was the union of organizations of authors, pub- | their support two of the leading typographical lishers and typographers to effect it.

From time to time, bills had been introduced into Congress to establish international copyright, but they had been smothered under the pretext that the public did not demand any change of legislation. It was necessary, therefore, to create a sentiment strong and definite enough to command respect at Washington. Abandoning all hope from treaty negotiations, an Authors' International Copyright League was organized on the 13th of April, 1883, to agitate for a reform on the moral ground of observing the sixth commandment. This association event

ually became known as the American Copyright League, and it soon found allies in local organizations of like character.

American authors claimed that the production of pirated books was fatal to the welfare of their craft, because it enabled publishers to supply the reading demand of the public by cheap editions of foreign authors, on which they had no royalties to pay. Who would buy at a fair price an American manuscript, when he could reproduce, without other charge than the cost of manufacture, the best books of the best-known foreign writers?

unions in the country. After several bills upon
which this federation was agreed had failed in
Congress, but by decreasing majorities, the Chase
bill, so named from its author, a Senator from
Rhode Island, reached the President on the last
day of the Fifty-first Congress, when his signa-

ture made it a law.

Under this act, copyright was opened to any author, without regard to nationality, with this restriction:

"That this act shall only apply to a citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation when such foreign state or nation permits to citizens of the United States of Amerbasis as its own citizens, or when such foreign state or ica the benefit of copyright on substantially the same nation is party to an international agreement which provides for reciprocity in the granting of copyright, by the terms of which the United States of America may, at its pleasure, become a party to such an agreement. The existence of either of the conditions named shall be determined by the President of the United States by proclamation made from time to time, as the purposes of this act may require.

In 1896 the United States had entered into agreements of reciprocal copyright with Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain and her possessions, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and Denmark. An American may secure copyright in Belgium by registering his work at the Department of Agriculture, Industry and Public Works in Brussels. In France it is given upon the de

There had also sprung up among the older publishers a usage known as the "courtesy of the trade." Under it an American publisher who bought advance sheets of any work from a Brit-posit of two copies of the work with the Minister ish publisher, or made engagements with him for the reproduction of one of his books, was permitted by his American competitors to enjoy the monopoly of reproducing that publication in the United States. It was a usage that began with Matthew Carey and Sons of Philadelphia, who first bought advance sheets of the Waverley Novels, and it grew into an imperious custom of certain great houses. No profit accrued to authors, for they were not in the trade. When Anthony Troliope complained that his books were republished in the United States, from which he received not a penny of advantage, the American publisher of his novels publicly replied that he had uniformly remitted money proportionate to his sales to the English publisher. But there the money remained, leaving Trollope no richer. The usage had the peculiar merit that the American republisher could make his own terms, for, of course, the foreign house could not sell the American market, to which he had no legal title. The arrangement only operated to protect one American publisher against those of his competitors in this country who respected the "courtesy But the gentility of this modified piracy could not obscure the lucrative character of the business, and new houses sprang up that did not observe the usage. To repress these cheap Ishmaelites of the trade, the older houses came at last to think an international copyright desirable. Hence, at the suggestion of the Authors' League, the American Publishers' Copyright League was organized in 1887, in New York. The two associations co-operated, and drew to

of the Interior in Paris. In Great Britain the title must be entered at Stationers' Hall, London, and a fee of five shillings paid, with an equal additional sum if a certified copy of the entry is demanded. The work must be published simultaneously in the realm and in the United States, and five copies deposited at the Hall for four libraries and the British Museum. In Canada the work must be registered, and two copies deposited with the Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa, and a fee of one dollar paid, fifty cents being required for a certified copy of the entry. In Switzerland nothing is required, but the owner may register his work at Berne, in the Department of Commerce and Industry, and deposit a copy there, paying a fee of

two francs.

