266 CONSOLATO DEL MARE-CONSTANTINOPLE (See CONGREGATIONS, ROMAN, in these Supplements.) Hence it met nearly every day, and heard, also, contentious causes. Later, much business was confided to commissions, and a number of permanent tribunals were instituted. Thus it was brought about that only important business was reserved for the consistory. CONSTANS, JEAN ANTOINE ERNEST, a French politician; born in Beziers, May 3, 1833. He studied law and became a professor at Toulouse and in 1876 was elected a republican member of the Chamber of Deputies. In 1880 he was appointed minister of the interior and in 1885 minister to China. In 1887 he was governor-general of Indo-China. He was elected senator in 1889 and was again minister of the interior in 1890. He is regarded as a clever diplomat and one of the most upright and honest of French officials. W.M.C. At the present time a consistory is either ordinary and secret, or solemn and public. Public consistories are called at the will of the pontiff, and in our times are celebrated but once or twice a year. What may be called a semipublic consistory is held when the canonization of a saint CONSTANT, JEAN JOSEPH BENJAMIN, a French is in progress. To it all the bishops and arch-painter; born in Paris, June 10, 1845. He studied bishops, titular and residential, who may be in Rome at the time, are admitted. They may also vote. Such a consistory takes on the appearance of a general council, and in a manner represents the universal church. in the École des BeauxArts, and under Cabanel, and first exhibited at the Salon in 1869, with his Hamlet and the King, which was purchased by the French government. He is best known for his treatment of Eastern subjects. Among the best of his works are Prisoners in Morocco (1875); Mahomet II (1876); The Harem (1878); The Favorite of the Emir (1879); The Day After a Victory in the Alhambra (1882); and The Vengeance of the Chérif (1885). His Justin ian in Council is in the New York Museum of Art. One of the most popular of contemporary French painters, he won many medals and the Legion of Honor, and figured at the Chicago World's Fair, 1893, where a series of decorated panels for the Sorbonne attracted considerable attention. died at Paris, May 26, 1902. BENJAMIN CONSTANT. The ordinary or secret consistories, according to former custom, were held twice a month, the usual time being Monday forenoon; but now the day and hour, as well as the consistory itself, depend entirely on the will of the pontiff. Notice is given the cardinals of the court, usually the day before the consistory. At the appointed time they are present, vested in cappa magna, rochet and beretta, and sit on wooden benches. The pontiff is dressed in ordinary white cassock, rochet, mozetta and pontifical beretta, and occupies a seat somewhat elevated, and covered with a baldachino. In secret consistory the pope is accustomed to address the cardinals on the general condition of the church, or on some storm which has broken out against it in some part of the world. He also points out errors and dangerous doctrines, to the end that, these allocutions being published to the world later, bishops, priests and people belonging to the church may be warned against CONSTANT-CURRENT MACHINES. such errors. The business brought before the ELECTRICITY, $83, in these Supplements. consistory is prepared usually by the consistorial CONSTANTIA, a district of Cape Colony, congregation, but sometimes by the congregation South Africa, lying between Cape Town and for extraordinary ecclesiastical affairs. The de-Simons Bay. The district consists of three es crees of the consistory are issued by the apostolic chancery. See CONSISTORY, Vol. VI, p. 260. P. A. BAART. CONSOLATO DEL MARE. See CONSULATE OF THE SEA, Vol. VI, p. 282; PRIZE, Vol. XIX, p. 766. CONSTABLE. In the United States, constables are officers exercising duties similar to those of petty constables in England. They have, to a limited extent, the powers of conservators of the peace. The chief duty of constables is the service of writs in matters arising in justice of the peace courts. They are also authorized to arrest, without warrant, any one who may be guilty of a breach of the public peace in their presence, or whom they may reasonably suspect of felony. The jurisdiction of a constable is confined to the county in which he resides. The office is elective, one or more constables being elected from each township or district within the county. See CONSTABLE, Vol. VI, p. 263. He See tates, High, Great and Little Constantia, which are famed for the quality of their wines. CONSTANTINE, Michigan, a village of St. Joseph Co., at the junction of the Fawn and St. Joseph rivers, 120 miles E. of Chicago, with flour, lumber and paper mills. Pop., 1,226. C.L.S. CONSTANTINE, NIKOLAEVITCH, grand duke of Russia, the second son of Emperor Nicholas I, and brother of Alexander II; born in St. Petersburg, Sept. 21, 1827. In the Crimean War he was admiral of the Russian fleet. He was president of the council of state from 1865 to 1881 but in the latter year being suspected of sympathizing with the revolutionary party, was dismissed from office. Died in St. Petersburg, Jan. 25, 1892. W.M.C. CONSTANTINOPLE, capital of the Turkish Empire. (See Vol. VI, p. 269). Aside from the ordinary, modern municipal improvements made since 1880, one of the most important changes was wrought by the extensive quays constructed on each side of the Golden Horn. Estimated population 1902, 1,225,000. CONSTANT-POTENTIAL MACHINES-CONSTITUTION 267 CONSTANT-POTENTIAL MACHINES. See | expiration of the tourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall CONSTIPATION, an irregular and insufficient action of the bowels, due either to deficient secretion of fluids in the digestive organs, or to imper-porary appointments until the next meeting of the legisfect muscular action of the bowels, but usually to both these causes combined. The retention, within the organism, of matters which should regularly be evacuated as they are formed, and their consequent absorption into the blood and tissues of the body, often lead to a whole train of unpleasant symptoms; headache, or pain in other regions, irritability, lassitude and debility. