to say, cock-fighting was a specially sanctioned sport of some English public schools, the schoolmaster receiving a regular tax from the boys on the occasion, which was on Shrove Tuesday. It was so in the days of King Henry II; and Roger Ascham, in his Schoolmaster (1570), announced his intention, never fulfilled, of writing a Book of the Cock-Pitte, as "a kinde of pastime fitte for a gentleman."

COCKNEY, originally a child delicately nurtured, and hence applied to the citizens of luxurious towns, as opposed to the hardier inhabitants of the country. Strictly and popularly speaking, the term is applied to such natives of London, England, as are born within the sound of Bow bells," that is, in the East End of London. These are popularly supposed to be unable to apply the aspirate properly.

COCK OF THE PLAINS (Centrocercus urophasianus), the largest American grouse. It lives on the Western plains among the wild sage (Artemesia), which forms its principal food and gives a bitter flavor to the flesh. It is often called sagecock.

COCK OF THE ROCK, a beautiful SouthAmerican bird of the genus Rupicola and family of chatterers (Cotingida). The bird is orange-yellow in color and has a curious crest on the head.

It

lives in the interior mountainous regions. It is about the size of a common pigeon.

COCK OF THE WOODS, a species of grouse. See CAPERCALLY, Vol. V, pp. 48, 49.

Irish

COCKRAN, WILLIAM BOURKE, an American politician; born in Ireland, February 28, 1854. Emigrating to America in 1871, he taught school in Westchester County, New York, and in 1876 was admitted to the bar. He became a prominent member of Tammany Hall and made noted speeches at the national and state Democratic conventions. He was one of the committee appointed to revise the State Constitution. In 1901 he was elected to Congress. In 1896 he became an advocate of the gold standard and made campaign speeches for McKinley, the Republican presidential candidate. He is an eloquent and forceful orator.

W.M.C.

COCKSCOMB, an annual plant of the family Amarantaceæ, a native of the East Indies. By gardeners the name is confined to Celosia cristata. It grows with an upright stem, which becomes flattened upward, expands and forms a wavy crest. The colors are various and often very brilliant.

COCKSFOOT-GRASS (Dactylis), a genus of grasses called cock's foot from the dense branches of the one-sided panicles. D. glomerata is a native of Europe, and has been introduced extensively into

COCOA-PLUM, the fruit of the West Indian tree Chrysobalanus icaco. Also the tree itself. It grows to the height of 7 or 8 feet, the fruit being like our American plum. COCOA POWDER. See GUNPOWDERS, in these Supplements.

W.R.B.

COCOON, the silken sheath spun by the larvæ of many insects in passing into the pupa, or resting. stage. The arrangement of the threads and the completeness of the covering vary widely. The most typical and perfect cocoons are those of many moths, especially those of the silkworm. The delicacy, neatness and labor exhibited by these last make them as marvelous as they are useful. See also BUTTERFLIES, Vol. IV, pp. 528, 530.

COCO RIVER, also called, in parts, Wauks and Segovia, a river of Nicaragua, which rises in western Segovia, in the northern part of the country, and takes a tortuous northeasterly course through the valley formed by the Teluca and the Tompocenté mountains, and enters the Caribbean Sea at Cape Gracias à Dios. It is three hundred miles in length, flows through a narrow valley, and though it re ceives the waters of many tributaries, it does not carry a body of water at all proportionate to its length.

COCOS ISLANDS. See KEeling Islands, Vol. XIV, p. 28.

CODAZZI, AUGUSTIN, an Italian soldier and explorer; born in Lugo, in 1792. He was a private in the army under Napoleon, and in 1817 emigrated to North America. He participated in the revolution in Venezuela, and for several years was a colonel of engineers of the Colombian army. From 1832 to 1843 he was an engineer in the employ of the Venezuelan government and made numerous explorations and surveys. He died in Colombia, June 7, 1859. W.M.C.

COD, CAPE, a peninsula of the coast of Massachusetts. See MASSACHUSETTS, Vol. XV, pp. 619, 621.

CODEINE, an opium alkaloid obtained from poppy-heads. It is a white crystalline substance, similar to morphin, but much feebler in its action. See OPIUM, Vol. XVII, p. 815.

CODEX, a name applied to ancient manuscripts, especially of the classics or of the Scriptures. Of the latter class the principal are the Codex Sinaiticus, discovered in 1844 and 1859 in the monastery of Mount Sinai by Tischendorf, and the Codex Vati canus, both of the fourth century; and the Codex Alexandrinus and the Codex Ephraemi of the fifth century. See PALEOGRAPHY, Vol. XVIII, pp. 148, 149.

CODEX ALEXANDRINUS. See ALEXANDRIAN MS., Vol. I, p. 438.

CODICIL, a postscript or supplement to a will, made by the maker of the will as an addition