to a genus common in all seas, and oftener stranded than any other "whale." The length varies from 16 to 24 feet; the maximum girth is about 10 feet. It feeds chiefly on cuttle-fish. Many names are given to these common cetaceans; among the most popular are pilot whale, blackfish, social whale and grindhoal. (See WHALE, Vol. XXIV, p. 554.) The word caaing is not the Scottish form of calling, as has been supposed, but is a totally different Scotch word, which signifies driving. Caaing-whale appears to be originally an Orkney or Zetland name. Another species of the same genus (G. rissoanus), 9 or 10 feet long, the male of a bluish white color, the female brown, both sexes marked with irregular white lines and brown spots, is found in the Mediterranean.

CAB, a carriage with either two or four wheels, and drawn by one horse. The name is derived from the cabriolet-de-place, introduced into England from France at the beginning of the present century. (See CARRIAGE, Vol. V, p. 120.) In Paris the cabriolet-de-place was introduced about the middle of the seventeenth century by Nicholas Sauvage, whose residence in the Rue St. Martin, at the Hotel St. Fiacre, has given the name of fiacres to the public carriages of that city. The cabs of foreign countries and of our own chief towns have their peculiar features, and are governed by police or municipal regulations. The name is also applied to the covered part of a locomotive which shelters the engineer and fireman and shields the gauges and levers. CABAL, a term now employed to denote a small, intriguing, factious party, united for political or personal ends. Previously used to denote a conclave and, during 1667-73, was applied to Charles II's infamous ministry. (See CABINET, Vol. IV. p. 550.) Derived from the Hebrew Kabalah.

CABALLERO, FERNAN, pseudonym of a Spanish novelist. See FABER, CECILIA, Vol. VIII, p. 729. CABANEL, ALEXANDER, artist; born in Montpellier, France, Sept. 28, 1823; died in Paris, Feb. 23, 1889; first exhibited in 1844 at the Salon of Paris, and afterward produced many paintings, the finest of which are in the Luxembourg collection. He was elected to the Académie des Beaux Arts in succession to Horace Vernet in 1863, and was an officer of the Legion of Honor. Among his principal works are The Death of Moses (now in the Corcoran Art Gallery at Washington); The Lost Paradise; John the Baptist; Venus; and Lucretia and Tarquin.

CABATUAN, a town in Panay, Phil. Is., 19 miles N.W.of Iloilo. Country produces rice, sugar, coffee, corn and fruits in abundance. Pop., 1903, 16,497. CABBAGE-BUTTERFLY, name of several species of butterfly, especially Pieris brassica, the larvæ of which devour the leaves of plants of the cabbage tribe. Wings, white with little black marks: anten

and turnip beds to deposit their yellow, cone-shaped eggs on the under side of the leaves in clusters of 20 or 30. They hatch in a week, and the resulting caterpillars grow to a length of one or one and a half inches. They suspend themselves by their tails, and are transformed into shining pale green chrysalids, spotted with black, from which the perfect insect emerges, either the same season or after the lapse of a winter, no longer to devour cabbage leaves, but to subsist delicately upon honey. To the same genus belong the rape-butterfly (Pieris rapæ) and the Southern cabbage-butterfly Pieris protodice). CABBAGE-FLY, a fly of the same family with the horse-fly, flesh-fly, etc., of which the larvæ do great injury to the roots of cabbages and turnips.

W.R.B.

CABBAGE-MOTH, a moth or butterfly (Mamestra brassica). The wings are brown, marked with pairs of darker spots. The greenish black caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the cabbage and allied plants. The name is also applied to the white or yellow butterflies of the genus Pieris, which have been introduced into America from Europe. The larvæ of the various species vary in color from green to black. They are known as "cabbage-worms," and are similar to the larvæ of Mamestra in habits. CABBAGE-PALM (Areca oleracea), a common palm of the West Indies. It has a slender stem and grows to a great height. This and others of the same nature are called "cabbage palms" on account of their young unexpanded leaves being used as a vegetable. To obtain this insignificant morsel these noble trees, some a hundred years old, are cut down.

W.R.B.

CABER, TOSSING THE, a sport or game used among the Highlanders of Scotland. The caber is a pole or rafter used in house-building and scaffolding, and is generally the trunk of a small pine or fir tree, with the limbs trimmed off. The player balances the caber on its smaller end against his breast and throws it from him so that it will strike upon its larger end and fall from him. The caber generally used in the game is about twenty feet long.

R. W. C.

CABES OR GABES OR KHABS, GULF of, an inlet of the Mediterranean Sea, on the coast of Tunis, Africa. On its western shore is the city of Cabes, and near its mouth are the islands of Jerba and Karkenah.

R.W.C.