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. For its history and limitations, see UNITED STATES, Vol. XXIII, pp. 786 et seq. The text of the constitution of the United States of America is as follows: PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Sec. 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. I. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and, excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; and, until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the be chosen. 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 2. Each House may determine the rules of its pro- 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and, from time to time, publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Sec. 6. I. The Senators and Representatives shall re- 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time 268 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES a law, be presented to the President of the United | States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power,- 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States; 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; 7. To establish post-offices and post roads; 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court; 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; II. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; 13. To provide and maintain a navy; 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; 16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places, purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards and other needful buildings; and 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sec. 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter clear or pay duties, in another. 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state. Sec. 10. 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Sec. I. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 3. The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President. [This clause is annulled by Article XII of the Amendments.] 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same chroughout the United States. 5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive, within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 2. 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. 269 case of disagreement between them with respect to the Sec. 4. ARTICLE III. Sec. I. Sec. 2. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public min- 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- Sec. 3. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the pun- ARTICLE IV. Sec. I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. 2. I. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. I. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 270 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic vio lence. ARTICLE V. Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. The constitution was ratified by the conven. tions of the several states, as follows: Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787; New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787; Georgia, Jan. 2, 1788; Connecticut, Jan. 9, 1788; Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788; Mary. land, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 26, 1788; New Island, May 29, 1790. 1. The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this consti-York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789; Rhode tution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall, in any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. I. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution as under the confederation. 2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made or which shall be made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. The following are the articles in addition to and in amendment of the constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the legislatures of the several states, pursuant to the fifth article of the original con stitution. [During the session of the First Congress of the United States in 1789 the first ten of the amendments were proposed. They were afterward ratified by the states in 1791. The Eleventh Amendment was proposed by the Third Congress in 1794 and ratified in 1798. The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by the Eighth Congress in 1803 and ratified in 1804. The Thirteenth Amendment was proposed by the Thirty-Eighth Congress in 1865 and ratproposed by the Thirty-Ninth Congress in 1866 and rati ified the same year. The Fourteenth Amendment was fied in 1868. The Fifteenth Amendment was proposed by the Fortieth Congress in 1869 and ratified in 1870.] ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time oi war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of |