A long mooted question as to whether one may reproduce anything one can memorize from the public representation of a drama or musical composition, not copyrighted, is definitely settled. Every unauthorized reproduction of a manuscript renders the perpetrator liable to action for damages. Copyrights are still assignable and heritaable, and no change is made in the proprietary rights of renewal. Copyrightable works must be manufactured in the United States, and all piratical copies of them are to be destroyed at the custom-house, except that any person may purchase for use, and not for sale, not more than two copies of a foreign duplication of a copyrighted work, subject to tariff duties. Copyright covering only translations does not forbid the importation of copies of the original text. Secretary of the Treasury is directed to make

The

COQUILLA-NUTS-CORDER

in Tabarin, Isidor in Le Testament de César Girodot, Frederick in Erckmann-Chatrian's L'Ami Fritz, and Basil in Le Barbier de Séville. Like his elder brother, he has made several valuable contributions to the literature of the French stage.-The son of Coquelin Aîné, JEAN COQUELIN, has also distinguished himself as an actor. Born Dec. 1, 1865, he was destined for the stage from his earliest years. Attached to the Comédie Française, he has frequently, and with much success, filled the rôles so famous by his father's creation of

them.

COQUILLA-NUTS.

See NUT, Vol. XVII, p. 684; and ATTALEA, in these Supplements. COQUIMBO, a province and city of central Chile. The province is bounded by Aconcagua on the south and Atacama on the north, with the Andes and the sea on the east and west. Its area is 12,873 square miles; population 1895, 160, 898; capital, Serena; population 1895, 15,712. The city is on the coast, seven miles S. W. of Serena, and separated from it by a bay; has smelting-works, a large trade in copper and ores; chief industries, hay-raising, copper-smelting, and cattle-raising. The country is of little use for agriculture, except where it is irrigated.

COQUIMBO OWL. See BURROWING OWL, in these Supplements.

COQUINA. See ST. AUGUSTINE, Vol. XXI. CORAL ISLAND AND REEFS. See POLYNESIA, Vol. XIX, PP. 432-435.

CORALLIGENA OR SEA-ANEMONE. See ACTINOZOA, Vol. I, pp. 120-122.

CORALLINES, a name given to a highly organized group of red algae with branching bodies, and so encrusted with carbonate of lime that the plant becomes very hard and of a coral-like appearance. As a consequence of this structure, they occur as fossils. Common genera are Corallina, Lithothamnion, and Lithophyllum.

CORAOPOLIS a post borough in Allegheny Co., Pa., 13 miles W. by N. of Pittsburg; has 3 churches, a newspaper office, oil-wells and refineries, lumber-mills, and tool-factories. Pop. 1900, 2,555. CORATO, a town in province of Bari, Italy, 14 m. S. E. of Barletta. Pop. 1901, 41,573. CORBET, RICHARD, an English poet and bishop; born at Ewell, Surrey, 1582. He was educated at Westminster School, Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College), and Christ Church, Oxford. He took orders and in 1620, he was made dean of Christ Church. In 1624 he was appointed to the see of Oxford, and translated to that of Norwich in 1632. Corbet's poetry reflects the genial temper and wit for which he was famous. His longest work is Iter Boreale, an account of the holiday tour of four students, written in a light, easy strain of descriptive humor; the best, as well as the best known, is the Fairies' Farewell. He died in Norwich, July 28, 1635. CORBIN, AUSTIN, banke and railroad president; was born at Newport, New Hampshire, on July 11, 1827, studied at the Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. In 1854 he became a banker at Davenport, Iowa, and

283

in 1865 opened a banking house in New York
city. In 1873 he became interested in the eastern
part of Coney Island (q. v.), and purchased it,
and there created the great resort known as Man-
hattan Beach. Turning his attention also to rail-
roads he became the president of several lines in
the west, and also of the Long Island railroad,
comprising all the lines on Long Island. He did
a great work for the development of villages,
towns and summer resorts on Long Island.
also took the lead in rehabilitating the great New
Jersey Central and Philadelphia and Reading
railroads. He had a fine estate of 12,000 acres
in New Hampshire, which he stocked with game
of various kinds and maintained as a forest park
and as a select preserve for sportsmen. He died
from the effects of an accident at Newport, New
Hampshire, on June 4, 1896.
W.F.J.