CABEZON DE LA SAL, a town of north-central Spain, in the province of Valladolid, 7 miles N.E. of Valladolid City. It is situated on the Pisuerga, and is celebrated as the scene of one of the first battles of the Peninsular campaign in 1808, in which the Spaniards were defeated by the French. Population, 2,000.

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CABINET, an advisory or executive council to the head of a government. In the United States the Cabinet is composed of the secretaries of the departments of State, War, Treasury, Navy, Interior, Agriculture, Justice, Post-office, and Commerce and Labor. It has no legal existence, and acts simply as an advisory board to the President. The heads of the departments, who compose the Cabinet, are appointed by the President, subject to the confirmation of the Senate, and can be removed only by the President, except in cases of impeachment. They generally hold office until their successors are appointed by a new President; and they must not be members of either house of Congress. They receive a salary of $8,000 a year. Washington's Cabinet was composed of four members, representing the departments of State, War, Treasury, and Justice. The Secretary of the Navy became a member of the Cabinet in 1798; the Postmaster-General, in 1829; the Secretary of the Interior, in 1849; Agriculture, in 1889; and Commerce and Labor, in 1903. See CABINET, Vol. IV, pp. 549 et seq.; also UNITED STATES, Vol. XXIII, p. 787.

GEORGE W. CABLE.

R.W.C.

CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON, an American novelist; born in New Orleans, Louisiana, October 12, 1844. His father dying in 1859, young Cable was forced to abandon his studies and enter mercantile life. He served in the Civil War, joining the Confederate army in 1863. At the close of the war he returned to New Orleans and resumed his commercial career. He also studied civil engineering and made his first attempt at authorship by writing for the local newspapers. He wrote humorous sketches for the New Orleans Picayune and eventually joined the editorial staff of that journal. Meanwhile he wrote articles on the Creoles for Scribner's Magazine and the Century Magazine. His first book, Old Creole Days, appeared in 1879. In 1880 he began devoting his entire time to novel writing, and in 1884 removed to Northampton, Massachusetts. His published works include The Grandissimes (1880); Madame Delphine (1881); The Creoles of Louisiana (1884); Dr. Sevier (1884); The Silent South (1885); Bonaventure (1888); The Negro Question (1888); Strange True Stories of Louisiana (1889); John March (1894); Strong Hearts; The Cavalier (1901); Bylow Hill (1902).

W.M.C.

CABLE RAILWAYS. In a number of large

cities the cable railway has been introduced to carry the street-car traffic because it was cheaper than horse-cars, and because, for some reason, electricity was not available. Its installation and maintenance are more costly than that of the trolley road, and yet it has advantages that cause its continuance in many cases. The extensive lines in New York City, on Broadway, on Third Avenue, and on One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, have been operated satisfactorily for several years. Philadelphia, after some years' use, abandoned them for the trolley. San Francisco has maintained a line for many years. The average cost of installing a cable railway system has been placed at $350,000 a mile, and the average of available horse-power at the cars at 40 per cent of the indicated horse-power of the engines used. This is not a remarkable showing, and the opinion prevails among engineers that the cable roads for city surface travel will be superseded within a few years by the underground or conduit-trolley system.

The cable railway seems destined, however, to find a permanent employment on mountain lines, or where there are severe grades to be overcome. It is peculiarly adapted to such work, and is now employed on most of the mountain railways of the world, often in conjunction with electricity. Three of these interesting roads have been built in the Alpine region, in close proximity to each other, since 1890; the Burgenstock railway, the Monte Salvatore railway, and the Stanserhorn railway. They were at first fitted with wire cables having hempen cores, which prevented the breaking of the wire strands by internal friction; but latterly the hempen cores have been subject to rot before the cables wore out, and it has been found possible to construct them wholly of steel wires, tightly packed, and of graduated section, without cross-winding. This arrangement almost wholly overcomes the tendency to wear out by internal rubbing of the wires in bending.

The Burgenstock railway, opposite Lucerne, is half a mile long, and has an inclination of 45 degrees. A rack is used as a safety factor. The cable speed is 2.5 miles an hour. The Monte Salvatore railway is almost a duplicate of this, both roads being driven by dynamos that obtain power from waterfalls.

The Stanserhorn railway is the most remarkable of the Alpine trio, having a grade of 60 per cent, and attaining an altitude of 6,233 feet, and dispensing altogether with the rack, depending upon a safetybrake for clutching the rails in case of accident to the cable. The power is brought from an electricpower station several miles away, the price paid being only $20 per horse-power per annum. A fall of the river Aa furnishes power for the dynamos. The road cost only $300,000, notwithstanding the tremendous grade, and that a part of its route had to be tunneled out of a loose mass of fallen boulders.

