was the union of organizations of authors, pub- | their support two of the leading typographical lishers and typographers to effect it. From time to time, bills had been introduced into Congress to establish international copyright, but they had been smothered under the pretext that the public did not demand any change of legislation. It was necessary, therefore, to create a sentiment strong and definite enough to command respect at Washington. Abandoning all hope from treaty negotiations, an Authors' International Copyright League was organized on the 13th of April, 1883, to agitate for a reform on the moral ground of observing the sixth commandment. This association eventually became known as the American Copyright League, and it soon found allies in local organizations of like character. American authors claimed that the production of pirated books was fatal to the welfare of their craft, because it enabled publishers to supply the reading demand of the public by cheap editions of foreign authors, on which they had no royalties to pay. Who would buy at a fair price an American manuscript, when he could reproduce, without other charge than the cost of manufacture, the best books of the best-known foreign writers? unions in the country. After several bills upon Under this act, copyright was opened to any "That this act shall only apply to a citizen or subject The ex In 1896 the United States had entered into agreements of reciprocal copyright with Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain and her possessions, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and Denmark. An American may secure copyright There had also sprung up among the older in Belgium by registering his work at the Departpublishers a usage known as the "courtesy of the ment of Agriculture, Industry and Public Works trade." Under it an American publisher who in Brussels. In France it is given upon the debought advance sheets of any work from a Brit-posit of two copies of the work with the Minister ish publisher, or made engagements with him for of the Interior in Paris. In Great Britain the title the reproduction of one of his books, was permust be entered at Stationers' Hall, London, mitted by his American competitors to enjoy the and a fee of five shillings paid, with an equal admonopoly of reproducing that publication in the ditional sum if a certified copy of the entry is United States. It was a usage that began with demanded. The work must be published simultaMatthew Carey and Sons of Philadelphia, who first neously in the realm and in the United States, and bought advance sheets of the Waverley Novels, five copies deposited at the Hall for four libraand it grew into an imperious custom of certain ries and the British Museum. In Canada the work great houses. No profit accrued to authors, for must be registered, and two copies deposited with they were not in the trade. When Anthony the Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa, and a fee of Troliope complained that his books were repub- one dollar paid, fifty cents being required for a cerlished in the United States, from which he re- tified copy of the entry. In Switzerland nothing is ceived not a penny of advantage, the American required, but the owner may register his work at publisher of his novels publicly replied that he Berne, in the Department of Commerce and Inhad uniformly remitted money proportionate to dustry, and deposit a copy there, paying a fee of his sales to the English publisher. But there the money remained, leaving Trollope no richer. The usage had the peculiar merit that the American republisher could make his own terms, for, of course, the foreign house could not sell the American market, to which he had no legal title. The arrangement only operated to protect one American publisher against those of his competitors in this country who respected the "courtesy of the trade." But the gentility of this modified piracy could not obscure the lucrative character of the business, and new houses sprang up that did not observe the usage. To repress these cheap Ishmaelites of the trade, the older houses came at last to think an international copyright desirable. Hence, at the suggestion of the Authors' League, the American Publishers' Copyright League was organized in 1887, in New York. The two associations co-operated, and drew to two francs. A long mooted question as to whether one may reproduce anything one can memorize from the public representation of a drama or musical composition, not copyrighted, is definitely settled. Every unauthorized reproduction of a manuscript renders the perpetrator liable to action for damages. Copyrights are still assignable and heritaable, and no change is made in the proprietary rights of renewal. Copyrightable works must be manufactured in the United States, and all piratical copies of them are to be destroyed at the custom-house, except that any person may purchase for use, and not for sale, not more than two copies of a foreign duplication of a copyrighted work, subject to tariff duties. Copyright covering only translations does not forbid the importation of