He

CORCORAN, WILLIAM WILSON, banker, was
born at Georgetown, D. C., on December 27,
1798, and was educated
at Georgetown College.
From 1828 to 1836 he was
agent for two Washing-
ton banks for the care of
their real estate, and in
1837 himself became a
banker and broker. Three
years later he formed a
partnership with George
W. Riggs, a banker of
Washington, and the firm
soon rose to the foremost
rank among bankers in
that city and amassed great wealth. In 1854 Mr.
Corcoran retired from active business, though he
continued to give advice in important financial
affairs. The Washington Soldiers' Home corpo-
ration invested some of its trust funds in Virginia
state bonds, upon his advice, and when those bonds
fell in value at the outbreak of the Civil War he vol-
untarily made good the loss from his own pocket.
He gave to Washington the Corcoran Art
Gallery, the Louise Home, and other institutions,
and was the benefactor of various colleges, hos-
pitals and charities, his gifts aggregating up-
wards of $5,000,000. For many years he was
one of the most honored citizens of Washing-
ton, and is remembered as one of its chief benefac-
tors. He died there on February 24, 1888.

W. F. J.

CORCYRA, the ancient name of CORFU; q.v.,
Vol. VI, p. 351.

CORDER, FREDERICK, a British musical com-
poser; born in London, England, Jan. 26, 1852.
He showed a strong inclination for music from
his earliest years, and, released from business by
the failure of a firm, he entered the Royal Acad-
emy of Music at the age of eighteen. Here, in
eighteen months, he won the Mendelssohn schol-
arship, and was sent to Cologne to pursue his
studies. In four years' time he returned to Eng-
land as conductor at the Brighton Aquarium. In
the judgment of Sir George Grove, he is one of

1

284

CORDILLERAS-COREA

His

the foremost of rising young composers. romantic opera, Nordisa, is the most popular of some twenty published works.

CORDILLERAS (Sp., "chain of mountains "), a term occasionally used of the mountains in the region west of the great plains of North America, and frequently of the Andean chain of South America. See AMERICA, Vol. I, p. 595; ANDES, Vol. II, p. 16; ECUADOR, Vol. VII, p. 558; Peru, Vol. XVIII, p. 685; HONDURAS, Vol. XII, p. 133; MEXICO, Vol. XVI, p. 223; PARAGUAY, Vol. XVIII, p. 247; and UNITED STATES, Vol. XXIII, p. 844

CORDITE. See GUNPOWDERS, in these Supplements.

CORDOVAN LEATHER is largely manufactured in Germany, Scotland, and in more recent years in America. It is produced from the skins or hides from horses, asses, mules and colts. The process is as follows: After removal of the hide from the animal it is customary to cut it into two parts, measuring from the root of the tail 18 inches forward on the backbone. The hide is cut, at right angles to the backbone, directly across; the part so cut off is termed a "butt,' and as such becomes a distinct article of commerce. The forward part of the hide is termed "front," and is used, after being divided on the line of the backbone, for various purposes, principally, after being tanned, for use as gloveleather, or, blackened, to be used in the tops of shoes. These fronts are tanned so as to be finished on the grain side. The thinness of the shoulder and flanks renders this leather not altogether desirable for many purposes. The grain of the fronts, however, is particularly fine, and by careful manipulation can be made to closely represent that of genuine kangaroo. As a substitute for the latter it finds ready sale for shoe purposes. The butts, after undergoing a special tanning process, tending to produce a pliable and at the same time non-stretching leather, are passed through a splitting-machine which removes the grain, or hair side, revealing what is termed the "shell." This shell is found to lie on either side of the backbone, never, except in mule-hides, extending over the backbone. In appearance it is almost black, the line of demarcation being distinct and vivid between it and the other portions of the butt. In nature, the shell is exceptionally close-fibered, and makes, when properly blackened and finished, a leather impervious to water, and so smooth and pliable that it is used only in the manufacture of fine shoes for both men and women. The term Cordovan leather, in trade circles, applies to the product both of the tanned fronts and tanned butts, but is especially used in connection with the term galoshes, meaning the vamps or boot-fronts cut from the shell of the butt. There are few, if any, other than the above-named animals whose hides present this peculiar region or so-called shell. In form it is elliptical, and extends well back upon the hips of the animal, and forward, covering the region of the vital organs which are not protected by the ribs.