The Otis elevated cable railway at Catskill, New York, built in 1892, is 7,005 feet long, and has a rise of 1,6022 feet. Trains are made up of two cars each, and run on a double track, so that they balance each other by the ascent of one while the other descends. The cable is supported by pulleys at 30

foot distances. The machinery is all controlled from an operating-tower by means of levers, one set admitting steam to the Hamilton-Corliss engines, another set reversing the engines, and another set operating the brakes. The passenger-cars seat 90 persons, and the speed made is nine miles per hour. The cost of equipping the road was $260,000.

A projected road at the Jungfrau, in the Alps, will be, perhaps, the most novel of any of the cable railways. Its grade is 45 degrees, and the entire route is to be tunneled, so that it will present the appearance of an inclined well. The tunnel is to be made circular, and the cars are surrounded by ring-like shields which fill the area of the tunnel in such manner that they may serve to compress the air in the tunnel. In case of a break to the cable, a powerful air-tight door at the bottom is closed automatically, and thus a cushion of air is introduced to break the force of the fall, which could not result in serious damage to the occupants of a car.

Much inventive ingenuity has been expended upon the mechanism of grips for cable-cars, the conditions under which they operate being very exacting. The supporting piece that goes through the slot must be very strong, though but five eighths of an inch thick. The hold must be taken on the cable gradually, and in such a manner as not to wear the outer strands, so that loose wires will project and catch the grips of cars that it is desired to stop. This last requirement is not wholly met, and runaways of cable-cars will continue until some improved device overcomes the difficulty.

CHARLES H. COCHRANE. CABLE-WAYS. See ROPEWAYS, in these Supplements.

E. E. T.

CABOT, GEORGE, an American statesman; born in Salem, Mass., December, 1751. In 1788 he sat in the State convention that adopted the Federal Constitution, and later represented Massachusetts in the U. S. Senate, in which position he was influential in framing the country's financial policy. In 1814 he presided over the Hartford Convention. He died in Boston, April 18, 1823. CABORNE, WARREN FREDERICK, naval officer; born in England, July 5, 1849; was educated at private schools and entered the Royal Naval Reserve as sub-lieutenant in 1879; was promoted lieutenant in 1882. He was in command of a hired transport during the Burmah expedition in 1885-86. Later he served in the Egyptian Coast Guard Service; was retired in 1894.

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band under Camicer, and was made a captain. His vindictiveness roused the supporters of Queen Christina, who, unable to capture him, seized and shot his mother. In revenge Cabrera massacred the wives of thirty officers. Upon his capture of Morella fortress, he was created Count de Morella by Don Carlos. He opposed the abdication of Don Carlos in 1845, and was defeated at Pasteral, Jan. 27, 1849. He went to England, where he married, and then lived in Naples. He instigated an abortive insurrection under Ortega in 1860; but afterward took no further part with the Carlists. He died at Wentworth, England, May 24, 1877.

R.C.A.

VACAO-BUTTER, a yellowish-white fat ob

tained from cacao-seeds, which are deprived of their fat by being heated to 158° Fahr., and then pressed between hot iron plates to express the fat, which forms about 40 per cent. of the seeds. See Cocoa, Vol. VI, p. 92 et seq.

W.R.B.

CÁCERES, ANDRÉS AVELINO, soldier and statesman; was born in Peru and rose to prominence as a soldier under President Castilla, 185562. In the war with Chili in 1879 he showed great valor and ability, and afterward became a leader of the opposition to President Iglesias. In 1884-85 he was at war with Iglesias, and twice proclaimed himself president. The war was stopped by foreign intervention, and in 1886 Cáceres became president. He was made president a second time in 1894, but a year later was overthrown and compelled to quit the country.

CACHE, a hole in the ground for concealing and preserving provisions which it is inconvenient to carry, used by settlers and trappers in the western states and Canada and Arctic explorers. The making of a cache is a matter of great circumspection and ingenuity, to conceal the contents from Indians, or beasts of prey. A hole is dug several feet wide and deep and the articles being deposited therein.

W.R.B.

CACHET, LETTRES DE. See LETTRES DE CACHET, Vol. XIV, p. 483.

CACHEXIA, a name applied by physicians sometimes to a group of diseases, and sometimes to the constitutional state accompanying a particular disease as the cancerous cachexia, gouty cachexia, etc. Cachexia has come to be chiefly employed with reference to diseases in which the general nutrition of the body is at fault, and in which the local disorders are supposed to be the result of a constitutional cause.

CACHICAMA OR TATOUPEBA, the ninebanded armadillo. See MAMMALIA, Vol. XV, p. 389.

CACHOLONG, a mineral, regarded as a variety