copies of the original text. The Secretary of the Treasury is directed to make up lists of copyrighted books from reports of the Librarian of Congress, and furnish them to customhouse officers weekly, in order to suppress the importation of duplicates, and for five dollars annually any one is entitled to receive these weekly statements. Amended editions of foreign works already published in the United States are subject to copyright, but no serial work, except magazines and other periodicals, of which the reproduction in the United States had begun before this act went into operation could be copyrighted as to their still unpublished parts. Publication must be at least simultaneous in the United States and any other country. Various penalties are provided for violations of copyright laws, from forfeiture of all unauthorized copies and damages to the injured party to fines divisible between the government and the copyright proprietor. The penalty for falsely printing on any work notice of copyright is one hundred dollars, to be divided between the United States and the complainant; for an unauthorized reproduction of any painting, statue or statuary a penalty of ten dollars for each discoverable copy may be collected. The fees for copyright to a person resident in the United States are fifty cents for recording title or description, fifty cents for a certified copy of the record, one dollar for record of assignment, and one dollar for certified copy thereof. Foreigners must pay one dollar for orignal entry, and fifty cents for an official copy of it. All publications must be delivered to the librarian of Congress free of charge, and he has no authority to refuse any application for copyright for works not immoral, nor to decide questions of priority or infringement. The copyright jurisdiction is in the hands of the United States courts; the common-law rights to literary property still belong to state courts. Authors and assigns have exclusive right to translate or dramatize their own works, after having copyrighted the original. No copyright is valid unless notice thereof is in some way stamped or inscribed upon the work thus protected. In all other respects the provisions of the law of 1874 are in force. Amendments further desired by authors and artists, as represented in the Literary and Artistic International Association of Europe in the autumn of 1895 are: That the right of reproduction shall inhere in the author, and exist for the benefit of his heirs or assigns for fifty years after his death; that the sale or transfer of a material work, as a manuscript, picture or design, shall not, by implication, carry with it the right of reproduction; that the author who has parted with his copyright shall retain the right to supervise reproductions of his work and to prosecute piracies or unauthorized changes in it; that in encyclopedic work, while the director of the compilation remains in legal possession of the copyright for the whole work, individual contributors to it shall be entitled to reproduce their contribution, if by so doing they do not injure the entire publication; that works of art belonging to public museums shall not be reproduced without the consent of the original artist, or his heirs or assigns; and that anonymous, pseudonymous and posthumous works shall be entitled to protection for fifty years from the date of their first publica. tion. The present tendency is to carry to its logical amplitude the doctrine that copyright shall recognize an author's or artist's work as personal property as much as if it were in its original form of manuscript, composition or design, save that a time-limit of protection is still respected, its extension, rather than abolition, being sought. D. O. KELLOGG. M. COQUELIN. COQUELIN, BENOIT CONSTANT ("Coquelin Aîné "), a French actor; born at Boulogne-surMer, Jan. 23, 1841; the son of a baker. Evincing a great aptitude for the stage, he went to Paris and was admitted to the Conservatoire on Dec. 29, 1859. He made his debut at the Théâtre Français on Dec. 7, 1860, in the character of Gros-René in the Dépit Amoureux. He afterward played with success in the Fourberies de Scapin, Le Mariage de Figaro, Don Juan, and other classical pieces; Lupin in La Mère Confidente, the Marquis in Le Joueur, Dos Hannibal in L'Aventurière etc. He created the role of Anatole in Une Loge à l'Opéra, John in Trop Curieux, Gagneux in Jean Baudry, Vincent i L'Eillet Blanc, Aristide in Le Lion Amoureux, Gringoire in a play of that name, Beaubourg in Paul Forestier, Eucrate in Le Coq de Mycille, etc. Coquelin obtained great success in society by recit ing in private and at public meetings, and has also added to the reputation of new poets, particularly of Eugène Manuel and François Coppée. In a professional visit to America he met with a most enthusiastic reception. He has, to the great regret of all admirers of French comedy, persisted in his intention of keeping away from the Théâtre Français.-His books comprise several valuable contributions to the history of the stage and the art of acting.