As above stated, there are two distinct shells upon each butt, separated, except in case of asses and mules, by a strip four to six inches in width, lengthwise of the backbone. In area each shell contains from three to five square feet, according to the size of the animal. The remainder of the butt, in its nature and in its products, is identical with that of the so-called fronts. COREA (CH'AO-HSIEN) or KOREA. In addi. tion to the description given under COREA, Vol. VI, pp. 346–350, a more extended knowledge has been gained of the statistics, people and topog raphy of the "Hermit Kingdom" by the events of the Yellow War. In 1894 China and Japan became involved in hostilities from their conflicting claims to regulate the affairs of Corea. In 1876 Corea had concluded a treaty with Japan, in 1882 with China (Trade and Frontier Regulations) and the United States, in 1883 with Germany and Great Britain, in 1884 with Italy and Russia, in 1886 with France, and in 1892 with Austria. An overland trade convention has also been concluded with Russia. In these treaties Corea was treated with as an independent state, and by virtue of them, Seoul and the three ports of Jenchuan, Fusan, and Yuensan were opened to foreign commerce. In 1894 violent internal disturb ances occurred. The Coreans, split into Chinese and Japanese factions, and appealed to each power for aid. When China sent troops to quell the riots, Japan protested against a violation of the treaty of 1876. Then Japan landed five thousand men on the west coast, June 3, 1894, under the pretext of escorting the Japanese minister in safety from the country. The army having seized strategical positions, the Mikado's ambassador, Mr. Otori, made a demand for five immediate reforms in Corean affairs. China demanded the withdrawal of the Japanese troops, invoked in vain the aid of Russia, but secured an appeal by the European representatives for mutual conces sions. Then the Japanese seized the Corean king, July 23d, and compelled him to appoint Tai Wen Kun as regent. Hostilities began with a naval engagement in Prince Gerome Gulf, July 25th, and a sea battle between cruisers, on the same date, off Fontao Island. In each case the Japanese were victorious. The formal declaration of war was made August 1st, and by the 26th of the same month Mr. Otori had concluded a treaty of alliance between Japan and the Corean government. Then the "Yellow War," as it has been well termed, began in good earnest on land. whole burden fell on Li Hung Chang, the Viceroy of China. His army was not one quarter the strength of the Japanese. Deficient and antiquated in equipment, with poltroons for commanders, the land forces were on a par with a navy crippled by the resignation of all the English engineers (in accordance with neutrality proclamations), and commanded by cowardly man. darins. Under Field-Marshal Count Yamagata the Japanese soon landed 10,000 troops at Fusan, 3,000 at Gensan, near Port Lazareff, and 30,000 at Chemulpo. To oppose these, some 30,000 Chinese

Its

CORELLI-COREOPSIS

285

The present ruler of Corea is Yi Hiung (Li-Hi in Chinese), born in 1852, succeeded to the throne in 1864, and is the twenty-ninth in succession since the founding of the present dynasty. The constitution may be briefly described as follows: The king is an independent sovereign, but his power is limited by the cabinet, which originates laws for the king's ratification. The central gov. ernment consists of nine departments, each presided over by a minister of state. The eight old provinces have been abolished, 23 pu, or counties, subdivided into 336 kün, or districts, being substituted. Revenue is derived from the land tax, the maritime customs and the sale of ginseng.

An embryo army of 2.000 men is under Japanese instructors, a naval school has been formed, with English instructors, and a police force of 1,500 men organized under a special department.