-His brother, ERNEST ALEXANDRE HONORÉ COQUELIN (Coquelin cadet), also a noted French actor, was born at Boulogne-surMer, May 16, 1848. He also was intended for a baker, but preferred the risks attendant upon the duties of a railroad employee. Irresistibly attracted to the theater, he began a careful training at Paris in 1864, and made his initial appearances at the Odéon Théâtre. In 1868 he joined the Comédie Française and earned the applause of Parisian audiences by the side of his elder brother. When the Germans besieged Paris, Ernest Coquelin left the boards to follow the bugle, and won the Military Medal for his valor at the battle of Buzenval. His favorite rôles are those of Ulrich in Octave Feuillet's Le Sphinx, Frippesauce COQUILLA-NUTS-CORDER 283 in Tabarin, Isidor in Le Testament de César Girodot, | in 1865 opened a banking house in New York Frederick in Erckmann-Chatrian's L'Ami Fritz, city. In 1873 he became interested in the eastern and Basil in Le Barbier de Séville. Like his elder part of Coney Island (q. v.), and purchased it, brother, he has made several valuable contribu- and there created the great resort known as Mantions to the literature of the French stage.-The hattan Beach. Turning his attention also to railson of Coquelin Aîné, JEAN COQUELIN, has also roads he became the president of several lines in distinguished himself as an actor. Born Dec. 1, the west, and also of the Long Island railroad, 1865, he was destined for the stage from his ear- comprising all the lines on Long Island. He did liest years. Attached to the Comédie Française, a great work for the development of villages, he has frequently, and with much success, filled towns and summer resorts on Long Island. He the roles so famous by his father's creation of also took the lead in rehabilitating the great New Jersey Central and Philadelphia and Reading railroads. He had a fine estate of 12,000 acres in New Hampshire, which he stocked with game of various kinds and maintained as a forest park and as a select preserve for sportsmen. He died from the effects of an accident at Newport, New Hampshire, on June 4, 1896. W.F.J. them. COQUILLA-NUTS. See NUT, Vol. XVII, p. 684; and ATTAL EA, in these Supplements. COQUIMBO, a province and city of central Chile. The province is bounded by Aconcagua on the south and Atacama on the north, with the Andes and the sea on the east and west. Its area is 12,873 square miles; population 1895, 160, 898; capital, Serena; population 1895, 15,712. The city is on the coast, seven miles S. W. of Serena, and separated from it by a bay; has smelting-works, a large trade in copper and ores; chief industries, hay-raising, copper-smelting, and cattle-raising. The country is of little use for agriculture, except where it is irrigated. COQUIMBO OWL. See BURROWING OWL, in these Supplements. COQUINA. See ST. AUGUSTINE, Vol. XXI. CORALLINES, a name given to a highly organized group of red alge with branching bodies, and so encrusted with carbonate of lime that the plant becomes very hard and of a coral-like appearance. As a consequence of this structure, they occur as fossils. Common genera are Corallina, Lithothamnion, and Lithophyllum. CORAOPOLIS a post borough in Allegheny Co., Pa., 13 miles W. by N. of Pittsburg; has 3 churches, a newspaper office, oil-wells and refineries, lumber-mills, and tool-factories. Pop. 1900, 2,555. CORATO, a town in province of Bari, Italy, 14 m. S. E. of Barletta. Pop. 1901, 41,573. CORBET, RICHARD, an English poet and bishop; born at Ewell, Surrey, 1582. He was educated at Westminster School, Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College), and Christ Church, Oxford. He took orders and in 1620, he was made dean of Christ Church. In 1624 he was appointed to the see of Oxford, and translated to that of Norwich in 1632. Corbet's poetry reflects the genial temper and wit for which he was famous. His longest work is Iter Boreale, an account of the holiday tour of four students, written in a light, easy strain of descriptive humor; the best, as well as the best known, is the Fairies' Farewell. He died in Norwich, July 28, 1635. CORBIN, AUSTIN, banke and railroad president; was born at Newport, New Hampshire, on July 11, 1827, studied at the Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. In In 1854 he became a banker at Davenport, Iowa, and WM. W. CORCORAN. CORCORAN, WILLIAM WILSON, banker, was W. F. J. CORDER, FREDERICK, a British musical com- P J 284 CORDILLERAS-COREA His the foremost of rising young composers. romantic opera, Nordisa, is the most popular of some twenty published works. CORDILLERAS (Sp., "chain of mountains "), a term occasionally used of the mountains in the region west of the great plains of North America, and frequently of the Andean chain of South America. See AMERICA, Vol. I, p. 595; ANDES, Vol. II, p. 16; ECUADOR, Vol. VII, p. 558; PERU, Vol. XVIII, p. 685; HONDURAS, Vol. XII, p. 133; MEXICO, Vol. XVI, p. 223; PARAGUAY, Vol. XVIII, p. 247; and UNITED STATES, Vol. XXIII, p. 844. CORDITE. See GUNPOWDERS, in these Supplements. CORDOVAN LEATHER is largely manufactured in Germany, Scotland, and in more recent years in America. It is produced from the skins or hides from horses, asses, mules and colts. As above stated, there are two distinct shells upon each butt, separated, except in case of asses and mules, by a strip four to six inches in width, lengthwise of the backbone. In area each shell contains from three to five square feet, according to the size of the animal. The remainder of the butt, in its nature and in its products, is identical with that of the so-called fronts. COREA (CH'AO-HSIEN) or KOREA. In addi. tion to the description given under COREA, Vol. VI, pp. 346-350, a more extended knowledge has been gained of the statistics, people and topog raphy of the "Hermit Kingdom" by the events of the Yellow War. In 1894 China and Japan became involved in hostilities from their conflicting claims to regulate the affairs of Corea. In 1876 Corea had concluded a treaty with Japan, in 1882 with China (Trade and Frontier Regulations) and the United States, in 1883 with Germany and The process is as follows: After removal of Great Britain, in 1884 with Italy and Russia, in the hide from the animal it is customary to cut it 1886 with France, and in 1892 with Austria. An into two parts, measuring from the root of the overland trade convention has also been contail 18 inches forward on the backbone. The hide cluded with Russia. In these treaties Corea was is cut, at right angles to the backbone, directly treated with as an independent state, and by virtue across; the part so cut off is termed a "butt," of them, Seoul and the three ports of Jenchuan, and as such becomes a distinct article of com- Fusan, and Yuensan were opened to foreign merce. The forward part of the hide is termed a commerce. In 1894 violent internal disturb "front," and is used, after being divided on the ances occurred. The Coreans, split into Chinese line of the backbone, for various purposes, prin- and Japanese factions, and appealed to each power cipally, after being tanned, for use as glove- for aid. When China sent troops to quell the leather, or, blackened, to be used in the tops riots, Japan protested against a violation of the of shoes. These fronts are tanned so as to be treaty of 1876. Then Japan landed five thousand finished on the grain side. The thinness of the men on the west coast, June 3, 1894, under the shoulder and flanks renders this leather not alto- pretext of escorting the Japanese minister in gether desirable for many purposes. The grain safety from the country. The army having seized of the fronts, however, is particularly fine, and by strategical positions, the Mikado's ambassador, careful manipulation can be made to closely rep- Mr. Otori, made a demand for five immediate resent that of genuine kangaroo. As a substitute reforms in Corean affairs. China demanded the for the latter it finds ready sale for shoe purposes. withdrawal of the Japanese troops, invoked in The butts, after undergoing a special tanning vain the aid of Russia, but secured an appeal by process, tending to produce a pliable and at the the European representatives for mutual conces same time non-stretching leather, are passed sions. Then the Japanese seized the Corean through a splitting-machine which removes the king, July 23d, and compelled him to appoint grain, or hair side, revealing what is termed the Tai Wen Kun as regent. Hostilities began with 66 shell." This shell is found to lie on either side a naval engagement in Prince Gerome Gulf, July of the backbone, never, except in mule-hides, ex- 25th, and a sea battle between cruisers, on the same tending over the backbone. In appearance it is date, off Fontao Island. In each case the Japanese almost black, the line of demarcation being dis- were victorious. The formal declaration of war tinct and vivid between it and the other portions was made August 1st, and by the 26th of the of the butt. In nature, the shell is exceptionally same month Mr. Otori had concluded a treaty close-fibered, and makes, when properly blackened of alliance between Japan and the Corean govern. and finished, a leather impervious to water, and so ment. Then the "Yellow War," as it has been well smooth and pliable that it is used only in the man- termed, began in good earnest on land. ufacture of fine shoes for both men and women. whole burden fell on Li Hung Chang, the Viceroy The term Cordovan leather, in trade circles, ap- of China. His army was not one quarter the plies to the product both of the tanned fronts and strength of the Japanese. Deficient and antitanned butts, but is especially used in connection quated in equipment, with poltroons for comwith the term galoshes, meaning the vamps or manders, the land forces were on a par with a boot-fronts cut from the shell of the butt. There navy crippled by the resignation of all the Engare few, if any, other than the above-named ani-lish engineers (in accordance with neutrality proc mals whose hides present this peculiar region or so-called shell. In form it is elliptical, and extends well back upon the hips of the animal, and forward, covering the region of the vital organs which are not protected by the ribs. Its lamations), and commanded by cowardly man. darins. Under