troops were concentrated at Wiju, whence, with | Russia, and in consideration of an increased wa some reinforcements, they were marched 100 indemnity, Port Arthur was evacuated by the vicmiles southward to confront the victorious tors. Japanese at Ping Yang. In this vicinity strategic movements and skirmishes occurred for some time, generally resulting in favor of the Japanese. The Japanese commanders were graduates of the first military schools of Germany, the soldiers armed with modern rifles, and the entire army drilled in European methods. To confront these were venal and ignorant mandarins, supported by a barbarian horde, more suited, as to arms and equipment, for an encounter with crusaders of a long past age. On September 16th, the Japanese, attacking the Chinese lines at Ping Yang in front, at the same moment that a second column came into action on the flanks and in rear, routed their opponents with terrific slaughter. The Chinese loss was over 16,000, as against a Japanese casualty list of 30 killed and 270 wounded. Four Chinese generals, many thousand rifles, immense military stores and three million dollars fell into the victors' hands. Disaster on sea followed the next day, and at the sea fight of the Yalu River the Chinese navy was almost entirely destroyed or captured. The only vessel which did fight in earnest for the honor of the Flowery Kingdom was, it may be said, commanded by an American graduate of Annapolis. After the capture of Ping Yang and the whole of the Chinese invading force, the Japanese marched to invade Manchuria. Victorious at Wiju, and carrying Hu-Shan by vigorous assault on October 25th, the Japanese columns marched through Manchuria and pro- CORELLI, MARIE, English novelist, was born ceeded to invest Port Arthur. Here the demoral- of Italian parents and adopted when a child by ized remnants of the Chinese army made a the late Dr. Charles Mackay, and at his death desperate stand, until panic-stricken by repeated became the ward of his son, Eric S. Mackay, auassaults, and, deserted by their commanders, they thor of The Love Letters of a Violinist. fied in disorder, and Port Arthur fell on Novem-writings are pervaded by an element of mystiber 22d into the hands of the Japanese, with 80 guns and immense stores.

The total value of the trade at the three ports was in 1900: Imports, $5,505,000; exports, $4,720,000; the imports, consisting of cotton goods, chiefly shirtings and muslins, $2,379,980; woolen goods, $45,009; metals, $164,060; sundries, $3,253,340; the exports, beans, $515,310; cowhides, $329,440; rice, $1,210,150. The export of gold, which is found in considerable quantities in the country, but is not well worked, was $749,699 for 1890. Area of Corea, 80,000 square miles. Population, 10,500,000. Capital, Seoul. Population, 200,000. See RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR.

Her

cism. Among her writings are The Romance of
Two Worlds (1886); Vendetta (1887); Thelma
(1888); Ardath (1889); Wormwood (1890); Soul
of Lilith (1892); Barabbas (1893); The Sorrows
of Satan (1894); The Mystery of an Atom (1895);
The Murder of Delicia (1896); Ziska (1897); Jane
(1897); The Master Christian (1900); Temporal
Power (1902).

CORENTYN, a river of Guiana, South America,
separating the British and Dutch possessions. It
rises in the Acara Mountains and flows generally
northward, emptying into the Atlantic at long. 57

W. It has four large cataracts, the lower two being
of great beauty. It is about 500 miles long, and is
navigable for vessels of light draft for 150 miles.

With the fall of Port Arthur the reserves of Japan were called to the colors, and a second army mobilized and landed on the Chinese coast, near Kinchow, in the Gulf of Liao. Marching through Manchuria, in the direction of Ninchang, though retarded by the severe cold, the Japanese fought at Kungwasai, on December 19th, the most stubbornly contested battle of the war. Four charges were necessary to carry the Chinese works, The victors advanced to To Chung Su and occupied a position of great strategic value, preparatory to a march on Pekin in the spring. On February 16th the naval station of Wei-Hai-Wei fell into the invaders' hands, and China hurried a peace embassy to Tokyo to beg for terms. By the treaty of Shimonoseki, signed April 17, 1895, and ratified at Chefoo, May 8th, the independence of Corea was proclaimed and declared, and the south-as ern part of the Chinese province of Feng Tien, being the part of Manchuria occupied in the war, was ceded to Japan, with a war indemnity of 200,000,000 kuping taels (i.e., $150,000,000). Formosa was also ceded to Japan. At the request of

COREOPSIS, a large genus of the family Composita, abundant in North and South America and in South Africa. The involucre is double, the rays are mostly yellow and the flat akenes (fruits) have generally two or three teeth or awns, but not barbed,

in the closely related Bidens. The species are generally known as "tickseeds," and several of them are cultivated on account of their showy flowers. The most common cultivated form is C. tinctoria, the common Coreopsis or Calliopsis of the gardens, with the large yellow rays brownish purple at base,