Field-Marshal Count Yamagata the Japanese soon landed 10,000 troops at Fusan, 3,000 at Gensan, near Port Lazareff, and 30,000 at Chemulpo. To oppose these, some 30,000 Chinese CORELLI-COREOPSIS tors. 285 The present ruler of Corea is Yi Hiung (Li-Hi in Chinese), born in 1852, succeeded to the throne in 1864, and is the twenty-ninth in succession since the founding of the present dynasty. The constitution may be briefly described as follows: The king is an independent sovereign, but his power is limited by the cabinet, which originates laws for the king's ratification. The central gov. ernment consists of nine departments, each presided over by a minister of state. The eight old provinces have been abolished, 23 pu, or counties, subdivided into 336 kün, or districts, being substituted. Revenue is derived from the land tax, the maritime customs and the sale of ginseng. An embryo army of 2,000 men is under Japanese instructors, a naval school has been formed, with English instructors, and a police force of 1,500 men organized under a special department. troops were concentrated at Wiju, whence, with | Russia, and in consideration of an increased war some reinforcements, they were marched 100 indemnity, Port Arthur was evacuated by the vicmiles southward to confront the victorious Japanese at Ping Yang. In this vicinity strategic movements and skirmishes occurred for some time, generally resulting in favor of the Japanese. The Japanese commanders were graduates of the first military schools of Germany, the soldiers armed with modern rifles, and the entire army drilled in European methods. To confront these were venal and ignorant mandarins, supported by a barbarian horde, more suited, as to arms and equipment, for an encounter with crusaders of a long past age. On September 16th, the Japanese, attacking the Chinese lines at Ping Yang in front, at the same moment that a second column came into action on the flanks and in rear, routed their opponents with terrific slaughter. The Chinese loss was over 16,000, as against a Japanese casualty list of 30 killed and 270 wounded. Four Chinese generals, many thousand rifles, immense military stores and three million dollars fell into the victors' hands. Disaster on sea followed the next day, and at the sea fight of the Yalu River the Chinese navy was almost entirely destroyed or captured. The only vessel which did fight in earnest for the honor of the Flowery Kingdom was, it may be said, commanded by an American graduate of Annapolis. After the capture of Ping Yang and the whole of the Chinese invading force, the Japanese marched to invade Manchuria. Victorious at Wiju, and carrying Hu-Shan by vigorous assault on October 25th, the Japanese columns marched through Manchuria and proceeded to invest Port Arthur. Here the demoralized remnants of the Chinese army made a desperate stand, until panic-stricken by repeated assaults, and, deserted by their commanders, they fied in disorder, and Port Arthur fell on Novem-writings are pervaded by an element of mystiber 22d into the hands of the Japanese, with 80 guns and immense stores. With the fall of Port Arthur the reserves of Japan were called to the colors, and a second army mobilized and landed on the Chinese coast, near Kinchow, in the Gulf of Liao. Marching through Manchuria, in the direction of Ninchang, though retarded by the severe cold, the Japanese fought at Kungwasai, on December 19th, the most stubbornly contested battle of the war. Four charges were necessary to carry the Chinese works, and these cost the Japanese 450 men. The vic tors advanced to To Chung Su and occupied a position of great strategic value, preparatory to a march on Pekin in the spring. On February 16th the naval station of Wei-Hai-Wei fell into the invaders' hands, and China hurried a peace embassy to Tokyo to beg for terms. By the treaty of Shimonoseki, signed April 17, 1895, and ratified at Chefoo, May 8th, the independence of Corea was proclaimed and declared, and the southern part of the Chinese province of Feng Tien, being the part of Manchuria occupied in the war, was ceded to Japan, with a war indemnity of 200,000,000 kuping taels (i.e., $150,000,000). Formosa was also ceded to Japan. At the request of The total value of the trade at the three ports was in 1900: Imports, $5,505,000; exports, $4,720,000; the imports, consisting of cotton goods, chiefly shirtings and muslins, $2,379,980; woolen goods, $45,009; metals, $164,060; sundries, $3,253,340; the exports, beans, $515,310; cowhides, $329,440; rice, $1,210,150. The export of gold, which is found in considerable quantities in the country, but is not well worked, was $749,699 for 1890. Area of Corea, 80,000 square miles. Population, 10,500,000. Capital, Seoul. Population, 200,000. See RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR. CORELLI, MARIE, English novelist, was born of Italian parents and adopted when a child by the late Dr. Charles Mackay, and at his death became the ward of his son, Eric S. Mackay, author of The Love Letters of a Violinist. Her cism. Among her writings are The Romance of CORENTYN, a river of Guiana, South America, |